the future of global e-education - visual insight

The Future ofGlobal E-Education

Vivendi ProspectiveInstitute for the Future

September 7, 2001

SR-742

Project Director: Robert Mittman, Director, Institute for the Future

Report Author: Eileen Clegg, Research Fellow, Institute for the Future

Graphic Map Artist: Anthony Weeks

Resource Guides:Harvey Lehtman, Technology Researcher, Institute for the FutureRuth Gustafson, Research Librarian, University of California, Davis

Graphic Recorder: Teri Kent, Grove Consultants International

Online Workshop Facilitator: Derek Kawaii, Institute for the Future

Report Designers: Susan Paris and Robin Bogott

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

5The Future of Global E-Education

The future of e-education is highly uncertain and will varyacross the globe. To help inform policy- and decision-makers

in the face of that uncertainty, Vivendi Prospective asked Institutefor the Future to conduct a futures scenarios project. This report,distilling insights from a multi-layered international futures exer-cise and IFTF research, offers a unique lens on a broad spectrum ofissues associated with e-education.

• Part One details four 2010 scenarios (plausible but uncertain fu-tures) developed by a global group of education experts, ampli-fied through fictional vignettes, explored for strategic implications,and linked to relevant current opinions and facts.

• Part Two outlines six critical crosscutting issues raised by thescenarios, including edge ideas and practices, guidelines for policy-makers, and links to best resources.

The Institute for the Future, a 30-year-old futures research organi-zation based in Silicon Valley, San Francisco, New York and Beijing,conducts shared-cost research on technology, health care, demo-graphics, culture, business, and education. Clients include multi-national corporations and nonprofit and government organizations.Recent publications on education and technology include the Fu-ture of Educational Technology Horizons Map for the U.S. Depart-ment of Education and the Window on Talent and Learning forIFTF’s Emerging Technologies Outlook project. Vivendi Prospec-tive is a research institute based in Paris, France created in the year2000 to evaluate long-term trends in social behavior, specificallyinvolving technological developments in the fields of environmentand communications. E-education is one of three areas of initialfocus.

The Future ofGlobal E-Education

6 The Future of Global E-Education

Executive Summary

Executive Summary


Overview

E-education covers a vast territory: lifelong learning at all ages and ven-ues, from the home to work, with learning inside and outside institutionalsettings. With traditional institutions struggling to improve through tech-nology and new learning paradigms, education is caught between twoworlds. “We have one foot on a jet and another on a burro,” as StanfordProfessor of Education Decker Walker said. The tension plays out in dif-ferent ways in different geographies and levels of education.

The Institute for the Future uses future scenarios as a way to get a freshview of the policy issues for in-depth analysis and a roadmap for deci-sions. Scenarios are depictions of possible futures built upon variables se-lected for their high degree of importance and low degree of certainty. Sce-narios are descriptive rather than predictive. They are a vehicle for delvinginto unexplored territory to uncover critical questions, probabilities, andnuances of policy issues that must be addressed. They serve as a commu-nication tool for opening conversation among different stakeholders.

For the purposes of building scenarios about the future of e-education,we focused on three educational fields: primary/secondary schools, uni-versities, and corporate settings in three vast geographic regions: Asia,Europe and North America. Analyzing E-Education required analysis ofeducation in general, with technology as a tool for (not a driver of) opti-mum learning conditions. Given the scope of the project – with hundredsof possible variables – we refined the process to include a range of possi-bilities for each variable, then developed four plausible scenarios to illus-trate and explore in depth, seeking issues and implications.

Executive Summary


Executive Summary

Scenarios in Brief

IFTF developed four scenarios by combining different variables into con-figurations that depict plausible futures. They are set in the year 2010 andare fleshed out in detail in the next section of this report. The following isa brief snapshot of each scenario:

Scenario 1: New Tools, Old Schools. A frustrated American teacher anda resourceful Belgian technical school student illustrate this scenario inwhich cheap, pervasive connectivity and devices fail to produce relevant,pedagogically sound e-education. In this scenario, the general approach tolearning remains teacher-centric in the classroom. Students in all but thepoorest and most isolated geographies will have access to the Internet andpopular technology, but schools do not have the staff or materials to offermuch guidance or preparation for networked society.

Scenario 2: Communities: Lost and Found on the Network. A multi-tasking Costa Rican university student and Chinese roommates on differ-ent educational tracks are the subjects of this scenario, which also presup-poses pervasive technology and stalling of e-education pedagogy but as-sumes a multi-modal approach to learning. In and outside of classrooms,there is emphasis on communities of practice, mentors, experiential learn-ing and relationship between the real and virtual world but generally stu-dents and teachers must cobble together their own curriculum to navigatea highly polluted and poorly mapped sea of information.

Scenario 3: Seamless Connectivity. An American Peace Corps volunteerand a French corporate learner illustrate this “rosy scenario,” which as-sumes access to broadband will be pervasive with solid e-educational tech-nology and software. Teaching and learning mesh into a single multi-di-mensional experience, in synch with networked culture in which the lan-guages, values, and ideas of different cultures will be exchanged, trans-lated and mutually understood for all but a few remote unconnected areaswhich are the recipients of volunteer and charitable nonprofit organiza-tions.

Scenario 4: It’s a Small World (If you’re “On”). A “Young Innovator” in aChinese secondary school and an 8-year-old international design team mem-ber are the subjects of this scenario, which assumes that access to broad-

Executive Summary


band will be spotty but e-education will progress. Those in connected ar-eas will become part of the global networked society united by techno-logical access to ideas and a multi-dimensional learning approach. Thosewho are off the grid will be separated not only from the global networkbut also are likely to feel different from people in their own countries whoare “always on.” The digital divide becomes a cultural chasm.


Executive Summary

Themes

Insights emerged at each phase of the project, leading to our analysis ofsix policy issues. While each region and phase of human development pre-sents a unique set of challenges for e-education, we found a surprisingnumber of themes that crossed geographic and age boundaries. These areexplored in the scenarios and issues that follow but deserve special men-tion, as they represent fundamental shifts in thinking.

Radical re-definition of what it means “to learn.” Caught in IndustrialAge thinking where the word “learning” is associated with “lessons,” edu-cators must struggle out of a confining old mindset. Education/learningas primarily the transfer of predigested information is passé. The Informa-tion Age equivalent has yet to be clearly defined. It combines the AgrarianEra notion of apprenticeship with inspiring lectures, but with new elementsof reflection, peer review, and with access to virtually unlimited resources.Cognitive researchers have valuable insights into the conditions that allowpeople to learn most effectively. Most educational institutions are not struc-tured to accommodate multi-dimensional learning, but many are slowlyevolving. Effective e-education will incorporate the evolving understand-ing of learning.

Reassembling the teacher role. The role of teacher is evolving along withgrowing awareness of how true learning takes place. No longer a singularposition, “the teacher” (both in the classroom and in e-education) breaksinto a multiplicity of roles involving different types of expertise: inspiring,guiding, evaluating, and supporting learners in an increasingly complexsociety. Who will fill what teaching role (or combination of roles) dependson the phase of the learning process. The actors may vary depending onstudent/teacher relationships, which blur together when there is more fo-cus on the learning environment rather than on the roles individuals playwithin the environment (as is the case in private sector e-learning effortsthat go beyond the student/teacher paradigm with people engaging atdifferent levels of expertise).

Workarounds when the system fails. Even as educators today are lament-ing their lack of training and equipment for incorporating e-education intotheir classrooms, those with an interest are finding ways to engage stu-dents. Informal learning occurs in many ways. There’s no perfect system

Most educational

institutions are not

structured to

accommodate multi-

dimensional learning...

Executive Summary


or better time than now for educators to facilitate relevant student learningfor the Information Age wherever they are with whatever technology theyhave (even if that is just human imagination). Support must be providedfor teacher and student readiness for the Information Age – developingrich learning experiences irrespective of access to devices, connectivity, ore-education programs. Communities of learners and teachers are thrivingglobally and making connections with schools where there are no tele-phones, much less photo-swapping PDAs. When systems fail, workaroundsprevail – and sometimes lead to breakthroughs.

The immaturity of electronic media use. With mass usage of the Internetless than five years old, this is a spanking new medium with much un-tapped potential for creative means of expression. When movies were new,filmmakers typically staged “plays” in front of a fixed position camera andit took decades for the maturation of special effects, multiple camera angles,lighting tricks and other aspects of film. Similarly, common use of theInternet involves traditional text. In the future, creative use of imagery,new symbols, program logics, communication methods, and other multi-dimensional uses will evolve. Unfortunately, decisions about the futureare being based on the state of current popular technology use– not theexperiments that offer hints of future possibilities.

The learning/playing/working blur. At present, learning, playing and work-ing are considered separate compartmentalized functions. They can con-verge when people are engaged in meaningful activity. With advancingtechnology, it is possible for people to get as-needed information to com-plete their work. New pedagogy based on brain research reveals wayspeople learn through interactive games. Workers are more productive andless stressed as they are encouraged to perform tasks in ways that are con-sistent with their unique approach and supported by communities andinformation. E-education is a medium that can carry the message – thatlearning, playing and working can occur simultaneously – if it is createdwith entertainment, information, and educational expertise.

Centralized labeling, decentralized filtering. The exponential growth ofinformation demands organization by trusted sense-makers who can helpthe masses evaluate and sort Internet resources. Currently a primary schoolstudent’s essay on a beach visit and a Nobel Laureate’s research findingscould both come up in answer to a search query about crustaceans. Evalua-

When systems fail,

workarounds prevail...


Executive Summary

tion of content by librarians and other trusted sense-makers is necessary,especially for young minds that do not know a prestigious science journalfrom a dilettante writer’s opinion piece. Many schools and corporationsare beginning to create and provide information filters for students andemployees, but individuals need skills. Future education must include help-ing people learn to screen content.

Adaptive technology: Supporting human complexity. Technology is simple,people are complex. So-called “smart technology” is of course the result ofpeople putting tools to smart use, making everyday operations easier sothat people can do what they do best. Debates about future artificial intel-ligence possibilities aside, it’s unlikely that over the next few decades (ifever) we will see a machine that can come anywhere near the human brainfor managing and generating complexity. “Adaptive technology” learnswith the learner. These cognitive amplifiers modify themselves to accom-modate the learner’s individual learning styles, preferences and needs.Current popular technology is of limited service — supporting people whocan manipulate language and machines in a certain way. Consider this:With his learning style and limitations, Einstein (who could not drive acar) might not have been able to navigate the Web. Adaptive technology,however, can support quirky brilliance.

Executive Summary


Variables

The future of e-education will be determined by many driving forces, ap-proximately100 of which were identified, ranked and sorted by global edu-cation experts for this project. Scenarios are based on driving forces thatare ranked as highly important and highly uncertain. Typically, variablesrepresent two opposite possibilities that are imposed on a known circum-stance to project alternative future outcomes. However, given the multi-plicity of fields of education and geographies covered by this project, thevariables play out as ranges rather than as poles of possibilities. The fol-lowing is a brief explanation and analysis of the variables, which provideda basis for the scenarios.

1. Availability of devices/connectivityvs. Limited access to devices/infrastructure

On one end of the spectrum is spotty infrastructure with limited access todevices in many parts of the globe. On the other end is diffusion of wire-less and wired Internet, affordable devices, small scale power systems, in-expensive broadband, convergence of technologies, and proliferation ofconnective technologies such as geographic positioning systems makingconnectivity available in even the most remote areas of the globe. In be-tween is a range of possibilities in which individuals, government, busi-ness, and educational systems have varying degrees of control over howtechnology is used.

Zones of Certainty. Business will provide employees with the devices andconnections they believe will help meet their bottom-line goals. Educatorsin traditional schools and universities increasingly will recognize the po-tential of technology to facilitate creativity, collaboration and knowledgecreation but will face varying degrees of institutional resistance for appro-priate technology purchases due to legacy systems, external controls andbudget limitations.

Zones of Uncertainty. For (noncorporate) educational institutions, thehighly uncertain critical drivers for technological access include: conve-nience and expense of connectivity, convergence of different technologies(for example, television and the Internet), cost of devices and connection,government regulation, financial support (from community, government,


Executive Summary

business – for example, the U.S.A. “e-rate” reducing cost of Internet use forschools). Also uncertain is whether the best educational devices will beselected, given factory-era organizational assumptions. In the scenarios weexplore the tradeoffs and a range of possibilities, including that the digitaldivide could become a cultural chasm.

2. Recognition of multi-dimensional learning modesvs. Industrial Age teacher-to-student transmission model

At one end of the learning spectrum, the linear information-delivery sys-tem (teacher gives lessons, students are tested on how well they absorbedthe lessons) has been the norm in most schools internationally since thelate 1800s. The other end of the spectrum is a multi-faceted educationalexperience based on the theory that individuals create their own knowl-edge. This involves informal, social, and individually reflective learningopportunities as well as listening to ideas delivered by teachers and/orexperts.

Zones of Certainty. Within schools of education globally, debate will con-tinue about the value of and approach to collaborative learning, individualcreation of learning materials, meta-cognition, experiential learning, mul-tiple intelligences, and developing new competencies for the InformationAge. New ideas will dominate the pedagogical approach in the future asnew teachers move into classrooms. They will be struggling against regu-lations that mandate curriculum and strong pedagogical traditions ham-pered by standardized testing approaches of the Industrial Age. Businessesare much better positioned to take advantage of new understandings abouthow learning takes place.

Zones of Uncertainty. There is great uncertainty as to whether traditionaleducational institutions can/will overcome resistance to change, given thenecessity of revamping traditional classroom roles, revising testing meth-ods, and obtaining technological support. Multi-dimensional learning oc-curs outside as well as inside the classroom, requires attention to the per-sonalities of individual students, and involves a new approach to time,interaction, and production. It doesn’t necessarily fit into classrooms thatare separated by age and divided temporally into bell-driven “periods”for different subjects. If lines become blurred between teacher/student,work/play, mentor/peer, and socializing/collaborating in general society,

Businesses are much

better positioned to

take advantage of new

understandings about

how learning takes

place.

Executive Summary


there may be a thin line between creativity and pandemonium in the class-room unless institutions gracefully adapt to the new learning paradigm.

3. Convergence of best pedagogy and technology in e-educationsoftware vs. “drill and kill” software

At one extreme, the best thinkers in technology, education, and entertain-ment will have the public support, money and professional motivation toput their heads together to create lively educational software that seamlesslyblends information, experience, and inspiration for students all over theglobe. At the other extreme, software will fail to evolve but will be limitedto talking heads, streams of text, and worksheet-type exercises with right-and-wrong answers. In between are varying levels of quality and distribu-tion of e-education, leading to an uneven learning field.

Zones of Certainty. It is a foregone conclusion that lively educational soft-ware will be produced – the kind that involves experiential interaction,scaffolding that can be removed as competence develops, and sophisti-cated depiction of information that cannot be conveyed in other ways. Pro-totypes for this kind of software were developed in the early 1980’s. How-ever, educational technologists who 20 years ago were excited by the pos-sibilities for e-learning through sophisticated simulations and games foundthemselves being recruited by the entertainment industry because the publiceducation sector lacked money and motivation to sponsor development ofexciting e-education materials. Business will continue to lead in this areabecause of cost-savings for training and education.

Zones of Uncertainty. Drivers of change will be the progress (or lack thereof)in the development of modular curriculum, strong partnerships betweeneducators and technologists, digitized library materials, indexing systemsfor ease of navigation, financial incentives for teachers/professors to de-velop curriculum, resolution of intellectual property issues, buy-in fromteachers and professors, and public support translating into government(and/or business) dollars. Also uncertain is the extent to which all of theseefforts will be integrated. These factors will influence another uncertainty:the extent to which shoddy, culturally insensitive “shovelware” will dif-fuse if it is the only available e-education. The scenarios examine the ef-fects on students of diffusion (or not) of excellent vs. poorly developed e-education materials.


Executive Summary

Local Cultures, Corporate Culture, and the Emerging“Interculture”

As the world grows “smaller” through connectivity, some local culturesare struggling for momentum to remain vital. Through the media and grow-ing international trade, a strong global corporate culture is overlaying itssymbols and values on top of local cultures, creating a dissonance. At thesame time, there is an incipient “interculture” that is emerging – via globalnomads, multilingual and polycultural scholars, and people engaged ininternational virtual communities of practice. Interactions among diversecultures are creating a new mix of ideas, symbols, and values that are blend-ing organically toward the emerging interculture.

Zones of Certainty. Global economic connectivity is a foregone conclu-sion. Seeing the economic benefits of an interculture, the more successfulcorporate mergers increasingly will employ culture analysts to blend dis-parate geographies. There will be increased diffusion of corporate culture.Schools will develop more methods to “teach” about multiculturalism, link-ing students with their global counterparts through technology as simpleas old-fashioned pen pals. Growing numbers of students will travel abroadthrough school or various volunteer programs, creating a “New EconomyCorps” of sorts, and these will undoubtedly increase in emerging econo-mies that are struggling for inclusion in the global economy.

Zones of Uncertainty. There is uncertainty about global educational con-nectivity, and the extent to which institutions will be motivated/able toinvest the time and money necessary to introduce students to theInterculture. There is also uncertainty about which governments will havethe motivation and funds to invest in technology that will preserve andshare local culture (thereby diminishing the influence of corporate cultureand putting local culture on the global “stage”). Drivers include the suc-cess of educator/technology partnerships, the extent to which e-educationis commercialized, the willingness of isolationist countries to open schoolsto outside. Also uncertain is which geographies will have people moti-vated to articulate and assert their values, art forms, literature, and versionof history through informal communities of practice. . The scenarios in thisreport evoke different possible futures for cultural diversity.

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