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TRANSCRIPT
The Glass Association of North America is a registered provider with the American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit earned upon completion of this program will be reported to CES records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available upon request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
LearningObjectives
• Understanding threats to glazing in buildings• Ballistic, forced entry, burglar‐resistant, natural disasters
including hurricanes and earthquake, bomb‐blast, fire
• Defining test methods and standards• Selecting glazing for product specifications• Defining glazing products and their performance and
characteristics• All glass laminates• Glass clad polycarbonate• Safety film applied glass• Laminated polycarbonate• Acrylics
TheThreat
• Ballistic
• Forced‐Entry
• Natural Disaster
• Blast
BallisticandForced‐EntryApplications
TestMethodsForBallisticandForced‐EntryGlazingProducts
• ASTM F1233 Standard Test Method for Security Glazing Materials and Systems
• ASTM F1915 Standard Test Methods for Glazing for Detention Facilities
• H.P. White Laboratories HPW‐TP‐0500.02 Transparent Materials for Use in Forced Entry or Containment Barriers
• National Institute of Justice (NIJ) Standard 0108.01 Ballistic Resistant Protective Materials
• UL 752 Ratings of Bullet‐Resistant Materials• UL 972 Burglar‐Resisting Material• Walker –McGough‐Foltz& Lyerla (WMFL) 30 & 60 Minute Retention ‐ Ballistics and Forced Entry Test Procedure
GlazingTypesforBallisticandForced‐EntryApplications
• All‐Glass Laminates
• Glass Clad Polycarbonates
• Safety Film Applied Glass
• Laminated Polycarbonates
• Acrylics
All‐GlassLaminates
• Durable glass surfaces that resist abrasion
• Minimum 2‐ply glass with .060” interlayer laminate provides burglar resistance
• Multi‐ply all‐glass laminate for ballistics
• Not recommended for prolonged physical‐attack resistance
GlassCladPolycarbonates
• Glass on both sides of a polycarbonate core provides heat, chemical & abrasion resistance
• Physical‐attack resistance provided by polycarbonate core
• Multi‐ply polycarbonates provides higher level of forced entry protection
• Frequently used in detention facilities
SafetyFilmAppliedGlass
• 0.002” to 0.015” thick and are constructed of single‐layer, multi‐layer or micro‐layer polyester films
• Safety film edges are adhesively or mechanically secured to the window glazing frame
• Physical‐attack resistance provided by laminating safety film to glass surface
• Safety film on protected side provides spall retention and limited forced entry protection
AsymmetricalGlass&PolycarbonateLaminates
• Laminates used for ballistics protection
• Glass on attack side provides durability and abrasion resistance
• Polycarbonate on protected side provides spall retention and limited forced entry protection
LaminatedPolycarbonates
• Higher level of physical attack resistance
• Doesn’t break or shatter
• Ballistic protection with no spalling
• Hard coat on polycarbonate surface helps to protect
against abrasion
SpecifyingBallisticand/orForced‐EntryGlazing
• Is attack and/or ballistic protection required?
• What security level(s) is required?
• Is a glass‐faced product or an exposed plastic surface preferred?
ForcedEntryVideo
NaturalDisastersWindBorneDebris‐ Seismic
BuildingCodes&Standards• International Building Code
Section 1609 – Wind LoadsSection 1626 – High‐Velocity Hurricane Zone‐Impact Test for Windborne Debris
• Florida Building CodeSection 1609 – Wind Loads
• Both building codes reference the ASTM standards• ASTM E 1886 ‐ Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior
Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials
• ASTM E 1996 ‐ Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes
SampleWindSpeedMap
KeyDifferencesinTestProcedures
• FBC - HVHZ• Large Missile - 2
impacts per glazing• 1/16” x 5” max
opening/no penetration• Impact on the mullion or
cross bar• Small missile for ALL
floors 30 ft. above grade level
• ASTM E1886/1996• Large Missile - 1 impact
per glazing in Wind Zone 3 and 2 impacts per glazing in Wind Zone 4.
• 3” sphere cannot freely pass through any opening
• No impact of the mullion• Small missile from 30 –
60 ft.
DesignPressure/WindLoad
• Dependent on codes and standards FBC, IBC, IRC• The design pressure is calculated using ASCE‐7 –
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.
• Will vary for each project –can be as high as 200 psf (approximately 280 mph)
MissileImpactTests
• Small Missile• Level A is 10, two gram steel ball bearings at 130
ft/sec (88mph)
• Large Missile• Level B is a 2 lb 2 x 4 at 50 ft/sec• Level C is a 4.5 lb. 2 x 4 at 40 ft/sec• Level D is a 9 lb. 2 x 4 at a speed of 50 ft/sec
(34mph)• Level E is a 9 lb 2 x 4 at 80 ft/sec (50 mph)
ImpactVideo
CyclicWindPressureTest
Inward Positive Pressure
Range Cycles0.2 Pmax – 0.5 Pmax 3500
0.0 Pmax – 0.6 Pmax 300
0.5 Pmax – 0.8 Pmax 600
0.3 Pmax – 1.0 Pmax 100
Outward Negative Pressure
Range Cycles0.3 Pmax – 1.0 Pmax 50
0.5 Pmax – 0.8 Pmax 1050
0.0 Pmax – 0.6 Pmax 50
0.2 Pmax – 0.5 Pmax 3350
CyclingVideo
Pass/FailCriteria
• Florida Building Code– 3 of 4 maximum size systems required to pass
• Qualifies smaller sizes without re‐testing– 1/16” x 5” tear (High Velocity Hurricane Zone)– A system which passes large missile qualifies small missile
• International Building Code• 3” sphere cannot freely pass thorough opening
• NOTE: Both of these reference ASTM• Substitution criteria in E 1996 ‐ Standard Specification for
Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes
GlazingTypesforNaturalDisaster/WindstormApplications
• Laminated Glass– Many different interlayers tested for small
and large missile impact performance– Check with system manufacturer– Review test report for details of interlayer
type and thickness
• Safety Film Applied Glass– Many different types of safety films and
thicknesses with different levels of performance
– Consult with film manufacturer for performance levels and ratings of their films
DesignConsiderations
• Determine applicable building code
• Design pressure / wind load
• Large missile or small missile
• Maximum glass size
• System type – curtain wall, storefront, operable windows, doors, skylights
SeismicPerformance
SeismicPerformance
• Window systems can be designed for dynamic racking
• Laminated glass and safety film applied glass provide protection from falling glass
• Laminated glass and safety film applied glass provide security and a weather barrier, even if broken
• Annealed or heat‐strengthened laminates preferred over tempered laminates for glass retention after breakage
TestingWindowsforDynamicRacking
• AAMA 501.4 Recommended Static Test Method for Evaluating Curtain Wall and Storefront Systems Subjected to Seismic and Wind Induced Interstory Drifts
• AAMA 501.6 Recommended Dynamic Test Method for Determining the Seismic Drift Causing Glass Fallout from a Wall System
• Laboratory test method
TestingHighlights
• AAMA 501.4• Static test method
• AAMA 501.6• Dynamic test method• Individual fully glazed test specimens mounted on dynamic
racking test apparatus• Test apparatus moves back and forth in sinusoidal motions
at gradually and progressively higher racking amplitudes• Racking amplitudes where glass falls out is recorded
BlastMitigation
BlastMitigatingGlazing
• Reduces injury from flying glass resulting from direct blast shock waves
• Helps to maintain the integrity of the building envelope following an explosion
• Reduces interior damage
TestStandards/Specifications
• Government• General Services Administration (GSA)
• Standard Test Method for Glazing and Window Systems
• Department of Defense (DoD)• UFC 4‐010‐01 DoD Minimum Anti‐Terrorism Standard for Buildings
• Department of State (DoS)
• Commercial Building Industry• ASTM F1642 Standard Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
• Project Specific Requirements
ClassificationandPerformanceLevels• GSA
• Level C Building: 4 psi / 28 psi*msec• Level D Building: 10 psi / 89 psi*msec
• DoD• Minimum ¼” Laminated Glass for Windows less than 32 sq.ft.
• Typical testing: 6 psi / 41 psi*msec• DoS
• Classified, Confidential• Higher Blast Levels (40 psi +)
MethodsofEvaluation
• Blast Test Methods• Arena Test: Actual Blast Event• Shock Tube Test
• Software Simulation Programs• WinGard• AtBlast• 3DBlast• Blast Resistant Glazing Design
• ASTM F2248 Standard Practice For Specifying An Equivalent 3‐second Duration Design Loading For Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated With Laminated Glass
TestingMethodologies• Shock Tube
• Single Lite per test• Size limited • May only produce
positive pressure test• Reproducible shock
• Arena Testing• Many different glass sizes and
systems can be tested simultaneously
• No limit on size• True blast event with negative
pressure • Weather restrictions
0.0
Time (milliseconds)
Ove
rpre
ssur
e (p
si)
Positive Phase
Negative Phase
TypicalBlastWaveIncident(Side‐on)Overpressure
• Detonation• Enormous amount of energy
released• Fireball & hot gas quickly expands• Shock wave propagates • Dramatic increase in pressure• Sharp decline in pressure • Return to ambient
BlastVideo
12
3a 3b
4
5
10 ft (3 m)3.3 ft (1 m)
2 ft(0.6 m)
Blast
InjuryHazardClassification
DesignConsiderations
• Blast Parameters Affecting Glazing• Peak overpressure• Impulse (duration)
• Other Blast Considerations• Minimize flying glass• Retain glass system in opening• Install laminated glass inboard in insulating glass unit (IGU)
GlazingTypesforBlastMitigation
Monolithic Interlayer Laminates:• Annealed Glass
• 0.030” Interlayer• 0.060” Interlayer
• Heat‐Strengthened Glass• Higher initial break• Classification performance similar to annealed glass
• Fully Tempered Glass• Attachment is critical
Safety Film Applied Glass:• Consult with film manufacturer for level of blast protection and
ratings for specific safety film types and glass combinations• Attachment of safety film to frame is critical
SpecifyingBlastResistantGlazing
Necessary Information• Peak overpressure - psi• Impulse - psi*msec• Duration - msecor• TNT load equivalent• Standoff distance• Site altitude• Height of glazing above blast
Fire‐RatedGlazing
Two types of fire‐rated glass:
• Fire protection: The period of time that an opening protective assembly will maintain the ability to confine flame and hot gasses as determined by tests
• Fire resistance: The period of time a building element, component or assembly maintains the ability to confine a fire, continues to perform a given function, or both, as determined by tests
Fire‐RatedGlazing
Glass that blocks smoke and flames but does not stop
radiant heat transfer
Glass that blocks radiant heat in addition to flames and
smoke
Fire‐RatedGlazingTypes• Traditional wired glass
• Glass breaks, but wires hold it in place, preserving barrier to fire• For decades, the only solution that could pass fire test• Institutional aesthetic, limiting design and visibility• No impact safety rating
• Fire‐rated glass ceramic• Clear and wireless• Larger sizes at same rating as wired glass• Can be filmed or laminated to meet impact safety requirements (Cat. I and II)• Fire‐rated up to 3 hours with required hose stream test• UL classified and labeled
Fire‐RatedGlazingTypes• Fire‐rated, impact safety‐rated transparent wall panels
• Clear and wireless• Barrier to radiant heat• Impact safety‐rated – meets ANSI Z97.1 and CPSC 16CFR1201 (Cat.
I and II)• Available with Level III bullet resistance rating• Fire‐rated up to 2 hours with required hose stream test• UL classified and labeled
TestsandStandards
• Fire protective• NFPA 257 – Standard on Fire Test for Window and Glass
Block Assemblies
• NFPA 252 – Standard Methods of Fire Test of Door Assemblies
• Tests for glazing in windows and doorso Fire endurance testo Hose stream test (except for 20 minute applications)
TestsandStandards
• Fire resistive• ASTM E119 – Standard Test Method for Fire Tests of
Building Constructions and Materials• Tests for glazing in walls
o Fire endurance testo Hose stream testo Radiant heat test
Protecting Against Multiple Threats
Additional Features•Acoustical Performance•Aesthetics•Energy•Solar Performance•UV Protection
American Architectural Manufacturers Association www.aamanet.orgASTM International www.astm.comDepartment of Defense (DoD) https://pdc.usace.army.milDepartment of State (DoS) www.statedeparment.govFlorida Building Code www.floridabuildingcode.orgInsulating Glass Manufacturers Alliance www.igmaonline.orgGlass Association of North America www.glasswebsite.comGeneral Services Administration www.gsa.govMiami‐Dade County www.miamidade.gov/buildingcode/
pc‐search_app.aspNational Glass Association www.glass.orgProtective Glazing Council www.protectiveglazing.org
IndustryResources
LearningObjectives
• Understanding threats to glazing in buildings• Ballistic, forced entry, burglar‐resistant, natural disasters
including hurricanes and earthquake, bomb‐blast, fire
• Defining test methods and standards• Selecting glazing for product specifications• Defining glazing products and their performance and
characteristics• All glass laminates• Glass clad polycarbonate• Safety Film Applied Glass• Laminated polycarbonate• Acrylics
• Visit the Glass Association of North America website, www.glasswebsite.com
• Additional materials:• GANA Protective Glazing Manual• GANA Glazing Manual• GANA Laminated Glazing Reference Manual• GANA Glass Informational Bulletins
Photographs and videos for this presentation provided by:Intertek, Kuraray, Oldcastle BuildingEnvelope, Technical Glass Products, Eastman Chemical Company, Viracon
ForMoreInformation…
GlassAssociationofNorthAmericaProtective Glazing Council
800 SW Jackson St Ste 812Topeka, KS 66612(785) 271‐0208
Fax: (785) 271‐0166
www.glasswebsite.com
This concludes theAmerican Institute of Architects
Continuing Education System Program
Conclusion