The Great Awakening

Religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s.Preached ideas that went against Puritan beliefs and teachings.

JONATHAN EDWARDS – one of the best known preachers of the time – his sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”, urged believers to develop a personal

relationship with God.This movement revitalized American religion by adding emotion.

The Abolitionist Movement began in response to the Great Awakening.

Benjamin Franklin

Inventor, Scientist, Founding Father1706 – 1790

Published Poor Richard’s Almanack; sayings in his book helped shape the American character, such as “early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

Founded the first public library in the colonies, supported education; Post Master General for all the coloniesScientist: Enlightenment: believed that through study and knowledge a person could improve his position in life

Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of IndependenceCreated the Albany Plan of Union – the first attempt to unite the colonies during the French and Indian War

Considered to be the “first civilized American”Invented the lightening rod, bifocal glasses, and the Franklin stove

William Penn

William Penn established a colony in North America as a refuge for Quakers. The land grant from the King was called “Pennsylvania” or Penn’s Woods.

Supported toleration of the Native Americans, freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require citizens to serve in the militia.Believed that each person was equal and allowed them to elect their own

government officials.

Explain the reasons for the development of representative government in Colonial America

Representative governments often develop to meet the political, economic, and social

needs of the people who hold similar beliefs.

Major Eras and Events in U.S. History – Colonial America

Exploration and ColonizationEstablishment of the 13 colonies

Representative DemocracyMercantilism

Religious Freedom

What are some reasons for European Exploration

Reasons for Exploration:ReligionWealthFame

National prideCuriosity

Faster, cheaper trade routes to Asia

What are some reasons for European colonization of North America

Reasons for Colonization:Religious freedomPolitical freedom

Economic opportunity (mercantilism)Social mobility

A better way of life

Political reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies

Political Reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:Political

Competition with Spain and France who already had many colonies in North America

Increase trade and markets for English exports (mercantilism)Source of raw materials

Religious reasons for establishing

the 13 English ColoniesReligious reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

Seeking religious freedom

Freedom from persecution for religious beliefs

Social reasons for establishingthe 13 English Colonies:

Social reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:Opportunity for adventure and a better way of life

England was overcrowded and settlers desired their own land

Reasons for Growth of Representative Government and Institutions During the Colonial

Period

Distance from England created a need for colonists to make their own laws and keep peace and order

Colonists were accustomed to English traditions and structures (Parliament)

Most colonies were self-governing, electing members of their community to a general assembly, which made their laws

Social reasons for establishingthe 13 English Colonies:

Social reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:Opportunity for adventure and a better way of life

England was overcrowded and settlers desired their own land

Reasons for Growth of Representative Government and Institutions During the Colonial

Period

Distance from England created a need for colonists to make their own laws and keep peace and order

Colonists were accustomed to English traditions and structures (Parliament)

Most colonies were self-governing, electing members of their community to a general assembly, which made their laws

How did Religion and Virtue Contribute to the Growth of Representative Government in the American Colonies

Religious freedom was a cause for the establishment of the American colonies.

Religious groups: Quakers, Pilgrims, Puritans, and others) creating communities that were self-governed.

Penn colony (Pennsylvania) was an experiment in the possibility of equality and citizens involved in the government.

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves During the Colonial Period

Slaves During the Colonial Period:Political – no political voice; no rights

Economic – labor of the Plantation System; considered property; children considered property and sold with no regard to parents

Social – viewed as property; viewed as outside the American identity

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Free Blacks During the Colonial Period

Free Blacks During the Colonial Period:Political – no political voice; limited / restricted rights

Economic – low wage earnersSocial – lowest social class; limited access to education;

socially isolated

Physical and Human Geographic Factors on Colonization:Proximity to the Atlantic coastline determined where

settlements/colonies were createdHuman geographic factors – removal of the Native

Americans, disease and conflict; for example, Georgia was a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida

1607

Year in which representatives of the Virginia Company of London established the first

permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First written constitution in the colonies; document that people had the right to elect governors, judges, and a legislature. Was written by the people; the fact

that it was written down gave the document credibility.

Mayflower Compact

Written in 1620 by male Pilgrims on the Mayflower. Created government where none had existed based on majority rule.A social contract where all agreed to abide by these rules in

the colonies.

Mercantilism

Economic theory in which a nation’s wealth is based on the amount of revenue is generated from its colonies.

The more gold and silver a nation has

determine its wealth.

Slave Trade

The buying and selling of millions of Africans to North America.

Triangular Trade Route

Trade route from: 

Europe→AfricaAfrica→West IndiesWest Indies→Europe

Plantation System

System of agricultural production based on large scale landownership; depended upon slave labor; Assisted in the development of an agrarian society

in the South

House of Burgesses

First elected body of representatives in the American colonies; met in Williamsburg,

Virginia.Based on Parliament.

American Revolution Era, 1775 - 1783

Taxation without RepresentationBoston MassacreBoston Tea Party

Unalienable RightsBattles of Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown

Declaration of IndependenceArticles of Confederation

Causes of the American Revolution

Proclamation of 1763Stamp Act

Intolerable ActsMercantilism

Lack of representation in CongressBritish economic policies following the French and Indian War

1776

Adoption of the Declaration of Independence*Main Author: Thomas Jefferson

*Committee Included: Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Livingston

*“Common Sense”Written by: Thomas Paine

Proclamation of 1763

*British Parliament law; colonists were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, *Britain

wanted a buffer zone between the colonists and the Native Americans, but the colonists wanted to settle

the fertile Ohio River Valley

Stamp Act, 1765

Required all legal documents and papers have an official stamp showing that a tax had been paid.

British used this to generate revenue to help cover the cost of the French and Indian War;

colonists reacted by rioting through groups such as the Sons of Liberty;Stamp Act Congress meets in October, 1765, to take action and ask Parliament to

repeal the act

Mercantilism

A system by which a nation increases its wealth and power by obtaining from its colonies gold, silver, and other raw materials.

It includes a favorable balance of trade. The colonies became a source of raw materials for the mother country (England.) The colonies are expected to be the purchasers of manufactured goods from the

mother country.Belief that a colony exists for the economic benefit of the mother country.

Coercive / Intolerable Acts, 1774

British reaction to the Boston Tea PartyClosed the port of Boston until tea was paid for

Restructured Massachusetts government by taking away local controlTroops were quartered in Boston and British officials accused of crimes were sent to

England or Canada for trialColonists reacted by boycotting British goods

First Continental Congress is formed, September, 1774

Taxation without Representation

Since the formation of the colonies, the colonists had set up their own legislative assemblies.

Colonists were unhappy about Britain’s insistence on the supremacy of Parliament (taxation).

The debate turned into one regarding representation in Britain’s law-making body (Parliament).

Britain argued that the colonies had “virtual representation.”

Abigail Adams

Wife of John AdamsServed as John Adams’ confidant and support while he served in the Continental

Congress, when John and others were considering a declaration of independence.Abigail reminded him to “remember the ladies”; take care of the women who could

not hold themselves bound by laws in which they had no voice.Advocate for women’s rights.

Wentworth Cheswell

African American PatriotLike Paul Revere, he made an all-night ride back from Boston

to warn his community tof the impending British invasionServed in the Continental ArmyFought at the Battle of Saratoga

John Adams

Lawyer and politicianDefended the British soldiers after the Boston Massacre

A member of the Continental Congress (representing Massachusetts)Strong supporter of independence

Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence

Sam Adams

American PatriotPlayed a role in many of the events which contributed to the Revolution Including: Sons of Liberty, organized opposition to the Stamp Act and the

Boston MassacreMember of the Continental Congress (representing Massachusetts)

Cousin to John Adams

Mercy Otis Warren

Wife of a Massachusetts PatriotAnonymously wrote several propaganda

pieces supporting the Patriot cause

Benjamin Franklin

*A member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence.*Spent most of the time during the American Revolution in France.

*He represented the colonies as the American envoy starting in 1776 and returned in 1785.

*He negotiated the alliance with France for support after the victory at Saratoga.*Member of the committee that negotiated the terms for the Treaty of Paris in 1783

that ended the war.

James Armistead

Slave in Virginia*Marquis de Lafayette recruited him as a spy for the Continental Army.*Posed as a double agent, forger and servant at British headquarters.

*He moved freely between the lines with vital information on British troop movements for Lafayette

*Contributed to the American victory at Yorktown.

Bernardo de’ Galvez

*Spanish nobleman*Became governor of the Spanish province of Louisiana (January 1777)

*protected American ships in the port of New Orleans*helped transport war supplies

*took up arms to fight the British and protect Louisiana

New England Colonies

Along the Atlantic CoastSubsistence farming

Poor soilCold climate

Forests

Economic factors: raw materials, logging, fishing shipbuildingPolitical factors: town meetings, representative government

Social factors: small coastal towns (Boston only large city)Religious factors: Puritans, Pilgrims

Southern Colonies

Appalachian MountainsNavigable rivers

Richer soilWarm climateRaw materials

Economic factors: plantations, cash crops, tobacco, rice, cottonPolitical factors: more slaves, more class-based society

Social factors and small coastal towns (Savannah, Charleston were large cities)Religious factors: Church of England, Catholics (Maryland), more diverse

Middle Colonies

Rich soilBroad, deep riversMore natural ports

River valleysMild winters

Raw materialsEconomic factors: large farms, logging, fishing, shipbuilding

Political factors: more tolerance; diversitySocial factors small coastal towns (Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York were large cities)

Religious factors: Quakers, Catholics

Effects of Physical and Human Geographic Factors on Major Historical and Contemporary

Events

Physical geographic factors – proximity to Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created

The NewEngland Middle colonies had access to waterways that resulted in high population and larger urban areas.

Southern colonies had an abundant amount of fertile soil that resulted in an agricultural society

Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict (ex. Georgia as a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida)

Crispus Attucks

African American maleUnemployed dockworker in Boston, MA

Became the first casualty (first to die) of the American Revolution Shot and killed in what became known as the Boston Massacre,

March 5, 1770

Haym Solomon

Polish-born Jewish immigrant to AmericaPlayed an important role in financing the American Revolution

Arrested by the British as a spyUsed by the British as an interpreter with their German troops

Helped British prisoners escape and encouraged German soldiers to desert the British ArmyBecame a broker to the French consul and paymaster to French troops in the American

Revolution

Patrick Henry

Member of the Virginia House of BurgessesSpoke against the Stamp Act

Famous quote, “Give me liberty, or give me death!”During the American Revolution he served in the Continental

Army

King George III

King of England during the Revolutionary Era*Feared the loss of one group of colonies would lead to the loss of

others and the eventual decline of the empire.*To prevent this, the Crown maintained an aggressive policy against

colonial resistance.George III struggled to enforce royal authority throughout his reign.

Thomas Jefferson

VirginianEarly leader in the American Revolution

Delegate to the Constinental Congress in Philadelphia in 1776Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence

Chief author of the Declaration of Independence

Marquis de Lafayette

French aristocrat who joined Washington and his troops at Valley Forge, PA*Played a leading role in both the American and French Revolutions*Respected the concepts of liberty and freedom and a constitutional

government*Commanded forces under George Washington as a major-general in the

Continental Army

Thomas Paine

PropagandistJournalist

In January, 1776, published a pamphlet, “Common Sense”Persuaded many Americans to join the Patriot cause.

George Washington

Virginian*surveyor, planter

*a soldier in the French and Indian War*a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses

*commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution

Issues Surrounding Important Events of the American Revolution

Declaring Independence Writing the Articles of Confederation

Battles of Lexington and ConcordBattle of SaratogaBattle of Yorktown

Enduring the winter at Valley ForgeSigning the Treaty of Paris 1783

Declaration of Independence

Reaction to King George III’s refusal to acknowledge the colonial requests/demands, “dissolve the political bands” with Britain, provided philosophy for the establishment of the new nation

“…all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”

Listed grievances against the King of EnglandWritten by Thomas Jefferson

July 4, 1776Second Continental Congress; Philadelphia

Writing of the Articles of Confederation

Occurred at the Second Continental CongressCreated a new form of government for the independent colonies

Included one branch – a CongressEach state had one vote

Created a very weak government with no executive

Major Battles of the American Revolution

Lexington and Concord: Shot ‘heard round the world; first battles of the American Revolution; April 19, 1775

Saratoga: turning point of the war; France joined the colonists after this victory, tipping the scales in their favor

Yorktown: surrender of Cornwallis to the British

Enduring the Winter at Valley Forge

Winter, 1777After suffering several defeats, Washington took his army to Valley Forge for the winter of 1777

Outbreak of small poxMartha Washington came to help care for the men

The men were trained by Frederick von Steuben to become a more professional army rather than militias

Thomas Paine wrote “American Crisis” to encourage the men to stay the course and follow through with the revolution to the end

Treaty of Paris, 1783

Peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized

American independenceGreat Britain gave up almost all of its land claims in North America

Boundaries extended to Canada in the north, the Mississippi River in the west, and Florida in the South

Colonial Grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence and how those grievances were

addressed in the U.S. ConstitutionGrievance in Declaration of Independence 

Constitution 

Taxation without representation All states have representation in Congress, which sets taxes

King has absolute power

Congress has the power to override Presidential veto

Colonists not allowed to speak out against the King 1st Amendment – Freedom of Speech

Quartering Act forced colonists to house troops

3rd Amendment – No quartering of Troops

allowed homes to be searched without warrants 4th Amendment – No unwarranted search & seizure

No trial by jury of peers

6th amendment—Speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury 7th amendment—Right of trial by jury

Unalienable Rights

Fundamental rights, or natural rights, guaranteed to people naturally instead of by the law.

In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson said these are the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of

happiness.”

Civil Disobedience

The concept of refusing to follow laws within a community or ignoring the policies and government of a state or a nation when a person considers the

laws unjust.*Refusing to follow laws considered to be unlawful and/or unconstitutional.

*Examples include boycotts, protests, refusal to pay taxes*Boston Tea Party is an example of civil disobedience.

Different Points of View of Interest Groups During the American Revolution

Loyalists – these were colonists who remained loyal to the British monarchy and did not feel

taxation was a reason to declare independence or break away from the mother country.

Different Points of View of Interest Groups During the American Revolution

Patriots were colonists who favored breaking away from Great Britain and

becoming an independent country

John Paul Jones

Founder of the United States NavyLed raids on British vessels during the American RevolutionDuring a fight with a British vessel he was told to surrender. Instead, Jones said, “I have not yet begun to fight” and was

able to defeat the attacking British ship.

Boston Massacre

ngraving of the Boston Massacre by Paul RevereMarch 5, 1770

Event in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of unarmed citizens of BostonKilled five

This engraving was used as propaganda to encourage patriotic sympathies and support for American Independence

Paul Rever, a silversmith and engraver, was also a member of the Boston Sons of Liberty

Yankee Doodle

Yankee Doodle Song sung by British military to mock the unorganized colonial “Yankees” who served in the French and Indian

War with British soldiers.*The meaning of the song implies that the Americans are so

“simple” they think simply sticking a feather in a cap would make them fashion leaders.

French and Indian War

r Fighting between the British and the French for control of North America.*Allies of the French were the Native Americans, or Indians.

*Broke out in the Ohio River Valley in 1756. Throughout the world it was known as the Seven Years’ War*Ben Franklin suggested that the colonies join together to fight against the French in the Albany Plan of

Union.*This was the first attempt to unify the colonies

*French and Indians were defeated.* British became in debt because of the war and taxed the colonists as a result.