chapter 1: the human body - an orientation
TRANSCRIPT
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The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy (ana = apart; -tomy = to cut) -
the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts--heart and bones
Physiology (physio = nature; -ology = the study of) - study of how the body and its parts work or function
--function of the heart to keep blood flowing**both are always related
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Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy
Large structures Easily observable
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Figure 14.4
Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
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Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
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11 BODY SYSTEMS The Body Systems
Integumentary ~Respiratory Skeletal ~Digestive Muscular ~Urinary Nervous ~Reproductive Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic
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Figure 1.2a
Organ System Overview Integumentary
Forms the external bodycovering. Waterproof.
Protects deeper tissue frominjury. Perspiration & Temp.
Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors. Pressure, pain, temp
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Figure 1.2b
Organ System Overview Skeletal
Protects and supportsbody organs
Provides muscleattachment for movement
Site of blood cellformation: Hematopoiesis
Stores mineral
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Figure 1.2c
Organ System Overview Muscular
Allows locomotion--contraction: shorten
Maintains posture Produces heat
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Figure 1.2d
Organ System Overview Nervous
Fast-acting controlsystem
Responds to internal andexternal change
Activates muscles andglands
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Figure 1.2e
Organ System Overview Endocrine
Secretes regulatoryhormones: control body activities Growth Reproduction Metabolism
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Figure 1.2f
Organ System Overview Cardiovascular
Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes
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Organ System Overview Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vessels
Disposes of debris Involved in immunity
PG 5 and 6**Images
Figure 1.2g
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Organ System Overview
Respiratory Keeps blood supplied
with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Organ System Overview Digestive: Tube
Breaks down food Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible
material Liver and Pancreas: aid
and breakdown
Figure 1.2i
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Organ System Overview Urinary: Excretory
system Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes: urea and uric acid
Maintains acid – base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
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Organ System Overview Reproductive
Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k
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Necessary Life Functions: What does the human body do?
Maintain Boundaries Movement
Locomotion Movement of substances with other
systems Food, blood, urine
Responsiveness or Irritability Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients
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Necessary Life Functions Metabolism – chemical reactions within
the body Production of energy: ATP molecules Making body structures
Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic
reactions
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Necessary Life Functions Reproduction
Production of future generation Growth
Increasing of cell size and number
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Survival Needs Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and
minerals Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
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Survival Needs Water
60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature: 37C or 98F Metabolic reactions optimal
Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
Breathing and exchange of gas
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Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal
environment = state of equilibrium Continuously changes
normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – results in
disease
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Overview of Homeostasis
Figure 1.4
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Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural
and hormonal control systems Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center
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Maintaining Homeostasis Control center
Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response
Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus
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Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat
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Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby
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The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding Anatomical Position: always assumed in
standard position Exact terms are used for:
Position Direction Regions Structures
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
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Body Landmarks Anterior Anatomical
Position
Figure 1.5a
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Body Landmarks Posterior
Figure 1.5b
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Body Planes
Figure 1.6
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
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Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c