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Section 5

GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT This section relates to land and water areas physical geography climate air and water quality and other geographic and environmental measurements of Hawaii Most statistics on land use and ownership however appear in Section 6 Important sources of data include the US Geological Survey the National Ocean Survey the National Climatic Data Center the Division of Water Resource Management of the Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources the Hawaii State Department of Health and the University of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Detailed information is given in Atlas of Hawaii 3rd edition published by the University of Hawaii Press in 1998 National data are reported in the Statistical Abstract of the United States 2001 Section 6

Table 501-- GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES BETWEEN SPECIFIED PLACES

PlacesStatute miles

Nautical miles Kilometers

DISTANCES FROM HONOLULU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Hawaiian Islands locations Hilo Hawaii 214 186 344 Kailua Kona Hawaii 168 146 270 Kahului Maui 98 85 158 Lanai Airport 72 63 116 Molokai Airport 54 47 87 Lihue Kauai 103 90 166 Puuwai Niihau 152 132 245 Nihoa 283 246 455 Necker Island 520 452 837 French Frigate Shoals 556 483 895 Gardner Pinnacles 688 598 1107 Maro Reef 851 739 1369 Laysan Island 936 813 1506 Lisianski Island 1065 925 1714 Pearl and Hermes Atoll 1208 1050 1944 Midway Islands 1309 1137 2106 Kure Atoll 1367 1188 2200

Other Pacific locations Apra Harbor Guam 3806 3307 6124 Auckland New Zealand 4393 3817 7068 Baker Island 1900 1649 3058 Hong Kong 5541 4815 8915 Howland Island 1900 1649 3058 Jarvis Island 1560 1354 2511 Johnston Atoll 820 713 1319 Kingman Reef 1073 932 1726 Kiritimati (Christmas Island) Kiribati 1344 1168 2163 Majuro Marshall Islands 2271 1973 3654 Manila Philippines 5293 4599 8516 Nuku Hiva Marquesas Islands 2400 2086 3864 Pago Pago American Samoa 2606 2265 4193 Palmyra Atoll 1101 957 1772 Papeete Tahiti 2741 2382 4410 Suva Fiji 3159 2745 5083 Sydney (Port Jackson) Australia 5070 4406 8158 Tokyo Japan 3847 3343 6190 Wake Island 2294 1993 3691

Continued on next page

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Table 501-- GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES BETWEEN SPECIFIED PLACES -- Con

PlacesStatute miles

Nautical miles Kilometers

DISTANCES FROM HONOLULU INT AIRPORT--Con

North and South American locations Anchorage Alaska 2781 2417 4475 Cape Horn Chile 7457 6480 11998 Chicago Illinois 4179 3631 6724 Cristobal Canal Zone 5214 4531 8389 Los Angeles California 2557 2222 4114 Miami Florida 4856 4220 7813 New York New York 4959 4309 7979 Portland Oregon 2595 2255 4175 San Diego California 2610 2268 4199 San Francisco California 2397 2083 3857 Seattle Washington 2679 2328 4311 Vancouver BC 2709 2354 4359 Tijuana Mexico 2616 2273 4209 Washington DC 4829 4196 7770

London England 7226 6279 11627 Bombay India 8010 6960 12888 Ghanzi Botswana 1 12417 10790 19979 Equator due south of Honolulu 1470 1277 2367 North Pole 4740 4119 7631

OTHER DISTANCES

Hilo to -- Los Angeles California 2447 2126 3937 San Francisco California 2315 2012 3725

Kure Atoll to -- Cape Kumukahi Puna Hawaii 2 1523 1323 2451 Log Point Elliot Key Florida 3 5852 5085 9416 Tokyo Japan 2486 2160 4000 West Quoddy Head Maine 5788 5030 9313

1 Ghanzi Botswana is Honolulus antipode that is the point precisely opposite to it on the globe 2 Cape Kumukahi and Kure Atoll are the points farthest apart in the Hawaiian Archipelago and State of Hawaii 3 Log Point and Kure Atoll are the points farthest apart in the 50 states Source US Department of the Interior Geological Survey Elevations and Distances in the United States (1980) pp 22-23 and records E H Bryan Jr American Polynesia and the Hawaiian Chain (1942) pp 38 42 and 134

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Table 502-- LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES OF SELECTED PLACES

Island and placeLatitude (North)

Longitude (West)

Hawaii Hilo (International Airport) 19deg43 155deg04 Cape Kumukahi 19deg31 154deg49 Ka Lae 18deg56 155deg41 Keahole Point 19deg44 156deg04 Upolu Point 20deg16 155deg51Geographic center of State (off Maui) 20deg15 156deg20Maui Wailuku 20deg53 156deg30 Kahului (Airport) 20deg54 156deg26 Hana 20deg45 155deg59 Cape Hanamanioa 20deg35 156deg25 Lahaina 20deg52 156deg41Kahoolawe Puu Moaulanui 20deg34 156deg34Lanai Airport 20deg48 156deg57Molokai Kaunakakai 21deg05 157deg02 Laau Point 21deg06 157deg19 Cape Halawa 21deg10 156deg43Oahu Honolulu International Airport 21deg20 157deg55

Aloha Tower 21deg19 157deg52 Kaena Point 21deg35 158deg17 Kahuku Point 21deg43 157deg59 Makapuu Point 21deg19 157deg39 Diamond Head 21deg16 157deg49Kauai Lihue (Kauai Airport) 21deg59 159deg21 Mana 22deg02 159deg46 Kilauea Point 22deg14 159deg24Niihau Puuwai 21deg54 160deg12Kure Atoll 28deg25 178deg22

Source US Board on Geographic Names Gazetteer No 24 Hawaiian Islands (1956) US Geological Survey Elevations and Distances in the United States (1980) pp 17 and 22-23 US Department ofCommerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center Local Climatological Data Annual Summary with Comparative Data 1984 for Hilo Kahului Honolulu and Lihue Bernice P Bishop Museum records Hawaii State Department of Accounting and General Services Survey Division records

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Table 503-- TIME DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN HONOLULU AND SELECTED CITIES

June December

City Day Hour Day Hour

Honolulu Same 1200 noon Same 1200 noon Los Angeles Same 300 pm Same 200 pm Denver Same 400 pm Same 300 pm Houston Same 500 pm Same 400 pm Chicago Same 500 pm Same 400 pm Atlanta Same 600 pm Same 500 pm Washington Same 600 pm Same 500 pm New York Same 600 pm Same 500 pm

London Same 1100 pm Same 1000 pm Singapore Next 600 am Next 600 am Hong Kong Next 600 am Next 600 am Manila Next 600 am Next 600 am Tokyo Next 700 am Next 700 am Sydney Next 800 am Next 900 am

Source Verizon Hawaii White Pages Oahu August 2002 pp 20-21

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Table 504-- WIDTHS AND DEPTHS OF CHANNELS

Width 2 Depth 3

Channel 1Statute miles Kilometers Feet Meters

Alenuihaha (Hawaii-Maui) 296 476 6810 2076 Alalakeiki (Kahoolawe-Maui) 67 108 822 251 Kealaikahiki (Kahoolawe-Lanai) 178 286 1086 331 Auau (Lanai-Maui) 95 153 252 77 Kalohi (Lanai-Molokai) 92 148 540 165 Pailolo (Maui-Molokai) 88 142 846 258 Kaiwi (Molokai-Oahu) 258 415 2202 671 Kauai (Oahu-Kauai) 721 1160 10890 3319 Kaulakahi (Kauai-Niihau) 172 277 3570 1088

Niihau-Kaula 215 346 5364 1635 Niihau-Nihoa 1339 2155 14550 4435 Nihoa-Necker I 1796 2890 12600 3840 Necker I-French Frigate Shoals 1003 1614 12780 3895 French Frigate Shoals-Gardner Pinnacles 1370 2205 11448 3489 Gardner Pinnacles-Maro Reef 1555 2503 12300 3749 Maro Reef-Laysan I 659 1061 8280 2524 Laysan I-Lisianski I 1374 2211 16830 5130 Lisianski I-Pearl and Hermes Atoll 1626 2617 17400 5304 Pearl and Hermes Atoll-Midway Islands 869 1399 15840 4828 Midway Islands-Kure Atoll 571 919 12960 3950

1 Listed in geographic order from east to west The channels between major islands were measured between the following points Alenuihaha Upolu Pt Hawaii to Puhilele Pt Maui Alalakeiki Lae o ka Ule Kahoolawe to Nukuele Pt Maui Kealaikahiki Makaalae Kahoolawe to Kamaiki Pt Lanai Auau Kikoa Pt Lanai to Lahaina Maui Kalohi Wahie Pt Lanai to Kamalo Molokai Pailolo Lipoa Pt Maui to Pohakuloa Molokai Kaiwi Ilio Pt Molokai to Makapuu Pt Oahu Kauai Kaena Pt Oahu to Kamilo Pt Kauai Kaulakahi Mana Pt Kauai to Kaunuopou Niihau 2 Width measured in statute miles between designated points on National Ocean Survey and Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Width in kilometers calculated from miles (1 mile = 160934 km) 3 Depths given are the deepest soundings noted at or near the line joining the two designated points onNational Ocean Survey and Coast and Geodetic Survey charts Depths measured in fathoms and converted to feet and meters (1 fathom = 6 feet = 18288 meters) Source Compiled by Lee S Motteler Geography and Map Division Bernice P Bishop Museum in November 1980

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Table 505-- GENERAL COASTLINE AND TIDAL SHORELINE OF COUNTIES AND ISLANDS

General coastline 1 Tidal shoreline 2

County and islandStatute miles Kilometers 3

Statute miles Kilometers 3

State total 750 1207 1052 1693

Counties Hawaii 266 428 313 504 Maui including Kalawao 210 338 343 552 Honolulu 137 220 234 377 Kauai 137 220 162 261

Islands 4 Hawaii 266 428 313 504 Maui 120 193 149 240 Kahoolawe 29 47 36 58 Lanai 47 76 52 84 Molokai 88 142 106 171 Oahu 112 180 209 336 Kauai 90 145 110 177 Niihau 45 72 50 80 Kaula 2 3 2 3 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 5 25 40 25 40 Nihoa 3 5 3 5 Necker Island 2 3 2 3 French Frigate Shoals 6 10 6 10 Laysan Island 6 10 6 10 Lisianski Island 3 5 3 5 Kure Atoll 5 8 5 8

1 Figures are lengths of general outline of seacoast Data for the four islands of Maui County are not consistent with the reported county total 2 Shoreline of outer coast offshore islands bays rivers and creeks is included to the head oftidewater or to a point where tidal waters narrow to a width of 100 feet 3 Derived from data expressed in statute miles independently rounded and accordingly may notadd exactly to indicated totals and subtotals 1 mi = 1609 km 4 Data are not available for five minor islands Molokini Lehua Gardner Pinnacles Maro Reefand Pearl and Hermes Atoll 5 Excludes the Midway Islands which are part of the Hawaiian Archipelago but not legally part of the State of Hawaii Midway has a general coastline of 20 miles and a tidal shoreline of 33 miles Source US Department of Commerce National Ocean Survey The Coastline of the United States(1975) and records

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Table 506-- LAND AND WATER AREA WITHIN THE FISHERY CONSERVATION ZONE

[Land and water area within the 200 nautical mile Fishery Conservation Zone surrounding the Hawaiian Archipelago]

Unit Total area Land area Water area

Square nautical miles 634023 4852 629171 Square statute miles 839623 6425 833198 Square kilometers 2174626 16641 2147985

Source Marine Surveys and Maps National Ocean Survey US Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration information supplied September 15 1978

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Table 507-- LAND AREA OF COUNTIES 2000

[See maps]

Measurement unit and type of area

State total Hawaii Maui Kalawao Honolulu Kauai

Square miles 64226 40280 11592 132 5998 6224

Square kilometers 166345 104325 30023 342 15534 16121

Source US Census Bureau Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File andunpublished records

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Table 508-- LAND AREA OF ISLANDS 2000

Island Square miles Square kilometers

STATE OF HAWAII 64226 166345

Hawaii 40280 104325 Maui 7272 18835 Molokini 0036 0093 Kahoolawe 446 1155 Lanai 1405 3640 Molokai 2600 6734 Oahu 5967 15453 Kauai 5523 14304 Niihau 695 1799 Lehua 0444 1149 Kaula 0247 0640

Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 1 3108 8049 Nihoa 0271 0701 Necker Island 0071 0183 French Frigate Shoals 0096 0249 Gardner Pinnacles 0009 0024 Maro Reef Awash Awash Laysan Island 1588 4114 Lisianski Island 0601 1556 Pearl and Hermes Atoll 0139 0359 Kure Atoll 0333 0862

1 Exclusive of the Midway Islands which are part of the Hawaiian Archipelago but not legallypart of the State of Hawaii Source US Census Bureau Census 2000 Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Summary File and unpublished records

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Table 509-- MAJOR AND MINOR ISLANDS IN THE HAWAIIAN ARCHIPELAGO

Number of islands

Classification TotalInhabited

1990 1Land area

(square miles)

All named islands 137 12 64270

Major islands 8 7 64194 Named minor islands 2 129 5 76 Offshore of major islands 96 3 26 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 3 33 2 49 Part of State 28 1 29 Not part of State (Midway Islands) 5 1 20

1 For populations see present volume table 105 2 For individual data see DPED Report GN-6 pp 3-7 3 Includes individual islets in the 10 Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Source Hawaii State Department of Planning and Economic Development Geographic NamesApproved Second Quarter 1969 (Report GN-6 July 8 1969) p 8 Data Book 1986 table 152

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Table 510-- AREA AND DEPTH OF SELECTED CRATERS

Island and craterArea

(acres)Maximum depth

(feet)

Hawaii Kilauea Caldera 2319 476 Mokuaweoweo Crater 1 2221 572

Maui Haleakala Crater 2 12575 3028

Oahu Diamond Head Crater 255 562 Koko Crater 133 968 Punchbowl Crater 62 140

1 Data exclude North and South Pits 2 Data exclude Koolau and Kaupo Gaps Source Measured from US Geological Survey maps by the Hawaii State Department of Business Economic Development amp Tourism

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Table 511-- ELEVATIONS OF MAJOR SUMMITS

[Elevation of the highest point on each island and other important peaks]

Island and summit Feet Meters

Hawaii Mauna Kea 1 13796 4205 Mauna Loa 13679 4169 Hualalai 8271 2521 Kaumu o Kaleihoohie 5480 1670 Kilauea (Uwekahuna) 4093 1248 Kilauea (Halemaumau Rim) 3660 1116

Kahoolawe Puu Moaulanui 1483 452 Puu Moaulaiki 1434 437

Molokini 160 49

Maui Haleakala (Red Hill) 10023 3055 Haleakala (Kaupo Gap) 8201 2500 Puu Kukui 5788 1764 Iao Needle 2250 686

Lanai Lanaihale 3366 1026

Molokai Kamakou 4961 1512 Olokui 4606 1404 Kalaupapa Lookout 1600 488 Mauna Loa (Kukui) 1430 436

Oahu Kaala 4003 1220 Puu Kalena 3504 1068 Konahuanui 3150 960 Tantalus 2013 614 Olomana 1643 501 Koko Crater (Kohelepelepe) 1208 368 Nuuanu Pali Lookout 1186 361 Diamond Head 760 232 Koko Head 642 196 Punchbowl 500 152

Continued on next page

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Table 511-- ELEVATIONS OF MAJOR SUMMITS -- Con

Island and summit Feet Meters

Kauai Kawaikini 5243 1598 Waialeale 5148 1569 Kalalau Lookout 4120 1256 Haupu 2297 700 Sleeping Giant (Nonou) 1241 378

Niihau Paniau 1250 381

Lehua 699 213 Kaula 548 167 Nihoa Millers Peak 903 275 Necker Island Summit Hill 276 84 French Frigate Shoals La Perouse Pinnacles 120 37 Gardner Pinnacles 190 58 Maro Reef Awash Awash Laysan Island 40 12 Lisianski Island 40 12 Pearl and Hermes Atoll 10 3 Midway Islands 12 4 Kure Atoll 20 6

1 According to the 1995 Guinness Book of Records (p 147) The worlds tallest mountain measured from its submarine base (3280 fathoms) in the Hawaiian Trough to its peak is Mauna Kea with a combined height of 33480 ft of which 13796 ft are above sea level Source Hawaii State Department of Accounting and General Services Survey Division data provided April 21 1992 US National Cartographic Information Center data provided October 11 1978 US Geological Survey topographic maps 1981-1984 Hawaiian Government Survey (for Nihoa andMolokini) USS Tanager survey 1923 (for Necker Island French Frigate Shoals Laysan LisianskiPearl and Hermes Atoll and Kure Atoll)

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Table 512-- MAJOR NAMED WATERFALLS BY ISLANDS

Height (feet)

Island Waterfall Sheer drop CascadeHorizontal

distance (feet)

Hawaii Kaluahine 620 400 Akaka 442 Waiilikahi 320 6

Maui Honokohau 1120 500 Waihiumalu 400 150

Molokai Kahiwa 1750 1000 Papalaua 1200 500 Wailele 500 150

Oahu Kaliuwaa (Sacred) 1 80 1520 3000 Kauai Waipoo (2 falls) 800 600

Awini 480 500 Hinalele 280 Wailua 200

1 Refers to northernmost fall of a cascade of six falls Source US Geological Survey records Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources Commission on Water Resource Management records Tall Falls The Honolulu Advertiser June 25 1995 pp A17 and A20

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Table 513-- MAJOR STREAMS BY ISLANDS

Island Feature or stream

Length or average

discharge

Longest water feature (miles) Hawaii Wailuku River 320 Maui Kalialinui-Waiale Gulch 180 Kahoolawe Ahupu Gulch 40 Lanai Maunalei-Waialala Gulch 129 Molokai Wailau-Pulena Stream 65 Oahu Kaukonahua Stream (So Fork) 330 Kauai Waimea River-Poomau Stream 195 Niihau Keanaulii-Puniopo Valley 59

Largest perennial stream (miles) 1 Hawaii Wailuku River 227 Maui Palikea Stream 78 Molokai Wailau-Pulena Stream 65 Oahu Kaukonahua Stream 300 Kauai Waimea River 197

Streams with greatest average discharge 2 (million galday) Hawaii Wailuku River 250 Maui Iao Stream 43 Molokai Wailau Stream 30 Oahu Waikele Stream 3 27 Kauai Hanalei River 140

1 Estimated on basis of drainage area rather than stream runoff Other major streams include Wailoa River Hawaii (12-mile long) Honokohau Stream (94 miles long) and Iao Stream (5) both on Maui Halawa Stream (64) Waikolu Stream (47) and Pelekunu (23) all on Molokai Waikele Stream (153) Kipapa Stream(128) Waiakakalaua Stream (118) Nuuanu Stream (4) and Ala Wai Canal (19) all on Oahu and the Makaweli River (151) Wainiha River (138) Hanapepe River (133) and Wailua River (118) all on Kauai 2 Most recent available year 3 Most of discharge is from nearby groundwater outflow Source Longest water feature from US Geological Survey records other data from Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources Commission on Water Resource Management records

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Table 514-- LAKES AND LAKE-LIKE WATERS BY ISLANDS

Island and lake TypeElevation

(feet)Area 1 (acres)

Maximum depth (feet)

Hawaii Green Lake Lake 3 2 20 Lake Waiau 2 Lake 13020 2 10 Waiakea Pond Tidal pond (SL) 27 7

Maui Kanaha Pond Marsh (SL) 41 3 Kealia Pond Marsh (SL) 500 (NA) Waieleele Pond 6690 05 21

Molokai Kauhako Pool (SL) 09 814 Kualapuu Reservoir Reservoir 821 100 50 Meyer Lake Impoundment 2021 6-10 5

Oahu Hoomaluhia Reservoir 202 90 90 Kaelepulu Pond Lake (SL) 198 (NA) Kawainui Marsh Marsh (SL) 1000 (NA) Wahiawa Reservoir Reservoir 842 302 85

Kauai Nomilu Fishpond Pond (SL) 20 66 Waita Reservoir Reservoir 241 424 23

Niihau Halalii Lake Playa (SL) 841-865 (NA) Halulu Lake Playa (SL) 182-371 (NA)

Laysan Laysan Lagoon Closed lagoon (SL) 161 16

NA Not available SL Sea level 1 Ranges shown for Meyer Lake Halalii Lake and Halulu Lake reflect differences in estimates betweensources 2 Highest lake in the State and third highest in the United States Source JA Maciolek Lakes and Lake-like Waters of the Hawaiian Archipelago (Bernice P Bishop Museum Occasional Papers Vol XXV No 1 April 30 1982) Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources Commission on Water Resource Management May 181994

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Table 515-- LENGTH AND WIDTH OF SELECTED BEACHES

[Includes the longest white sand beach on each inhabited island plus other important beaches]

Island and beach Length (miles) Width 1 (feet)

Hawaii Hapuna 05+ 200+ Maui Spreckelsville 2+ (NA) Kaanapali 15 60-80 Lanai Polihua 15+ (NA) Molokai Papohaku 2+ 300 Oahu Waikiki 2 (NA) Waimanalo 35-45 (NA) Sunset 2-3+ 200 Kauai Polihale to Kekaha 15 300 Polihale 3 300 Niihau Keawanui 35 175

NA Not available 1 Summer averages Many beaches in Hawaii are seasonally reduced in width by winter storms Source Hawaii State Department of Planning and Economic Development Hawaiis Shoreline (1965)pp 33 47 55 62 68 and 100 John R K Clark Beaches of the Big Island (1985) p 132 The Beaches of Maui County (1980) pp 10 62 84-85 and 114 The Beaches of Oahu (1977) pp 45 125 and 177 and Beaches of Kauai and Niihau (1990) pp 48-49 and 84

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Table 516-- MISCELLANEOUS GEOGRAPHIC STATISTICS BY ISLAND

Island

Extreme length (miles)

Extreme width

(miles)

Miles of sea cliffs with

heights 1000 ft or more 1

Miles from coast of

most remote point

Percent of area within 5 miles of

coast

State total 33 285 486

Hawaii 93 76 4 285 300 Maui 48 26 - 106 761 Kahoolawe 11 6 - 24 1000 Lanai 18 13 1 52 1000 Molokai 38 10 14 39 1000 Oahu 44 30 - 106 790 Kauai 33 25 11 108 650 Niihau 8 6 3 24 1000

Percent of area with elevation --

Percent of area with slope --

IslandLess than 500 feet

2000 feet or more

Approximate mean altitude

(feet)Less than 10 percent

20 percent or more

State total 208 509 3030 635 170

Hawaii 120 684 3950 760 40 Maui 249 414 2390 385 360 Kahoolawe 389 00 600 600 90 Lanai 248 63 1140 610 160 Molokai 373 178 1150 530 260 Oahu 453 46 860 425 455 Kauai 356 240 1380 335 505 Niihau 782 00 530 680 125

1 According to Lee S Motteler Geography and Map Division Bernice P Bishop Museum the sea cliffsalong the northeastern coast of Molokai between Umilehi Point and Puukaoku Point drop 3250 feet at an average slope of 58 degrees These cliffs have been described by The Guinness Book of Records (1995edition p 154) as the highest sea cliffs in the world Source Hawaii State Department of Planning and Economic Development Hawaii the Natural Environment (1974) p 19 US Department of the Interior Geological Survey Elevations and Distancesin the United States (1978) pp 4-5

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Table 517-- VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 1969 TO 2001

[Four volcanoes have erupted in historical times Haleakala last active around 1790 Hualalai last active in 1800-1801 and Kilauea and Mauna Loa both active in recent years and included In this table]

Volcano and date of outbreak

Repose period since

previous eruption (months)

Duration (days) Location 1

Elevation (meters)

Area (square

km)

Volume (mil cubic

meters)

Mauna Loa 1975 July 5 301 lt1 S 3900 135 300 1984 March 25 104 22 S ER 4030-2870 285 1760

Kilauea 1969 Feb 22 40 6 ER 930-870 6 161

May 24 20 874 ER 940 50 1850 1971 Aug 14 - lt1 C 1100-1080 31 91

Sept 24 - 5 C SWR 1120-820 39 77 1972 Feb 3 43 900 ER 940 46 1620 1973 May 5 - lt1 ER 1000-980 03 12

Nov 10 - 30 ER 980-870 1 27 1974 July 19 - 3 C ER 1080-980 31 66

Sept 19 20 lt1 C 1100 1 102 Dec 31 34 lt1 SWR 1080 75 143

1975 Nov 29 110 lt1 C 1080-1060 03 02 1977 Sept 13 215 18 ER 620-480 78 329 1979 Nov 16 263 1 ER 980-960 03 06 1982 April 30 295 lt1 C 1080 03 05

Sept 25 48 lt1 C 1080 08 30 1983 Jan 3 2 33 6938 ER 780-650 3 1037 3 2018

1 C caldera ER east rift S summit SWR southwest rift 2 Still in progress There have been 55 separate episodes they destroyed 184 residences and addedmore than 550 acres to the area of the island since 1983 3 As of December 2000 Source Gordon A Macdonald Agatin T Abbott and Frank L Peterson Volcanoes in the Sea 2nd ed (1983) pp 64-65 and 80-81 US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory recordslthttphvowrusgsgovkilaueasummaryCurrent_tablehtmlgt accessed July 8 2002

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Table 518-- MAJOR EARTHQUAKES 1838 TO 2001

[Includes all earthquakes with magnitudes of 60 or greater 1838 to 1983 and 50 or greater

Date and time (HST) LocationMagnitude

(Richter scale)

1838 December 12 Hawaii 60 1841 April 7 Hawaii 60 1852 March 31 Hawaii 60 1868 March 28 Hawaii 65

April 2 Hawaii 75 1871 February 19 Molokai or Maui 65 1875 November 23 Hawaii 60 1887 January 24 Hawaii 60 1913 October 25 Hawaii 65 1918 November 1 Hawaii 65 1919 September 14 Hawaii 65 1929 October 5 Hawaii 65 1938 January 23 N of Pauwela Point Maui 675 1940 June 17 Hawaii 60 1941 September 28 Hawaii 60 1950 May 30 Hawaii 625 1951 April 23 Hawaii 65

August 21 Hawaii 69 1952 May 23 Hawaii 60 1954 March 30 Hawaii 60

March 30 Hawaii 65 1961 September 25 Hawaii 575-6 1962 June 28 Hawaii 61 1973 April 26 Honomu Hawaii 62 1975 Nov 29 447 AM Puna Hawaii 72 1983 Nov 16 613 AM SE flank of Mauna Loa 67 1984 June 8 534 PM 80 miles S of Honolulu 53 1986 April 26 719 AM 28 miles NE of Maui 51 1987 Feb 3 422 PM 26 miles S of Kahoolawe 50 1989 June 25 527 PM Kalapana area 61 1994 Feb 1 1201 AM Offshore 12 miles S of Kilauea 52 1997 June 30 547 AM 5 miles W of Kalapana 52 1999 April 16 256 PM 4 miles N of Pahala 56 2000 April 1 818 PM 7 miles SE of Kilauea Summit 50

Source Augustine S Furumoto N Norby Nielsen and William R Phillips A Study of PastEarthquakes Isoseismic Zones of Intensity and Recommended Zones for Structural Design forHawaii (University of Hawaii Center for Engineering Research Engineering Bulletin June 15 1972)information supplied by Wm Mansfield Adams and Augustine S Furumoto Institute of GeophysicsUniversity of Hawaii Hawaii Institute of Geophysics records US Geological SurveyNational Earthquake Information Service US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory recordslthttphvowrusgsgovearthquakesfeltcurrEQhtmlgt accessed July 9 2002

1984 to 2001 Except for the earthquake of April 2 1868 magnitudes of earthquakes prior to 1929 are conjectural]

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Table 519-- EARTHQUAKES WITH HONOLULU INTENSITIES OF V OR GREATER 1859 TO 2001

Date Epicentral locationMagnitude

(Richter scale)

Honolulu average intensity (Modified Mercalli Scale 1)

1861 Dec 5 Molokai-Lanai vic () (NA) Mid V Dec 15 Molokai-Lanai vic () (NA) Lower V - mid V

1868 Apr 2 SE coast of Hawaii 75 Upper IV - lower VApr 4 Maui group vicinity () (NA) Lower V

1871 Feb 19 S coast of Lanai 70 Upper VI - lower VII1895 Dec 8 Oahu vicinity () (NA) Mid V1926 Mar 19 N of Kohala Hawaii (NA) Upper IV - lower V1929 Oct 5 W of Kona Hawaii 65 Lower V1938 Jan 22 N of Maui 68 Upper V - lower VI1948 June 28 S coast of Oahu 48 Mid VI1964 Oct 11 Ka Lae Hawaii 55 Upper IV - lower V1973 Apr 26 Hamakua coast Hawaii 62 Mid V1981 Mar 5 Kalohi Channel 50 Mid V

NA Not available 1 Modified Mercalli Scale of 1931 1956 abridged version further simplified This scale which extends from I to XII reads in part IV Hanging objects swing Vibration like passing of heavy trucks or sensation of a jolt Standing autos rock Windows dishes doors rattle Crockery clashes In the upper part of range wooden construction creaks V Felt outdoors direction estimated Sleepers wakened Liquids distributed some spilled Small unstable objects displaced or upset Doors shutters pictures swing Pendulum clocks stop VI Felt by all Many frightened run outdoors Persons walk unsteadily Windows dishes glassware broken Knickknacks books thrown off shelves pictures off walls Furniture moved overturned Weak plaster and masonry cracked Small bells ring Trees bushes noticeably shaken VII Difficulty in standing Noticed by drivers of autos Hanging objects quiver Furniture broken Damage to weak masonry Weak chimneys broken at roof line Fall of plaster loose bricks etc Some cracks in ordinary masonry Waves on ponds Small slides on sand and gravel banks Large bells ring Irrigationditches damaged Source Doak C Cox Earthquake Experience in Honolulu The Hawaiian Journal of History Vol 21 (1987) pp 98-109 US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory records

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Table 520-- TSUNAMIS WITH RUN-UP OF 2 METERS (66 FEET) OR MORE 1819 TO 2001

Maximum height in Hawaii 1

DatePlace of

observation Meters FeetDeaths in

Hawaii Damage in Hawaii

1819 April 12 2 W Hawaii 20 7 - Unknown1837 Nov 7 Hilo 60 20 16 200 houses1841 May 17 Hilo 46 15 - Unknown1868 April 2 Kau 122 40 47 Great locally

Aug 14 Hilo 46 15 - Severe1869 Aug 24 SE Puna 91 30 - Some1877 May 10 Hilo 49 16 5 Severe $140001878 Jan 20 N Oahu 30 10 - Some houses1896 June 15 Kona 91 30 - Unknown1906 Jan 31 Hilo 36 12 - None

Aug 16 Maalaea 36 12 - Some1919 April 9 S Kona 43 14 - None

April 30 Kau 42 14 - None1922 Nov 11 Hilo 21 7 - Minor1923 Feb 4 Hilo 61 20 1 Severe $15000001924 May 30 Lanai 50 16 - Great locally1933 March 2 Kona 29 10 - Some1946 April 1 NE Hawaii 170 56 159 $260000001952 Nov 4 Hawaii 61 20 - $800000-10000001957 March 9 Haena 160 52 1 $50000001960 May 22 Hilo 105 34 61 $230000001964 March 27 N Oahu 48 16 - $675901975 Nov 29 Kau 146 48 2 $1500000

1 Data before 1946 are approximate and probably low in many cases 2 Earliest tsunami for which definite information exists A tsunami observed at Hookena in 1813 or 1814 may have exceeded two meters Source George Pararas-Carayannis Catalog of Tsunamis in the Hawaiian Islands (US Coast and Geodetic Survey May 1969) Harold G Loomis The Tsunami of November 29 1975 in Hawaii (HawaiiInstitute of Geophysics December 1975) pp 1 and 10 DC Cox and J Morgan Local Tsunamis and Possible Local Tsunamis in Hawaii (Hawaii Institute of Geophysics Report HIG 77-14 November 1977) Doak C Cox Tsunami Casualties and Mortality in Hawaii (University of Hawaii Environment Center June 1987) p 39 US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory records

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Tabl

e 5

21--

MA

JOR

DA

MS

200

1

Dam

nam

eN

eare

st c

ityPu

rose

Year

co

mpl

eted

Hei

ght

(ft)

Leng

th

(ft)

Max

imum

st

orag

e (a

cre-

ft)

Nor

mal

st

orag

e (a

cre-

ft)

Wai

ta R

eser

voir

Kol

oa K

auai

Irri

gatio

n19

0623

325

0

990

0

3

400

Wah

iaw

a D

am W

ahia

wa

Oah

u I

rriga

tion

1906

88

66

0

920

0

7

761

Kua

lapu

u R

eser

voir

Kua

lapu

u M

olok

ai I

rriga

tion

wat

er s

uppl

y19

6954

710

0

508

2

3

685

Ho

omal

uhia

Dam

Kan

eohe

Oah

u F

lood

con

trol

recr

eatio

n19

8076

220

0

450

0

26

0

N

uuan

u D

am N

o 4

Hon

olul

u O

ahu

Flo

od c

ontro

l re

crea

tion

1910

66

1

730

3

600

242

Ale

xand

er K

alah

eo K

auai

Irri

gatio

n h

ydro

elec

tric

wat

er s

uppl

y19

3111

3

600

2

540

107

0

K

olok

o R

eser

voir

Wai

akal

ua K

auai

Irri

gatio

n18

9044

180

0

140

0

1

255

Kita

no R

eser

voir

Kek

aha

Kau

ai I

rriga

tion

1928

26

72

0

112

0

11

0

K

apai

a R

eser

voir

Han

amau

lu K

auai

Irri

gatio

n19

1045

105

0

111

4

1

105

S

ourc

e H

awai

i Sta

te D

epar

tmen

t of L

and

and

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es E

ngin

eerin

g B

ranc

h F

lood

Con

trol a

nd D

am S

afet

y re

cord

s

The

Sta

te o

f Haw

aii D

ata

Book

200

1 h

ttp

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tate

hiu

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Table 522-- FRESH WATER USE BY TYPE BY ISLANDS 1995

[Million gallons per day]

Use State total Hawaii Maui Lanai Molokai Oahu Kauai Niihau 1

Total 98144 10852 35606 344 933 26423 23986 -

Ground water 49834 10414 12018 344 477 22785 3796 - Domestic 13306 1717 1960 052 148 8639 790 - Agricultural 18049 1263 8885 195 318 5259 2129 - Industrial 2538 033 227 001 001 1727 549 - Thermoelectric 6734 6734 - - - - - - Commercial 9207 667 946 096 010 7160 328 -

Surface water 48310 438 23588 - 456 3638 20190 - Domestic 133 133 - - - - - - Agricultural 48130 305 23547 - 450 3638 20190 - Industrial 005 - - - 005 - - - Thermoelectric - - - - - - - - Commercial 042 - 041 - 001 - - -

1 1995 water-use data for Niihau not compiled Source Data compiled by the US Geological Survey and provided by the Hawaii State Department ofLand and Natural Resources Commission on Water Resource Management records

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 523-- WATER SERVICES AND CONSUMPTION FOR COUNTY WATERWORKS 1999 TO 2001

[Services as of June 30 consumption during the year ending June 30]

Geographic area 2000

State total 1 235799 1 238665 2 242092 1 76631 76401 2 78748

City and County 154576 155935 157429 51614 51020 52608 of Honolulu Honolulu District 3 61261 61406 61630 25156 24077 24769 Rest of Oahu 93315 94529 95799 26458 26943 27839

Hawaii County 1 34470 1 35303 35962 1 8097 8353 8676 Kauai County 17420 17677 18287 4373 4309 4631 Maui County 29333 29750 30414 12547 12719 12833 Maui 27809 28217 28872 12199 12388 12496 Molokai 1524 1533 1542 348 331 337

1 Revised 2 Corrected 3 Maunalua to Moanalua Source Data compiled by Hawaii State Department of Business Economic Development amp Tourism fromCity and County of Honolulu Board of Water Supply County of Hawaii Department of Water Supply Countyof Kauai Department of Water and County of Maui Department of Water Supply

1999 2000 1999

Number of services Consumption (million gallons)

2001 2001

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 524-- WATER WITHDRAWALS AND CONSUMPTIVE USE FOR THE UNITED STATES AND HAWAII 1995

[In millions of gallons per day except as noted Withdrawal signifies water physically withdrawnfrom a source Includes fresh and saline water]

Subject US Hawaii

Water withdrawn Total 401500 1930 Per capita (gal per day fresh) 1280 853

Source Ground water 77500 531 Surface water 324000 1400 Selected major uses Irrigation 134000 652 Public supply 43600 218 Industrial 26200 20 Thermo-electric 190000 970

Consumptive use 1 fresh water 100000 542

1 Water that has been evaporated transpired or incorporated into products plant or animal tissue andtherefore is not available for immediate reuseSource US Geological Survey as cited in US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States 2001 table 352

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 525-- HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES 1995 TO 2000

[Includes both proposed and final sites listed on the National Priorities List for the Superfund Program]

Subject 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Number of sites 4 4 4 4 4 1 3 Rank (among the 50 states) 45 45 45 45 45 45

1 The United States total was 1279 sites including one site in the District of Columbia Source US Environmental Protection Agency as cited in US Census Bureau Statistical Abstract of the United States for 1996 (table 382) 1997 (table 388) 1998 (table 407) 1999 (table 414) 2000 (table 402) and 2001 (table 365) lthttpwwwcensusgovprod2002pubs01statabgeopdfgt accessed March 11 2002

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 526-- WATER QUALITY AT PUBLIC BEACHES BY ISLANDS 2000 AND 2001

Enterococci density 1

IslandNumber of locations

Number of samples Lowest 2 Highest 3

Number over 7 Mean 4

2000

State total 64 1910 03 1013 7 23

Hawaii 12 259 03 220 2 15 Hilo Shoreline 6 106 03 220 2 31 Kona Shoreline 6 153 05 51 - 10 Maui 18 419 03 77 1 16 Lanai - - (X) (X) (X) (X) Molokai - - (X) (X) (X) (X) Oahu 18 681 08 269 1 25 Kauai 16 551 04 1013 3 33

2001

State total 50 1916 03 351 8 25

Hawaii 13 341 03 141 4 27 Hilo Shoreline 6 183 04 141 4 43 Kona Shoreline 7 158 03 17 - 15 Maui 10 391 10 43 - 23 Lanai - - (X) (X) (X) (X) Molokai - - (X) (X) (X) (X) Oahu 14 682 09 40 1 23 Kauai 13 502 07 351 3 31

X Not applicable 1 Geometric mean number per 100 ml The geometric mean standard for Enterococci density is 7 per 100 ml 2 The lowest average value in 2000 was reported at multiple beaches on the islands of Hawaii and MauiThe lowest average value in 2001 was reported at Kawaihae LST Landing on the island of Hawaii 3 The highest average value in 2000 and in 2001 was that reported for Hanamaulu Beach on Kauai 4 Not weighted by number of samples Source Hawaii State Department of Health Clean Water Branch records

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 527-- WATER QUALITY AT SELECTED PUBLIC BEACHES 2000 AND 2001

Number of samples Enterococci density 1

Island and beach 2000 2001 2000 2001

Hawaii Hapuna Beach - - (X) (X) Kahaluu Beach 2 38 51 30 Kealakekua Bay (off curio stand) - - (X) (X) Hilo Bay (Mooheau Park) - - (X) (X) Spencer Beach Park 35 - 13 (X)

Maui Kapalua (Fleming) Beach (north) 31 - 10 (X) Kihei (north) - - (X) (X) Makena Beach - - (X) (X) Seven Pools 3 - 03 (X) Sheraton Kaanapali (shoreline) - - (X) (X)

Lanai Hulopoe Bay - - (X) (X)

Molokai Kaunakakai Harbor - - (X) (X)

Oahu Ala Moana Park (center) 40 - 21 (X) Ewa Beach Park 11 43 35 11 Haleiwa Beach 49 49 22 13 Hanauma Bay 51 49 15 14 Kailua Beach Park 51 49 32 23 Kuhio Beach 48 51 49 40 Makaha Beach - - (X) (X) Waimea Beach - - (X) (X)

Kauai Anini Park Pavilion 13 46 143 23 Kalapaki Beach (middle) 50 46 61 75 Kekaha (Oomano Point) - - (X) (X) Poipu Beach Pavilion 35 46 11 16 West of Lydgate Park (wading pool) 51 46 24 46

X Not applicable 1 Geometric mean number per 100 ml The geometric mean standard for Enterococci density is 7 per 100 ml Source Hawaii State Department of Health Clean Water Branch records

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 528-- REFUSE AND SEWAGE STATISTICS FOR OAHU 1991 TO 2001

[Years ended June 30]

Tons of municipal solid waste delivered 1

Year TotalCity and County refuse vehicles Other vehicles

Sewage treated 2 (millions of gallons)

1991 1015842 293857 721985 444841992 1049647 331269 718378 427051993 1023113 322901 700212 424151994 1017367 331602 685765 427561995 1017709 325381 692328 431751996 959793 288057 671736 414031997 945081 302078 643003 426161998 861851 295117 566714 412891999 830035 284007 546028 407502000 868588 298207 570381 414442001 955019 326696 628323 40369

YearSewage pumped 2 (millions of gallons)

Miles of sewers 2

City and County pump stations

City and County treatment plants

1991 52849 1859 64 13 1992 53290 1890 65 12 1993 52480 1914 67 11 1994 53298 1945 69 8 1995 53088 1893 64 8 1996 52114 1910 65 8 1997 54197 1940 63 8 1998 50605 1940 64 8 1999 49379 1970 65 8 2000 49623 2230 65 8 2001 48626 2230 65 8

1 Excludes small landfill controlled by armed forces 2 Data limited to system maintained by the City and County of Honolulu Department of Environmental Services Source City and County of Honolulu Department of Environmental Services

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 529-- AIR QUALITY IN DOWNTOWN HONOLULU 1988 TO 2001

[Annual arithmetic means in micrograms per cubic meter (micro gm3) for particulate matter 10 microns or less in diameter (PM10) and in parts per million (ppm) for carbon monoxide (CO) Sampling is conducted about 46 feet above ground on the roof of the State Health Department building (Kinau Hale) 1250 Punchbowl Street Honolulu Hawaii]

Year PM10 (micro gm3) 1 CO (ppm) 2 Year PM10 (micro gm3) 1 CO (ppm) 2

1988 - 17 1995 14 08 1989 - 18 1996 14 08 1990 - 15 1997 8 08 1991 - 17 1998 9 08 1992 - 16 1999 14 06 1993 13 18 2000 14 07 1994 14 08 2001 16 06

1 The State and Federal Ambient Air Standard for PM10 annual average is 50 micro gm3 2 There is no annual standard for CO The State Ambient Air Standard for 1-hour CO is 9 ppmand the Federal standard is 35 ppm Source Hawaii State Department of Health Environmental Management Division Clean Air Branchrecords

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 530-- AIR QUALITY AT SPECIFIED LOCATIONS 2001

[24-hour average in micrograms per cubic meter]

PM 10 1 Sulfur dioxide 2

Annual range Annual range

Sampling station Minimum Maximum

Annual arithmetic average Minimum Maximum

Annual arithmetic average

Oahu Downtown Honolulu 7 63 16 - 25 2 Liliha 7 116 16 hellip hellip hellip Pearl City 5 3 167 15 hellip hellip hellip Kapolei 8 121 19 - 7 2 Makaiwa hellip hellip hellip - 18 4 West Beach 4 7 21 13 - 5 013 Waimanalo 4 8 39 17 hellip hellip hellip

Kauai Lihue 4 8 31 17 hellip hellip hellip

1 The State and Federal Ambient Air Standard for 24-hr PM10 is 150 micro gm3 2 The State and Federal Ambient Air Standard for 24-hr SO is 365 micro gm3 3 Occurred on January 1 2001 probably due to fireworks 4 Manual PM10 samplers operated for 24 hours once every 6 days in accordance with EPA guidelinesSource Hawaii State Department of Health Environmental Management Division Clean Air Branch records

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

1999 2000

Sector Electricity generators 2116 713 Petroleum bulk terminals 58 59 Chemical wholesalers 005 005

Top four facilities Hawaiian Electric Company Inc Kahe Generating Station 852 319 Hawaiian Electric Company Inc Hill Generating Station 280 180 Chevron Hawaii 162 161 Hawaiian Electric Company Inc Waiau Generating Station 337 107

1 Release is defined as the amount of a toxic chemical released on site (to air water undergroundinjection landfills and other land disposal) and the amount transferred off-site for disposal Source US Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory (annual) Hawaii StateDepartment of Health Environmental Management Division Clean Air Branch

Release 1

Table 531-- TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY REPORTING YEARS 1999 AND 2000

[On-site and off-site releases in thousands of pounds]

Industry sector and facility

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 532-- ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE MEASUREMENTS AT MAUNA LOA ANNUAL MEAN VALUES 1958 TO 2001

[Parts per million]

YearAnnual average Year

Annual average Year

Annual average

1958 1 31517 1973 32945 1988 35134 1959 31583 1974 1 32972 1989 35289 1960 31675 1975 3 33114 1990 35426 1961 31749 1976 33204 1991 35545 1962 31830 1977 33379 1992 4 35628 1963 31883 1978 33535 1993 4 35695 1964 2 31904 1979 33673 1994 4 35864 1965 31987 1980 33872 1995 36062 1966 32121 1981 34012 1996 4 36236 1967 32202 1982 34121 1997 4 36347 1968 32283 1983 34287 1998 4 36649 1969 32393 1984 34448 1999 4 36813 1970 32527 1985 34585 2000 4 36942 1971 32617 1986 34721 2001 5 37111 1972 32726 1987 34898

1 Based on data for 8 months 2 Based on data for 9 months 3 Based on data for 11 months 4 Revised 5 Preliminary Source National Weather Service Pacific Region Honolulu (for 1958-1991) Mauna Loa Observatory (for 1992-1999) US Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Oceanic and Atmospheric Research Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory records

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Tabl

e 5

33--

TEM

PER

ATU

RES

AN

D P

REC

IPIT

ATI

ON

FO

R S

ELEC

TED

PLA

CES

Ave

rage

tem

pera

ture

1

(degF)

Extr

eme

tem

pera

ture

of

reco

rd (deg

F)

Isla

nd a

nd s

tatio

n

Gro

und

elev

atio

n (fe

et)

Coo

lest

m

onth

War

mes

t m

onth

Low

est

Hig

hest

Ave

rage

an

nual

pr

ecip

itatio

n (in

ches

)

Haw

aii

H

ilo A

irpor

t30

663

81

2

53

94

128

97

Haw

aii V

olca

noes

Nat

Par

k H

dq

397

1

52

6

690

34

89

10

883

N

aale

hu80

0

65

8

793

50

93

48

44

Ka

ilua

30

64

1

770

54

88

12

387

Pu

ako

25

683

83

8

52

92

101

2

Wai

mea

(Kam

uela

)2

670

667

84

3

34

94

497

6

Hon

okaa

108

0

67

6

755

(N

A)

(NA)

79

42

M

auna

Kea

sum

mit

313

796

313

42

5

11

66

200

0

Mau

i

Han

a Ai

rpor

t75

673

80

8

50

94

814

1

Hal

eaka

la s

umm

it10

025

389

54

6

14

73

410

1

Kihe

i 4

85

70

9

784

49

98

13

27

Ka

hulu

i Airp

ort

40

67

4

837

48

97

19

24

La

hain

a45

664

84

9

52

97

150

5

Mol

okai

Kaun

akak

ai12

(NA)

(N

A)

(NA)

(N

A)

138

7

Mol

okai

Airp

ort

450

676

81

4

46

96

259

1

Lana

i

Lana

i City

162

0

62

4

754

47

89

36

04

C

ontin

ued

on n

ext p

age

The

Sta

te o

f Haw

aii D

ata

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200

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Tabl

e 5

33--

TEM

PER

ATU

RES

AN

D P

REC

IPIT

ATI

ON

FO

R S

ELEC

TED

PLA

CES

-- C

on

Ave

rage

tem

pera

ture

1

(degF)

Extr

eme

tem

pera

ture

of

reco

rd (deg

F)

Isla

nd a

nd s

tatio

n

Gro

und

elev

atio

n (fe

et)

Coo

lest

m

onth

War

mes

t m

onth

Low

est

Hig

hest

Ave

rage

an

nual

pr

ecip

itatio

n (in

ches

)

Oah

u

Hon

olul

u In

tern

atio

nal A

irpor

t7

701

84

0

52

95

209

2

Wai

kiki

(Hon

olul

u Zo

o)10

68

9

846

46

95

23

61

M

anoa

(Lyo

n Ar

bore

tum

)50

0

66

3

791

49

96

15

329

Ka

neoh

e (S

tate

Hos

pita

l)20

0

71

9

829

60

96

53

26

Ka

huku

151

68

6

809

51

99

44

69

W

heel

er A

FB82

0

68

2

755

52

89

40

00

W

aian

ae50

72

1

797

45

96

21

67

Kaua

i

Kila

uea

(tow

n)32

0

65

6

779

50

89

69

08

Li

hue

Airp

ort

103

697

81

1

50

90

417

9

Poip

u (M

akah

uena

Pt)

50

693

82

6

50

95

350

0

Keka

ha9

648

84

8

44

95

212

2

Koke

e (K

anal

ohul

uhul

u)3

600

510

67

5

29

90

673

1

Nor

thw

este

rn H

awai

ian

Isla

nds

M

idw

ay10

65

0

786

52

89

44

00

N

A N

ot a

vaila

ble

1

Fo

r som

e st

atio

ns d

ata

repr

esen

t 30-

year

nor

mal

s

2

Tem

pera

ture

dat

a ar

e fo

r Mah

ukon

a

3

Bas

ed o

n in

com

plet

e an

d no

n-co

ntin

uous

dat

a fo

r 196

6-19

72

Prec

ipita

tion

estim

ated

4

Tem

pera

ture

dat

a re

fer t

o Pu

unen

e A

irpor

t

Sou

rce

Haw

aii S

tate

Dep

artm

ent o

f Lan

d an

d N

atur

al R

esou

rces

Com

mis

sion

on

Wat

er R

esou

rce

Man

agem

ent

reco

rds

U

nive

rsity

of H

awai

i at M

anoa

Sch

ool o

f Oce

an a

nd E

arth

Sci

ence

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

Dep

artm

ent o

f Met

erol

ogy

reco

rds

The

Sta

te o

f Haw

aii D

ata

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200

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Table 534-- ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS 1996 TO 2000

Indicator Unit 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Electric utility sales Mil kWh 9378 9346 9261 9380 9690 Total energy used Tril BTu 3159 3161 3029 3080 3252 Greenhouse gas emissions Mil tons 1 203 205 206 206 207 Fossil fuel used Tril BTu 2945 2951 2840 2870 3057 Municipal water consumption Mil gal 74728 71810 73301 76610 76401 Wastewater treatment and reused Percent 82 104 113 130 135 Solid waste produced 1000 tons 2122 2132 2004 1884 1794 Hazardous waste generated Tons (NA) 1669 (NA) 1456 (NA) Rare plant species Number 607 586 600 2 588 588 Beaches closed Days 45 28 13 26 20 Oil and chemical spills Number 467 500 530 526 466 Safe drinking water 3 of population 995 982 998 997 988 Environmental expenditures $ millions 61 45 60 69 69 Noise complaints Number 457 461 427 372 536 Bikeways Miles 1181 1320 1049 1797 1811 Bus boardings (Oahu) Millions 689 686 718 662 666

NA Not available 1 Carbon dioxide equivalent 2 Revised 3 Below maximum contaminant levels Source The Environmental Council State of Hawaii Environmental Report Card 2001 pp 12-34

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 535-- CLIMATIC NORMALS MEANS AND EXTREMES FOR HILO KAHULUI HONOLULU AND LIHUE AIRPORTS

Subject Hilo Kahului Honolulu Lihue

Normal temperatures (degF) Daily maximum 815 839 844 812 Daily minimum 664 672 700 699 Monthly Coolest month 1 717 717 729 716

Warmest month 1 763 793 814 795 Annual 1 740 756 772 756

Extreme temperatures (degF) Record highest 94 97 95 90 Record lowest 53 48 53 50

Normal cooling degree days 2 3284 3883 4474 3883

Precipitation (inches) Normal 12919 2092 2202 4300 Maximum monthly 5082 1446 2079 2291 Minimum monthly 013 000 T T Maximum in 24 hours 2736 701 1707 1154

Normal relative humidity (percent) 79 73 68 75

Wind speed (mph) Mean 74 3 144 114 128 Maximum 2-minute 31 3 41 35 3 39

Percent of possible sunshine 40 67 71 58

Number of days Mean Clear 355 1305 900 553 Partly cloudy 1313 1452 1798 1832 Cloudy 1953 895 920 1232 Thunderstorms 97 40 67 78 Normal Precipitation 01 inch or more 2733 1002 1007 1998 Temperature maximum 90deg and above 10 235 314 01

T Trace amount 1 Dry bulb is the temperature of the ambient air

3 Revised Source US Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center Local Climatological Data Annual Summary with Comparative Data 2001 Normals Means and Extremes for Hilo Kahului Honolulu and Lihue (annual)

[Normals are 30-year averages (1961-1990]

2 Difference between the average daily temperature and 65deg F

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Tabl

e 5

36--

MO

NTH

LY A

ND

AN

NU

AL

CLI

MA

TIC

DA

TA F

OR

HO

NO

LULU

INTE

RN

ATI

ON

AL

AIR

POR

T

Nor

mal

tem

pera

ture

(o F)Ex

trem

e te

mpe

ratu

re

(o F)

Prec

ipita

tion

(inch

es)

Mon

thD

aily

m

axim

umD

aily

m

inim

umM

onth

ly 1

Hig

hest

da

ily

max

imum

Low

est

daily

m

inim

umN

orm

al

to

tal

Max

imum

m

onth

lyM

inim

um

mon

thly

Max

imum

in

24

ho

urs

Janu

ary

801

656

729

8853

355

147

4

0

18

6

72

Fe

brua

ry80

565

473

088

532

21

13

68

006

688

Mar

ch81

667

274

488

552

20

20

79

001

170

7

Ap

ril82

868

775

891

571

54

8

92

0

01

4

21

M

ay84

770

377

593

601

13

7

23

0

03

3

44

Ju

ne86

572

279

492

650

50

2

46

T

228

July

875

735

805

9466

059

233

003

220

Augu

st88

774

281

493

670

44

3

08

T

235

Sept

embe

r88

573

581

095

660

78

2

74

0

05

1

40

O

ctob

er86

972

379

694

612

28

11

15

007

757

Nov

embe

r84

170

377

293

573

00

18

79

003

915

Dec

embe

r81

267

074

189

543

80

17

29

006

825

Annu

al84

470

077

295

5322

02

207

9

T

170

7

C

ontin

ued

on n

ext p

age

[Nor

mal

s ar

e 30

-yea

r ave

rage

s (1

961-

1990

)]

The

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Tab

le 5

36-

- MO

NTH

LY A

ND

AN

NU

AL

CLI

MA

TIC

DA

TA F

OR

HO

NO

LULU

INTE

RN

ATI

ON

AL

AIR

POR

T --

Con

Rel

ativ

e hu

mid

ity

(p

erce

nt)

Win

d

(mile

sho

ur)

Num

ber o

f

days

Nor

mal

Mon

th8

AM

2

PM

M

ean

sp

eed

Max

imum

2-m

inut

e sp

eed

Perc

ent o

f po

ssib

le

suns

hine

Cle

arC

loud

y

Prec

ipita

tion

0

1 in

ch

or

mor

e

Janu

ary

8162

94

32

659

5

8

5

9

7

Fe

brua

ry78

5910

1

3368

81

76

86

Mar

ch73

5711

3

3172

74

93

92

April

7056

117

35

705

9

9

6

9

5

M

ay67

5411

6

2672

67

87

79

June

6652

126

30

746

5

6

2

5

8

July

6752

134

30

767

4

5

1

7

4

Au

gust

6751

130

2

31

778

0

5

7

6

1

Se

ptem

ber

6852

114

26

777

9

5

7

7

4

O

ctob

er70

5610

7

2 2

9

71

75

81

88

Nov

embe

r74

5910

9

3064

72

88

98

Dec

embe

r78

6110

6

2 3

5

63

79

87

105

Annu

al72

5611

4

3571

900

92

0

100

7

T

Tra

ce a

mou

nt

1

D

ry b

ulb

is th

e te

mpe

ratu

re o

f the

am

bien

t air

2

R

evis

ed

S

ourc

e U

S D

epar

tmen

t of C

omm

erce

Nat

iona

l Oce

anic

and

Atm

osph

eric

Adm

inis

tratio

n N

atio

nal C

limat

ic D

ata

Cen

ter

Loca

l Clim

atol

ogic

al

Dat

a A

nnua

l Sum

mar

y W

ith C

ompa

rativ

e D

ata

200

1

Nor

mal

s M

eans

and

Ext

rem

es H

onol

ulu

(a

nnua

l)

[Nor

mal

s ar

e 30

-yea

r ave

rage

s (1

961-

1990

)]

Mea

n

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Table 537-- AVERAGE TEMPERATURE PERCENT OF POSSIBLE SUNSHINE AND PRECIPITATION FOR HONOLULU INTERNATIONAL

AIRPORT ANNUALLY 1950 TO 2001

Year

Average tempera-ture (degF)

Percent of possible sunshine

Precipi-tation

(inches) Year

Average tempera-ture (degF)

Percent of possible sunshine

Precipi-tation

(inches)

1950 757 (NA) 3168 1976 768 60 1290 1951 763 (NA) 3973 1977 782 68 1236 1952 754 (NA) 1065 1978 768 69 2505 1953 759 71 997 1979 770 68 1693 1954 758 68 2730 1955 745 62 3786 1980 775 1 68 2690 1956 759 69 2123 1981 771 1 68 1341 1957 760 72 2422 1982 769 1 67 3492 1958 753 70 3502 1983 772 1 67 503 1959 767 70 1414 1984 781 1 67 1708

1985 769 1 67 1738 1960 767 70 1207 1986 783 1 68 1393 1961 772 81 1426 1987 779 1 68 2353 1962 765 71 1358 1988 785 1 68 1647 1963 767 64 3791 1989 775 1 68 2752 1964 770 63 2012 1965 2 761 74 4278 1990 776 1 69 1984 1966 2 776 68 2318 1991 777 1 69 1794 1967 2 776 58 3434 1992 778 1 69 1900 1968 2 779 63 3726 1993 771 1 69 584 1969 2 774 68 2250 1994 788 1 70 1559

1995 793 1 70 1360 1970 2 782 72 1549 1996 786 1 70 3312 1971 2 761 70 2664 1997 778 1 71 1999 1972 762 65 2694 1998 771 1 71 452 1973 772 63 1424 1999 769 1 71 1199 1974 775 61 2402 2000 776 1 71 710 1975 762 62 2439 2001 782 71 914

1 Revised Data from source cited below Normals Means and Extremes Honolulu (annual) 2 Site conditions produced distorted temperature measurements from 1965 to 1971 Source US Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center Local Climatological Data Annual Summary With Comparative Data 2001Honolulu Average Temperature (degF) 2001 Honolulu Normals Means and Extremes HonoluluPrecipitation (inches) 2001 Honolulu (annual)

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 538-- AVERAGE DAILY TEMPERATURE AND DAYS WITH MAXIMUMOF 90deg OR HIGHER FOR HONOLULU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

1971 TO 2001

Year

Average daily maximum

(degF)

Days 90deg or

higher Year

Average daily maximum

(degF)

Days 90deg or

higher

1971 827 - 1986 862 64 1972 832 3 1987 857 93 1973 844 10 1988 861 70 1974 850 25 1989 852 34 1975 836 1 1990 840 47 1976 841 9 1977 852 16 1991 849 35 1978 842 13 1992 852 28 1979 847 51 1993 845 23 1980 846 22 1994 855 85

1995 868 116 1981 846 9 1996 858 69 1982 835 27 1997 851 50 1983 851 44 1998 837 - 1984 855 63 1999 832 - 1985 846 53 2000 840 4

2001 845 19

Source US Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center Local Climatological Data Annual Summary With Comparative Data 2001 Meteorological Data for 2001 Honolulu (annual)

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 539-- CLIMATIC DATA FOR HONOLULU INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ANNUALLY 1990 TO 2001

Average temperature (degF) 1 Extreme temp (degF)

Year AnnualCoolest month

Warmest month Lowest Highest

Precipitation (inches)

1990 776 715 823 57 93 1984 1991 777 724 824 55 93 1794 1992 778 729 822 58 92 1900 1993 771 709 813 54 93 584 1994 788 720 843 56 95 1559 1995 793 734 834 56 94 1360 1996 786 740 828 56 93 3312 1997 778 723 827 57 94 1999 1998 771 725 811 53 89 452 1999 769 733 808 60 89 1199 2000 776 725 814 59 90 710 2001 782 741 822 59 92 914

Relative humidity (percent)

Wind speed (mileshour)

Year 8 am 2 pmAnnual average Peak gust

Percent of possible sunshine

Days with precipitation 01 inch or

more

1990 69 54 112 46 2 69 109 1991 69 53 100 39 2 69 86 1992 71 55 95 49 2 69 98 1993 70 53 109 46 2 69 76 1994 72 55 119 51 2 70 80 1995 74 57 107 41 2 70 81 1996 73 56 96 40 2 70 106 1997 80 57 100 41 2 71 105 1998 72 56 110 (NA) 2 71 74 1999 73 57 110 (NA) 2 71 94 2000 75 60 109 (NA) 2 71 67 2001 73 58 113 (NA) 71 84

1 Dry bulb is the temperature of the ambient air 2 Revised Data from source cited below Normals Means and Extremes Honolulu (annual) Source US Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center Local Climatological Data Annual Summary With Comparative Data 2001 Meteorological Data for 2001 Honolulu Normals Means and Extremes Honolulu (annual)

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Tabl

e 5

40--

CLI

MA

TIC

DA

TA F

OR

TH

E PE

RIO

D O

F R

ECO

RD

Subj

ect

Dat

ePl

ace

Mag

nitu

de

Long

-term

ave

rage

s

Low

est m

onth

ly a

vera

ge m

inim

um te

mp

(degF)

Feb

ruar

y M

auna

Kea

sum

mit

235

Lo

wes

t mon

thly

ave

rage

dai

ly te

mp

(degF)

Feb

ruar

y M

auna

Kea

sum

mit

313

H

ighe

st m

onth

ly a

vera

ge m

axim

um te

mp

(degF)

Sep

tem

ber

Kaw

aiha

e 1

919

H

ighe

st m

onth

ly a

vera

ge d

aily

tem

p (deg

F) S

epte

mbe

r K

awai

hae

180

8

Low

est a

vera

ge a

nnua

l rai

nfal

l (in

ches

) hellip

Kaw

aiha

e8

7

Hig

hest

ave

rage

ann

ual r

ainf

all (

inch

es)

hellip W

aial

eale

444

Sing

le e

vent

s

Low

est t

empe

ratu

re o

f rec

ord

(degF)

Jan

20

197

0 M

auna

Kea

sum

mit

21

4

Hig

hest

tem

pera

ture

of r

ecor

d (deg

F) A

pril

27 1

931

Pah

ala

100

Lo

wes

t ann

ual r

ainf

all o

f rec

ord

(inch

es)

195

3 K

awai

hae

02

H

ighe

st a

nnua

l rai

nfal

l of r

ecor

d (in

ches

) 1

982

Wai

alea

le66

6

Hig

hest

win

d sp

eed

of re

cord

(mp

h)

Sep

t 11

199

2 M

akah

uena

Pt

314

3

1

Pu

ukoh

ola

Hei

au N

atio

nal H

isto

rical

Site

Kaw

aiha

e H

awai

i

2

Rec

orde

d by

Dr

Alfr

ed W

oodc

ock

60 m

eter

s ins

ide

the

Mau

na K

ea su

mm

it co

ne a

t 65

0 a

m

The

rim a

t tha

t tim

e ha

d a

tem

pera

ture

of 3

9degF

3

M

akah

uena

Poi

nt C

oast

Gua

rd S

tatio

n P

oipu

Kau

ai

S

ourc

e H

awai

i Sta

te D

epar

tmen

t of L

and

and

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es C

omm

issi

on o

n W

ater

Res

ourc

e M

anag

emen

t re

cord

s U

nive

rsity

of H

awai

i at M

anoa

Sch

ool o

f Oce

an a

nd E

arth

Sci

ence

and

Tec

hnol

ogy

Dep

artm

ent o

f Met

eoro

logy

rec

ords

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Table 541--RAINFALL AT SPECIFIED LOCATIONS ANNUALLY1991 TO 2001

[In inches]

Hawaii Maui

YearHilo

Airport LalamiloKona

Village NaalehuKahului Airport Kihei Lahaina

1991 15304 1573 888 4445 1609 662 1111 1992 1 10883 1272 990 4057 1698 1103 973 1993 11449 2067 591 4056 1269 582 1176 1994 18281 1187 462 6334 1393 561 802 1995 8592 604 572 2655 1345 821 630 1996 12021 2535 2470 5907 3100 2232 2281 1997 13161 1748 1557 4943 2308 1996 1668 1998 1 7612 886 137 1762 1 636 447 186 1999 1 11710 1 810 393 1 3655 1 704 713 611 2000 11945 685 631 3603 966 326 601 2001 11155 691 805 3809 931 484 165

Oahu Kauai

Year WaikikiUniversity of Hawaii

Nuuanu Res 4

Kane- ohe 1 Koloa

Lihue Airport Prince-ville

1991 2610 1 4303 11502 6533 7130 4163 8201 1992 1 1760 1 3500 11858 6014 5253 5017 1 7578 1993 1692 2414 8162 3455 5298 2227 4802 1994 2016 3368 12548 5236 6073 3299 7215 1995 1225 2098 9926 1 4225 5676 4657 8694 1996 2996 4211 11676 1 6245 1 4881 5614 8553 1997 2530 1 4062 11622 1 6228 4202 4802 8157 1998 1097 2450 7462 2852 3372 2647 5652 1999 1909 2655 1 8806 3076 4025 1 3318 1 7298 2000 686 1887 8820 3110 3055 1796 5292 2001 1573 1 2269 8273 3222 2700 2775 7205

1 Revised Source US Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Climatic Data Center Climatological Data Annual Summary Hawaii and Pacific (annual) Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources Commission on Water Resource Management records University of Hawaii at Manoa School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology Department of Meteorology records

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Tabl

e 5

42--

MA

JOR

HU

RR

ICA

NES

19

50 T

O 2

001

Max

imum

reco

rded

w

inds

ash

ore

(mp

h)

Hur

rican

e

nam

eD

ate

1Is

land

s m

ost a

ffect

edSu

stai

ned

Peak

gus

tsD

eath

s

Prop

erty

da

mag

e

(m

il d

ol)

Hik

i A

ug 1

5-17

195

0 K

auai

68

(NA)

1

0

2

D

ella

Sep

t 4

195

7 F

renc

h Fr

igat

e Sh

oals

82

109

-

M

inor

N

ina

Dec

1-2

195

7 K

auai

(NA)

92

1

0

1

D

ot A

ug 6

195

9 K

auai

81

103

-

5

5+

Fico

Jul

y 18

-20

197

8 H

awai

i(N

A)

58+

-

0

2

Iw

a N

ov 2

3 1

982

Kau

ai O

ahu

65

117

1

23

40

Este

lle J

uly

22 1

986

Mau

i H

awai

i(N

A)

55

-

20

Inik

i S

ept

11 1

992

Kau

ai O

ahu

92

143

8

1

900

N

A N

ot a

vaila

ble

1

Pe

riod

affe

ctin

g th

e H

awai

ian

Isla

nds

S

ourc

e S

amue

l L S

haw

A H

isto

ry o

f Tro

pica

l Cyc

lone

s in

the

Cen

tral

Nor

th P

acifi

c an

d th

e H

awai

ian

Isla

nds

1832

-197

9 (U

S

Dep

artm

ent o

f Com

mer

ce N

atio

nal O

cean

ic a

nd A

tmos

pher

ic A

dmin

istra

tion

Nat

iona

l Wea

ther

Ser

vice

Sep

tem

ber 1

981)

Haw

aii S

tate

Dep

artm

ent o

f Def

ense

Civ

il D

efen

se D

ivis

ion

Cat

alog

ue o

f Nat

ural

and

Man

-Cau

sed

Inci

dent

s and

Dis

aste

rs in

the

Haw

aiia

n Is

land

s(D

ecem

ber 1

978)

The

Gov

erno

rs A

d H

oc C

omm

ittee

on

the

Econ

omic

Impa

ct o

f Hur

rican

e Iw

a H

urri

cane

Iwa

s Eco

nom

ic Im

pact

on

Haw

aii

(Jan

uary

198

3)

The

His

tory

of H

urric

anes

in H

awai

i H

onol

ulu

Star

-Bul

letin

Ju

ly 1

8 1

983

p A

-5

20-F

oot W

aves

Hit

Big

Isle

As S

torm

Bru

shes

Coa

stlin

e T

he H

onol

ulu

Adve

rtis

er

July

23

198

6 p

p A

1 A

2

Haw

aii H

urric

anes

H

onol

ulu

Star

-Bul

letin

A

ugus

t 4 1

988

p A

-8 H

awai

i Sta

te D

epar

tmen

t of L

and

and

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

es C

omm

issi

on o

n W

ater

Res

ourc

e M

anag

emen

t re

cord

sht

tp

ww

wn

wsn

oaa

gov

prh

nlc

phc

page

ssu

mm

arie

shtm

l U

nive

rsity

of H

awai

i at M

anoa

Sch

ool o

f Oce

an a

nd E

arth

Sci

ence

and

Te

chno

logy

Dep

artm

ent o

f Met

eoro

logy

rec

ords

The

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te o

f Haw

aii D

ata

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200

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Table 543-- TRADE WINDS HIGH SURF AND TEMPERATURES IN HAWAIIAN WATERS BY MONTHS

Highest surf 3 (average number of days)

Water temperature 4 (degF)

Month

Trade wind frequency 1

(percent)

Expected days of strong trade

winds 2Flat or 1

foot6 feet or

moreMean

maximumMean

minimum

Jan 42 9 1 19 747 711Feb 55 7 1 16 756 703March 61 10 1 12 765 718April 74 10 3 7 777 730May 86 7 8 3 795 747June 91 7 15 - 811 777

July 95 10 16 - 811 783Aug 94 7 15 - 819 792Sept 83 4 10 2 819 784Oct 71 4 1 12 811 772Nov 64 8 - 19 793 745Dec 57 9 - 20 759 714

Annual 73 92 71 110 786 748

1 Mean monthly frequency of trade winds in Hawaiian waters 2 Expected number of hazardous days in Hawaiian waters due to strong trade winds 3 Observations at Sunset Beach Oahu Annual averages were flat or 1 foot 71 days 2-5 feet 184 days 6-10 feet 71 days 11-15 feet 26 days 16 feet or higher 13 days 4 Observations at Kaneohe Oahu The mean ranged from 730 in January and February to 802 in August Absolute maximums and minimums were respectively 84 (in July August and October) and 68(December and February) Source Paul Haraguchi Weather in Hawaiian Waters (Honolulu Pacific Weather Inc 1979) pp 14 22 56 and 74 Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources Commission on Water Resource Management records University of Hawaii at Manoa School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology Department of Meteorology records

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 544-- SUNRISE SUNSET AND HOURS OF DAYLIGHT AT SELECTED LOCATIONS AT BEGINNING OF EACH SEASON 2003

[Hawaiian Standard Time]

Subject Hilo Kahului Honolulu Lihue

Sunrise (am)March 21 624 629 635 641 June 21 542 546 550 555 Sept 23 609 615 620 626 Dec 22 651 659 705 712

Sunset (pm)March 21 632 637 643 649 June 21 702 710 716 724 Sept 23 616 621 627 633 Dec 22 547 550 555 600

Hours of daylightMarch 21 1208 1208 1208 1208 June 21 1320 1324 1326 1329 Sept 23 1207 1206 1207 1207 Dec 22 1056 1051 1050 1048

Source US Naval Observatory Tables of Sunrise and Sunset lthttpaausnonavymildatadocsRS_OneYearhtmlformgt andlthttpaausnonavymildatadocsEarthSeasonshtmlgt accessed April 17 2002

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 545-- SUNRISE SUNSET AND HOURS OF DAYLIGHT AT SELECTED LOCATIONS AT BEGINNING OF EACH SEASON 2004

[Hawaiian Standard Time]

Subject Hilo Kahului Honolulu Lihue

Sunrise (am)March 20 624 629 635 641 June 21 542 546 550 555 Sept 22 609 615 620 626 Dec 21 651 658 705 712

Sunset (pm)March 20 632 637 643 649 June 21 702 710 716 724 Sept 22 616 621 627 633 Dec 21 547 550 555 600

Hours of daylightMarch 20 1208 1208 1208 1208 June 21 1320 1324 1326 1329 Sept 22 1207 1206 1207 1207 Dec 21 1056 1051 1050 1048

Source US Naval Observatory Tables of Sunrise and Sunset lthttpaausnonavymildatadocsRS_OneYearhtmlformgt andlthttpaausnonavymildatadocsEarthSeasonshtmlgt accessed April 17 2002

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 546-- HAWAII AUDUBON SOCIETY BIRD COUNTS OF THE HONOLULU AREA 1996 TO 1999

[Counts are made in late December in a circle 15 miles in diameter centered near Nuuanu Pali]

Species 1996 1997 1998 1999

All species Species 46 57 51 49 Individual birds 9781 17836 17005 17343

Endemic species 1 Apapane 6 16 9 43 Hawaiian Coot 2 62 58 76 1 Hawaiian Stilt 2 155 148 168 151 Oahu Amakihi 34 38 20 38 Hawaiian Moorhen 2 4 8 9 6 CW Oahu Elepaio 13 4 10 13

Indigenous species 3 Great Frigatebird 111 23 44 9 Red-footed Booby 1246 125 1221 969

Alien species 4 Cattle Egret 231 40 178 172 Common Myna 1146 2136 2474 1732 Common Waxbill 622 1117 408 713 House Sparrow 244 480 455 463 Japanese White-eye 303 547 403 95 Java Sparrow 396 1754 1525 2515 Red-vented Bulbul 710 1743 1406 1543 Rock Dove 239 304 302 305 Spotted Dove 703 1239 1295 1238 Zebra (Barred) Dove 1424 3505 3690 3956

Visitor species 5 Pacific Golden-Plover 763 1351 1268 894 Ruddy Turnstone 340 288 287 256

1 Birds peculiar to Hawaii and found nowhere else 2 Endangered species 3 Native to Hawaii but also found elsewhere 4 Formerly termed introduced Includes accidental escapes from captivity 5 Formerly termed migratory Includes stragglers and seasonal migrants 6 Seen in count circle during Count Week [3 days before count day and 3 days after] but not found on count day Source Hawaii Audubon Society Elepaio (monthly) and records

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 547-- HAWAII AUDUBON SOCIETY BIRD COUNTS OF THE HONOLULU AREA BY TYPE OF SPECIES 1997 TO 1999

[Counts are made in late December Annual changes reflect differences in numbers of bird counters and counting time in the field as well as changes in bird populations Totals by species are also affected by the types of habitats studied]

Number of species Number of individuals

Type of species 1997 1998 1999 1997 1998 1999

All species 57 51 49 17836 17005 17343

Endemic 7 7 8 281 306 329 Indigenous 4 9 7 171 1313 1038 Alien 34 27 30 15695 13761 14762 Visitor 12 8 4 1689 1625 1214

Source Hawaii Audubon Society records

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 548-- TREES ALONG STREETS OR IN PARKS UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF HONOLULU 1996 TO 2001

[As of June 30]

Location 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Along City and County streets and highways 1 134270 135626 136982 138352 139735 141237In City and County parks 101063 102083 103103 104134 105175 106179

1 Excludes Federal State and private thoroughfares Source City and County of Honolulu Department of Parks and Recreation Horticulture and BotanicalService records

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 549-- ESTIMATED NUMBER OF SPECIES IN HAWAII 1997 TO 2000

[Excludes viruses and bacteria]

Category 1997 1998 1999 2000

Total in Hawaii and surrounding waters 22462 23187 23150 23680

Endemic to Hawaii 8864 9176 9246 9456 Nonindigenous protists fungi plants and animals 4598 4831 5047 5073

Source L G Eldredge and S E Miller Numbers of Hawaiian species Supplement 2 including a reviewof freshwater invertebrates Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 48 (1997) 3-22 L G Eldredge andS E Miller Numbers of Hawaiian species Supplement 3 with notes on fossil species Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 55 (1998) 3-15 L G Eldredge Numbers of Hawaiian species Supplement 4 BishopMuseum Occasional Papers 58 (1999) 72-78 LG Eldredge and NL Evenhuis Numbers of HawaiianSpecies For 2000 Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 68 (2002) 71-78 Bishop Museum records`

Species

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt

Table 550-- THREATENED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES FOR THE UNITED STATES AND HAWAII

Group United States Hawaii

Total distinct species 1258 317

Mammals 74 3 Birds 92 32 Reptiles 36 4 Amphibians 19 - Fishes 115 - Clams 70 - Snails 32 2 Insects 44 1 Arachnids 12 1 Crustaceans 21 1 Flowering plants 712 261 Conifers and cycads 3 - Ferns and allies 26 12 Lichens 2 -

Source US Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Endangered Species Threatened and Endangered Species System (TESS) lthttpecosfwsgovservletTESSSpeciesReporttypemodule=521gtaccessed April 18 2002

The State of Hawaii Data Book 2001 httpwwwstatehiusdbedt