the history of u.s. immigration here is not merely a nation, but a teeming nation of nations.walt...

The History of U.S. The History of U.S. ImmigrationImmigration

Here is not merely a nation, but a teeming nation of nations. Walt Whitman

Why Immigrate?Why Immigrate?

1607-1830

Push factors:

Political Freedom

Religious Tolerance

Economic Opportunity

Refugees

Slavery

Family Reunification


1830-1890

Pull Factors:

Land

Jobs

“streets paved with gold”


1890-1924

Jews for religious freedom

Italians/Asians for work

Russians to escape persecution

“Land of opportunity”


1968-Present

Higher wages

Less harassment, chance of getting arrested, chance of getting deported

Waves of ImmigrationWaves of Immigration1820-1860

Great Britain, Germany, Ireland

1860-1890

Add Scandinavian nations

1890-1910

Austria, Hungary, Italy, Russia

Ellis IslandEllis Island

Ellis IslandEllis Island

European immigrants

5+ hours

Physical examination

Government Inspector

- proper documents

- literacy test

- ready for life in U.S.

Ellis Island Examination RoomEllis Island Examination Room

Angel IslandAngel Island

Angel IslandAngel Island

*Asian immigrants*Harsh questioning*Many interrogations*Ramshackle buildings*Terrible conditions Riot of 1919 Chinese exclusion until

1943

The Naturalization ProcessThe Naturalization Process

18 years old Lawful residence Good moral character Understand some

basic English

Some basic knowledge of government

Some basic knowledge of U.S. history

Oath of Allegiance

Naturalization Oath of Naturalization Oath of Allegiance to the U.S.A.Allegiance to the U.S.A.

I hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potenate, state, or sovereignty, of whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law; and that I take this obligation freely without any mental or purpose of evasion; so help me God.

Countries of OriginCountries of Origin

1820-1996

63,140,227 total

Germany 7.1 million

Mexico 5.5 million

Italy 5.4 million

U.K. 5.2 million

Ireland 4.8 million

Destination of the ImmigrantsDestination of the Immigrants

PolishPolish

Chicago

Cleveland

Buffalo

Detroit

Milwaukee

ItaliansItalians

New York

Chicago

Cleveland

Buffalo

Detroit

Milwaukee

GermansGermans

New York

Chicago

Milwaukee

Cleveland

Philadelphia

IrishIrish

New York

Boston

Philadelphia

Chicago

RussiansRussians

New York

Philadelphia

Boston

Chinese/JapaneseChinese/Japanese

California

Hawaii

Problems of UrbanizationProblems of Urbanization

Attraction of the CitiesAttraction of the Cities

Loss of farming jobs

Cheaper to live in cities

Unskilled labor positions

Social support for immigrants

Cultural opportunities

“an extraordinary crazy quilt”

The CitiesThe Cities

Urban ProblemsUrban Problems

Housing, transportation, water, sanitation

Problems developed as a result of population explosions in cities

HousingHousing

Live in outskirts; commute to work

Boardinghouses in cities (share bathrooms/kitchens/

Solution:Row housestenements

TransportationTransportation

Lack of decent, safe transportation

Walked, horse drawn vehicles

Solution:

Cable car (1873) SF

Subway (1897) Boston

WaterWater

Bought from vendorsLack of adequate clean water

Solution: Public WaterCleveland, New York1850: public water1893: chlorination1908: filtration

SanitationSanitation

Horse manure

Sewage (open gutters)

No dependable trash removal (scavengers)

Solution:

Underground sewers (1900)

FireFire

Limited water supplyWooden dwellingsCandlesKerosene heatersVolunteer firefightersOccurred in most major cities

Chicago Fire 1871Chicago Fire 1871

29 hours 300 dead 100,000 homeless 3 square miles

destroyed $200 million in

damage 17,500 building

destroyed

Chicago Fire 1871Chicago Fire 1871

San Francisco 1906San Francisco 1906

Major earthquake (28 seconds)

4 days of fires 478 dead 250,000 homeless 5 square miles destroyed $500 million in damage 28,000 building destroyed

San Francisco 1906San Francisco 1906

Fire Fire

Solution:

1853: first paid fire department-Cincinnati

1900: in most cities

1874: auto fire sprinkler

Use of brick, concrete, stone

ClevelandCleveland

Political Machines and the Political Machines and the Gilded AgeGilded Age

Political MachinesPolitical Machines

Group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city

Offer support services to voters/businesses in exchange for political/financial support

Machine OrganizationMachine Organization

City Boss: controls activity of a political party/try to get their candidate elected

Ward Boss: tries to secure votes in all precincts in return for city jobs, contracts, appointments

Precinct Workers/Captains: worked to gain voters support on a city block or neighborhood

The City BossThe City Boss

Controlled thousands of city jobs (fire, police, sanitation)

Controlled business licenses & inspections

Influenced courts/judges

Provided gov’t support for businesses

Problem solving: loyalty= votes

Immigrants and Political Immigrants and Political MachinesMachines

Received sympathy & understanding

Many bosses could relate to immigrant problems

Immigrants would support machines in return

Power CorruptsPower Corrupts

In order to win elections some bosses turned to fraud

Added fake names to voting lists

Received kickbacks from gov’t contracts

Favors for businesses in return for gifts (graft)

Accept bribes to allow illegal activities to continue

Tammany HallTammany Hall

Society of St. Tammany (1789) to promote patriotism and fraternity

Became linked to the mayor’s office (NYC) and the Democratic Party during the Civil War era

Fernando Wood became the first Tammany Democrat to be elected mayor of NYC

Tammany HallTammany Hall

William “Boss” Tweed helped unite Democrats with Tammany Hall as chairman

Boss Tweed was head of Tammany from 1863-1871

Boss TweedBoss Tweed

Tweed convinced the city legislature give City government more power

Tweed sought rapid expansion of infrastructure (extending streets & sewers)

Tammany Hall gained much power and became caught up in one of the biggest political scandals of the nation’s history

The Tweed RingThe Tweed Ring

Corrupt politicians led by Tweed that used power to “line their pockets”

Pocketed $200 million through graft and kickbacks

Thomas NastThomas Nast

Samuel Tilden called for early reform

Nast drew political cartoons for Harper’s Weekly

Began a campaign to expose the Tweed Ring

Tweed sentenced to 12 years

Led to political reform movement

Nast CartoonsNast Cartoons

The End of TweedThe End of Tweed

The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age

The external glitter of wealth conceals a corrupt political core that reflects the growing gap between the very few rich and the very many poor.

America in the 1870’s-1890’s

coined by Mark Twain

Hayes-Tilden Election 1876Hayes-Tilden Election 1876

Tilden- DemocratHayes- Republican

Tilden originally projected as President

Fla, La, SC still countingRepublican officials sent

south to “observe”Both parties offered bribes to

secure votes

Hayes-Tilden Election 1876Hayes-Tilden Election 1876

The 3 states in questioned turned in 2 sets of electoral votes

Congress left to decide the outcome

Southern Democrats voted for Hayes in exchange for the end of Reconstruction

Kennedy-Nixon 1960Kennedy-Nixon 1960

113,000 votes separated candidates

Votes in Texas, Illinois, California could have gone either way

Widespread rumors of fraud

Kennedy family tied to organized crime

Kennedy-Nixon 1960Kennedy-Nixon 1960Texas: voting machines fixed, people voted

illegally, move votes than voters

Chicago: ghost voting, more votes than voters, voters voting twice,

Most are unsubstantiated rumors, Nixon never pushed the issue

Election Fraud 1960Election Fraud 1960

Patronage vs. Civil ServicePatronage vs. Civil Service

Spoils SystemSpoils System

“To the victor go the spoils”

Most federal jobs given out by the President

Interfered with the function of government

A merit system was called for to give federal jobs to qualified people

Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant1869-18771869-1877

One of the worst examples of scandal

Congressmen received bribes/kickbacks

Cabinet cheated Indians on reservations

“Whiskey Ring” distillers bribed treasury official not to pay taxes

Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes1877-18801877-1880

Began civil service reform

Named independents to his cabinet

Investigated gov’t corruption(fired 1,000)

Enraged Conkling & the Stalwarts

Republican FactionsRepublican Factions

Stalwarts: opposed change

Mugwumps: wanted reform

Half-Breeds: wanted reform, but loyal to party

James A. GarfieldJames A. Garfield18811881

Ties to reformers, but VP was Chester Arthur (Stalwart)

Garfield gave most jobs to reformers

Garfield assassinated by a Stalwart that did not get a job

Chester A. ArthurChester A. Arthur1881-18851881-1885

Turned reformer after he became President

Signed the Pendleton Act (1883)

Created commission to make appointments of federal jobs

Today 90% are merit jobs

Pendleton ActPendleton Act

Increased number of merit jobs

Politicians could no longer uses spoils system to gain power (decrease of contributions)

Tie between government and big business became stronger

the history of u.s. immigration here is not merely a nation, but a teeming nation of nations.walt...

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