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History and Trends of Health Care
Chapter 1
Intro HS
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History of Health Care ~ Unit 1
Why is it important?
Some current trends and practices used today
– Herbs and plants
– Example: morphine (poppy plant) for pain
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Health Care Greatest Discoveries
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Ancient Times
Primitive Times (4000 – 3000 BC)
Life span = 20 years
Belief: disease & illness caused by supernatural spirits and demons
Tribal doctors » exorcism
Herbs & plants for medicine
Morphine
Digitalis
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Ancient Egyptians (3000 – 300 BC)
Life span = 20 – 30 years
Kept accurate health records
Called gods to heal
Priests » physicians
Ancient Chinese (1700 BC – AD 220)
Life span = 20 – 30 years
Holistic (treat mind, body, spirit)
Recorded pharmacopoeia
Acupuncture
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Ancient Greeks (1200 – 200 BC)
– Life span = 25 – 35 years
– Studied causes of disease
– Hippocrates (460 – 377 BC) ~ “father of modern medicine”
Anatomy & physiology
High standard of ethics
– Hippocratic Oath
– Good diet & cleanliness to prevent disease
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Ancient Romans (753 BC – AD 410)
– Life span = 25 – 35 years
– Organized medical care Early hospitals = doctors care for ill in
their homes
Later hospitals = monasteries
– 1st public health & sanitation systems Aqueducts & sewers
– Claudius Galen (AD 129 – 199?) Dissected animals (organs, fluids)
Infectious diseases
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Dark Ages & Middle Ages
Dark Ages (AD 400 -800)
– Life span = 20 – 30 years
– Study of medicine stopped
– Monks & priests provided care
Prayer & divine intervention
Custodial care
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Middle Ages (AD 800 – 1400)
– Life span = 20 – 35 years
– Bubonic Plague – killed 75% of Europe & Asia
– Uncontrolled diseases
Smallpox
Diphtheria
Tuberculosis
Typhoid
Malaria
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Renaissance (AD 1350 – 1650)
Life span = 30 – 40 years
“Rebirth”
Dissection accepted to study body
Medical books (printing press)
Michelangelo & Leonardo da Vinci
– draw human body accurately
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16th & 17th Centuries
Life span = 35 – 45 years
Causes of disease still unknown
Increased knowledge of bodily functions
– William Harvey = circulation of blood
– Anton Van Leeuwenhoek = microscope
First apothecaries
– Made, prescribed & sold medications
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18th Century
Life span = 40 – 50 years
Gabriel Fahrenheit » thermometer (1714)
Joseph Priestley » oxygen (1774)
Benjamin Franklin » bifocals
Edward Jenner » smallpox vaccine (1796)
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19th Century Life span = 40 – 60 years
1st blood transfusion (1818)
Rene Laennec » stethoscope (1819)
Florence Nightingale (1820 – 1910) “founder of modern nursing” – Established 1st school of nursing
Joseph Lister » antiseptics during surgery (1865)
Clara Barton » American Red Cross (1881)
Wilhelm Roentgen » discovered x-rays (1895)
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Animated Hero Classics ~ Florence Nightingale
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20th Century
Life span = 60 – 70 years Most rapid growth in health care Blood groups discovered (1901) Sir Alexander Fleming » penicillin (1928) Jonas Salk » polio vaccine (1952) 1st successful heart transplant (1968) CAT scan introduced (1975) First “test tube” baby born (1978) AIDS discovered (1981), HIV (1984) Gene therapy initiated (1990) “Dolly” the sheep cloned (1997)
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The Future of Health Care
Life span = 90 – 100+ years
Cure for AIDS, cancer, heart disease
Genetic manipulation to prevent disease
Transplants of every organ in body
Nerves in brain and spine regenerated to eliminate paralysis
Slow/stop aging process
?????
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Trends in Health Care ~ Unit 2 Cost Containment ~ control rising
cost and achieve max benefit
Why is health care so expensive? – Technological advances
Transplants & Computers
– Aging population More chronic diseases = more health
care
– Health-related lawsuits Malpractice insurance
Unnecessary tests
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Methods used to contain costs:
– Diagnostic-related groups (DRG’s)
Payment based on diagnosis
– Combination of services
– Outpatient services
Receive care w/o being admitted to hospital
– Bulk purchasing
– Early intervention / preventative care
Education, immunizations, regular physical exams
– Energy conservation
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Home Health Care – Shorter hospital
stays = more care at home
– Services Nursing care
Physical, occupational, & respiratory therapy
ADL’s & homemaking
Social services
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Geriatric Care – Care for elderly
– Why? People living longer, “baby-boomers”
– Facilities Adult day care
Retirement communities
Assisted living
Long-term care
– OBRA of 1987
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Telemedicine
– Video, audio, and computers to provide care
Wellness
– Maintain health, prevent disease
– Ways to promote wellness…
Physical, emotional, social, mental, spiritual
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Alternative & Complementary Health Care – Common system: biomedical
(“western”)
– Table 1.8 (pp. 18-20)*
National Health Care Plan – Ensure all Americans get health
coverage
– Problems: cost of creating, lack of choice, regulations