The Global Environment

Chapter 1

Geography

What is it?

Geography

The study of where:– People – Places– Things

ARE LOCATED – AND how they relate to each other.

Ancient Egypt

Egyptian Priests– Studied the land

Why?

– Land uses– What the land could produce– Base a tax system off of the land – supported building

their temples

Greeks

First to create maps of Europe, Africa, and Asia.

5 Themes of Geography

Location Interaction between

people and environment

Movement Place Region

Location

Where is Penncrest High School?

On a sheet of loose leaf try to explain to someone: “where is the location of Penncrest High School?”

Turn to a neighbor and see how much your explanation is helpful.

Rate your partner’s explanation: – 10 being very helpful (you could find it easily), – 1 being not helpful at all (where is Penncrest!?)

– 5 being helpful but not helpful enough (I might recognize it if I passed it, but I’d have

difficulty finding it).

Relative Location

Did we:– Describe PHS in terms

of another location?– How else did we

describe it?

– How do we determine its

EXACT or ABSOLUTE location?

ABSOLUTE Location

Use grid of numbered lines of latitude and longitude.

Penncrest is located at: – 39 degrees, 55” N– 75 degrees, 26” W

Latitude & Longitude

Latitude– Measures distance north and south of the

Equator.

Longitude– Measures distances east and west of the

Prime Meridian

Equator

Divides the Earth into two halves (Northern and Southern Hemisphere.

Line of latitude

Prime Meridian

Divides World into Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Greenwich, England

International Dateline

Opposite of

Prime Meridian

PLACE II

Described by physical and human characteristics

PLACE - physical

Landforms Climate Soil Animal Life

PLACE – Human Characteristics

Way of life– Transportation– Religion– Languages

Think about our PLACE

On a sheet of loose leaf/ note book paper:Describe Media as a place.Consider the following: Stores Landforms Religions Animal Life Weather Transportation

Interaction Between People & Environment

How do we interact with our environment?

Hidden Cost

How has interactions with environment created “hidden costs?”– Farming– Transportation

People adapt

How do people adapt to different environments?

Desert Tropical Artic Earthquake Prone Beach Mountain

MOVEMENT III

Movement of– People– Places– Goods

How did people get to America (early settlers/natives) Early people moved primarily for? Alaskan land bridge

Trade

Exports – What is it?

Imports – What is it?

Copper/ Farm products/ Coffee Beans/ Oil

Ideas Spread

Religion Technology Television

Interdependence

Global Interdependence– Dependence of countries on goods, resources,

and knowledge from other parts of the world.

– What is something we are dependant on?

Understanding the Physical World

REGIONS (V)

Identified by:– Physical characteristics– Economic– Political– Cultural

PEPC

Tools of Geographers

Geographers use globes and maps. Why is a globe more accurate than a map?

What is a drawback of using a globe?

Map Projection

Show a curved earth on a flat surface. Accuracy varies depending on type of map.

Mercator Projection

Gerardus Mercator - 1569– Sailors needed a map that showed direction

accurately (N/S/E/W)

Mercator Projection

Mercator Projection

Accurate view of land areas NEAR EQUATOR

Direction (N/S/E/W) North and South Poles

– Land becomes distorted

– What is the problem with using a Mercator Projection?

Interrupted Projection

Show correct sizes and shapes of landmasses

Cut-out oceans Impossible to:

– accurately measure distance– plot a course across an ocean

Interrupted Projection

Peters Projection

Shows correct areas of landmasses and oceans.

Directions are accurate Distorts shapes of continents

– Notice how Africa appears longer and thinner.

Peters Projection

Robinson Projection

Shows correct sizes and shapes of most landmasses

Fairly accurate view of sizes of the oceans Fairly accurate view of distance over

landmasses Distortions along the edge of the map

Robinson Projection

KEY TERMS

Geography LIMPR Latitude Longitude Export Import Interdependence

HOW am I going to remember these FIVE themes?

LIMPR

Location Interaction between people and Environment Movement Place Region

Review

Positives and Negatives– Mercator – Interrupted– Peters– Robinson

Which do you think is the best?

Special Purpose Maps

Political Map– Shows borders that divide nations

Physical Map

Shows physical features (lakes/mountains)

Topography

Physical features of a place or region

Population Map

Climate Map

Vegetation Map

Natural Resources Map

Cartographer

A Mapmaker

Landforms

Mountain What makes a mountain? Hills Plains

– Low elevation, flat. Coastal Plains

– Plains that border oceans Plateaus

– Large area of high, flat or gently rolling land.– Mexico City

Landforms

Bay– Part of a body of water that is partly enclosed by land

Cape– Narrow point of land that extends into a body of water

Delta– Area formed by soil deposited at the mouth of a river

Divide– Ridge that separates rivers that flow in one direction from those that

flow in the opposite direction Hill

– Area of raised land that is lower and more rounded than a mountain

Landforms

Isthmus– Narrow strip of land joining two large land areas or joining a

peninsula to a mainland Lake

– Body of water surrounded by land Mountain

– High, steep, rugged terrain that is at least 2,000 ft. above sea level Mouth of a river

– Where a river empties into a larger body of water Peninsula

– Piece of land that is surrounded on 3 sides by water Plain

– Broad area of fairly level land – usually close to sea level

Landforms

Plateau– Large area of high land that is flat or gently rolling

River Valley– Land drained or watered by a river

Source of a River– Place where a river originates

Strait– Narrow channel that connects two larger bodies of water– Stream or small river that flows into a larger stream or river

Landforms: Review

Think of the state of Pennsylvania and what landforms exist in our state.

– Make a list of concrete examples that come to mind.

End

The Global Environment