the history of health care unit 1. history of health care introduction why is it important to...
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THEHISTORY OF
HEALTH CARE
UNIT 1
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
Introduction Why is it important to
understand the history of health care?
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CAREIntroduction You have an infected finger and
the doctor orders leeches to treat the infection.
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
Introduction Is this an ancient or modern
treatment? Does it work?
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 4000 BC-3000 BC Primitive Times- Illness & disease caused by spirits
and demons- Average life span = 20 years
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 3000 BC-300 BC Ancient Egyptians- Believed body was system of
channels (ducts)- Bloodletting was used when
channels were “blocked”- Average life span = 20-30 years
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 1700 BC-AD 220 Ancient Chinese- Used acupuncture to relieve pain
and congestion
- Average life span = 20-30 years
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks- Hippocrates – Father of MedicineDeveloped organized method to
observe human bodyRecorded Signs & Symptoms
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks- Hippocrates – Father of MedicineCreated high standard
of ethics:“The Hippocratic Oath”used by physicians today.
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks- Aristotle – Dissected animals;
founder of what is known today as anatomy
- Avg. life span=25-35 years
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans- First to provide medical care for
injured soldiers- Physicians cared for ill people in
their homes- Hospitals established in religious
institutions
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans- Began public health & sanitation
systemsAqueducts to carry clean water to
citiesSewers to carry waste away from cities
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans- Claudius Galen: physician; body is
controlled by a balance of fluids (humors), blood, phlegm and bile. Imbalance in fluids lead to illness.
- Average life span = 25-35 years
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time AD 400- AD 800 Dark Ages- Prayer & divine intervention used
to treat illness & disease- Study of medicine was prohibited- Average life span = 20-30 years
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time AD 800- AD 1400 Middle Ages- Medical universities were created- Pandemic killed ¾ of the population
of Europe & Asia- Arab physicians required to pass
exam before getting license to practice
- Average life span = 20-35 years
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time AD 1350- AD 1650 Renaissance- Body dissection was performed- Michelangelo & Leonardo da Vinci
drew human body - Printing press allowed for
distribution of information- First anatomy book published
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time AD 1350- AD 1650 Renaissance- Average life span = 30-40 years
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 16th & 17th Centuries- Cause of diseases still not known- Ambrose Pare: Father of modern
surgery- William Harvey: described
circulation to and from the heart
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 16th & 17th Centuries- Anton van Leeuwenhoek: invented
microscope- Average life
span = 35-45 years
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 18th Century- Gabriel Fahrenheit:
invented first mercury thermometer
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 18th Century- Benjamin Franklin: invented
bifocals
- Edward Jenner: developed vaccination for smallpox
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 18th Century- Average life span = 40-50 years
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century- French barbers:
acted as surgeonsby extracting teeth, using leeches for treatment and giving enemas
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century- 1st Blood transfusion (1818)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century- Rene Laennec:
invented stethoscope(1819)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century- Elizabeth Blackwell:
first female physician in the U.S. (1849)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century- Florence Nightingale:
Founder of modern nursing;
- Began educationfor nurses (1850’s & 1860’s)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century- Joseph Lister:
began use of disinfectants and antiseptics in surgery to prevent infection (1865)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century- Louis Pasteur:
“pasteurized” milk to kill bacteria
- Created rabiesvaccine (1885)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century- Dimitri Ivanofski:
discovered viruses (1892)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century- Wilhelm Roentgen:
discoveredx-rays (1895)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 19th Century
- Average life span = 40-60 years
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- Most rapid growth in modern
healthcare occurred during this time period
- Many diseases were specifically identified, treated and cured
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- Standards of care were established- Technology is integrated into
healthcare and is used in every aspect of medical care today
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- Carl Landsteiner:
Classified ABOblood groups (1901)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- Sigmund Freud:
formed the basisfor psychology &psychiatry (early 1900’s)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- Frederick Banting & Charles Best:
discovered &used insulinto treat diabetes(1922)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- Sir Alexander Fleming:
discovered the antibioticpenicillin (1928)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- George Papanicolaou:
developed the “pap smear”to detect cervical cancerin females
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- Jonas Salk:
developed the polio vaccineusing deadpolio virus(1952)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- Francis Crick & James Watson:
discoveredthe structureof DNA, ourgenetic blue-print (1953)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- Christian Barnard:
Performed 1st heart transplant(1968)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- CAT Scan:
developed (1975)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- Louise Brown:
first “test-tube” baby,conceived ina laboratory(1978)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS):first identified as a disease(1981)HIV (1984)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- Ben Carson:
First to separateconjoined twins;has pioneeredmany new procedures (1987)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century- Sheep Cloned:
“Dolly” thesheep was cloned byDr. Ian Wilmut(1997)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 20th Century
Average life span = 60-70 years
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
I. Health Care Through Time 21st Century- What impact will YOU have on the
history of health care?- What will YOU discover?- What will YOU cure?- Average life span = 100 yrs plus?
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
Cost Containment
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Cost Containment: controlling the
rising cost of health care- Reasons high costs:1) Technological advances2) Aging population (Rx)3) Lawsuits (malpractice Ins.)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareB. Diagnostic Related Groups: DRG’s
place a limit on the cost of health care. Example: (?) Surgery $5,000 LimitIf hospital costs are less than $5,000 then hospital makes $$, otherwise hospital loses $$
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareB. Diagnostic Related Groups:
1) Combination of Services: health care facilities shop for services (laboratory, x-ray, etc.) to save $$.
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareC. Outpatient Services: Patients
receive care and are discharged home without being admitted to the hospital. Examples: Surgical Centers, Physical Therapy, etc.
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareD. Energy Conservation: Energy is a
large expense for health care facilities.
- Energy Efficient Bulbs- Consolidating Work Areas- Recycling
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareE. Summary: The quality of health
care should not be lowered simply to control costs.- Provider responsibility: provide the best health care while being conscious of costs
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareE. Summary: The quality of health
care should not be lowered simply to control costs.- Personal responsibility: take preventative measures to avoid or limit injury, illness & disease
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
Home Health Care
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Home Health Care: Created
mainly as a result of DRG’s. History shows that this is not a new concept.
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Home Health Care:
Services include:- Nursing care- Physical/occupational therapies- Respiratory therapy- Social services- Nutrition & food services
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
Geriatric Care
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Geriatric Care: Care of the elderly.
People are living longer.
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Geriatric Care:
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA)Government Act which requires states to establish competency standards which nursing assistants must meet. (Exam)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Geriatric Care:
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA)Requires long-term health care workers to attend continuing education courses
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Geriatric Care:
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA)Loss of license/certificate can occur if compliance is not maintained. Facility can also be fined and even shut down.
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Geriatric Care:
Types of Facilities:- Adult day care centers- Retirement communities- Assisted living care centers- Long-term care centers
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
Telemedicine
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Telemedicine: Involves using
technology to provide careMethods:- Computerized (EKG’s)- Remote (robotics)- Video (surgery)- Phone/Fax (Reports)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
Wellness
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Wellness: A state of being in
optimum health as it relates to physical, mental and social health.Preventative measures: diet, exercise, rest, stress reduction, habit cessation
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
Alternative & Complementary Methods
of Health Care
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Alternative Medicine: Involves
evaluating and treating illness and disease in ways which may differ from current, modern medical treatment; or enhance medical treatment being used.
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Alternative Medicine:
Practitioners:- Ayurvedic: harmonizing body and mind- Chinese: Acupressure Acupuncture; Life Energy (Chi)
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Alternative Medicine:
Practitioners:- Chiropractors: energy through nerves; spinal alignment- Homeopaths: body can heal itself with immune system
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. Alternative Medicine:
Practitioners:- Hypnotist: trance-like state; verbal suggestions; follow- Naturopaths: natural therapies only; fasting, diets, lifestyle changes
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health Care
National Health Care Plan
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. National Health Care Plan:
Nationalizing health care is being considered as a result of rising health costs.
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. National Health Care Plan:
- Government Health Care- taxes to help pay
- Health Care Co-op- grouping of health care
providers which provide care at lower costs
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. National Health Care Plan:
- Managed Care- employers provide ins. &
government helps pay for poor- State-run Health Care
- Each state develops plan
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
II. Trends In Health CareA. National Health Care Plan:
Goal: Health Care For AllPotential Drawbacks:- Insured paying for uninsured- Limited choices of providers- Limited care
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HISTORY OF HEALTH CARE
End of Lecture