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The Human Body:An Orientation
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Ms. N. Smith
Hierarchy of Structural Organization
• Chemical
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism
Gross Anatomy: Introduction• Anatomical position
• Directional terms
• Regional terms
• Body planes and sections
• Body cavities and membranes
• Abdominopelvic regions and quadrants
Directional and Regional Terms
Directional Terms
• Superior: Toward the head or upper part of the body
• Inferior: Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body
• Anterior: Toward the front of the body (ventral)
• Posterior: Toward the back of the body; behind (dorsal)
Directional Terms
• Medial: Toward the midline of the body
• Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
• Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb
• Distal: Farther from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb
Directional Terms
• Superficial: Toward or at the body surface
• Deep: Away from the body surface; more internal
Body Planes and Sections• In the study of
anatomy, the body is often sectioned (cut) along a flat surface called a plane
Human Body Plan• All vertebrates share the same basic features
• Tube-within-a-tube body plan
• Bilateral symmetry
• Notochord and vertebrae
• Segmentation
• Pharyngeal pouches
Tube-Within-A-Tube
Bilateral Symmetry
Notochord and Vertebrae
Segmentation (Body Cavities)
Pharyngeal Pouches