The French RevolutionThe French RevolutionChapter 6Chapter 6

The Old Regime and Three estatesThe Old Regime and Three estates

The First estateThe First estate Arch bishops, bishops, Arch bishops, bishops,

and abbots were and abbots were wealthywealthy

Priests were as poor as Priests were as poor as the peasantsthe peasants

French churches didn’t French churches didn’t pay any direct taxes pay any direct taxes governmentgovernment

They did give a “free They did give a “free gift” to the king (about gift” to the king (about 2% of church income)2% of church income)

Second EstateSecond Estate

Held the highest Held the highest offices in the Church, offices in the Church, army, government, army, government, and in the courtsand in the courts

Refused to pay taxesRefused to pay taxes

1stEstate.5%2ndEstate1.5%3rdEstate98%

Third EstateThird Estate Three groupsThree groups

Wealthy businessmen called bourgeoisieWealthy businessmen called bourgeoisie Working middle classWorking middle class Peasant farmersPeasant farmers

The bourgeoisie class were lawyers, doctors, merchants The bourgeoisie class were lawyers, doctors, merchants and shop keepersand shop keepers

Many well educated and believed in Enlightenment ideas Many well educated and believed in Enlightenment ideas Many were as wealthy as nobles but law treated them like Many were as wealthy as nobles but law treated them like

peasantspeasants All three groups paid feudal dues to lords, tithes to the All three groups paid feudal dues to lords, tithes to the

church, and royal taxes to the kingchurch, and royal taxes to the king Every year peasants owed a corvéeEvery year peasants owed a corvée

– Work on government projects (roads) without payWork on government projects (roads) without pay

Resent the privileges of upper-classes!!!Resent the privileges of upper-classes!!!

The ProblemThe Problem Louis XVI was a weak Louis XVI was a weak rulerruler

Lives a lavish lifestyle at Lives a lavish lifestyle at VersaillesVersailles

Borrowed money from Borrowed money from treasury to help American treasury to help American Revolution against Great Revolution against Great BritainBritain

To avoid bankruptcy, To avoid bankruptcy, King Louis decides to tax King Louis decides to tax noblesnobles

They refused unless king They refused unless king called back the Estates called back the Estates General (last met in General (last met in 1614)1614)

People began to riot over People began to riot over bread bread

The Estates GeneralThe Estates General

All three estates All three estates had one votehad one vote

First two estates First two estates always outvoted the always outvoted the third estatethird estate

Third estate had Third estate had more membersmore members

Believe ideas of the Believe ideas of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Estates General

1st

Estate.5%

2nd Estate1.5%

3rd

Estate98%

Liberty, Equality, FraternityLiberty, Equality, Fraternity 3rd estate leaves Estates Gen. 3rd estate leaves Estates Gen.

forms National Assemblyforms National Assembly• King Louis XVI locks Assembly King Louis XVI locks Assembly

out of government meeting hallout of government meeting hall National Assembly marches National Assembly marches

down to the indoor tennis courts - down to the indoor tennis courts - Tennis Court Oath-Tennis Court Oath-– Will not dissolve until we Will not dissolve until we

have a Constitution have a Constitution King Louis to send army to King Louis to send army to

dissolve National Assemblydissolve National Assembly Food shortages getting worseFood shortages getting worse July 14, 1789- 800 citizens storm July 14, 1789- 800 citizens storm

the Bastille for gun powder the Bastille for gun powder First act of the French RevolutionFirst act of the French Revolution

More problems 1780's bad Harvest

sent food prices up Wide spread Hunger

Phase I-The National Assembly Phase I-The National Assembly 1789-17921789-1792

First act was to sweep away privileges of the nobility First act was to sweep away privileges of the nobility and clergyand clergy

Aug 27, 1789 Adopt “Aug 27, 1789 Adopt “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the CitizenDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ” ”– Man born free, had rightsMan born free, had rights– Free speech and religionFree speech and religion

1793 Creates a constitutional Monarchy1793 Creates a constitutional Monarchy– Create 83 districtsCreate 83 districts– Representative elected by each district Representative elected by each district – Only people who paid taxes could voteOnly people who paid taxes could vote

The N.A. steps down and newly elected The N.A. steps down and newly elected Legislative Legislative AssemblyAssembly takes control takes control

Phase II- Reign of Terror Phase II- Reign of Terror 1793-17941793-1794

Splits in the Legislative Splits in the Legislative Assembly-do not want a Assembly-do not want a king (Jacobins)king (Jacobins)

Maximillien Robespierre Maximillien Robespierre leaderleader

Begins Reign of Terror Begins Reign of Terror destroy everything destroy everything related to Kingrelated to King

King Louis XVI executed, King Louis XVI executed, people horrifiedpeople horrified

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror Robespierre decided who was the enemy of the Robespierre decided who was the enemy of the

republicrepublic Many falsely accusedMany falsely accused Estimate that 40,000 people executedEstimate that 40,000 people executed

““It is necessary to stifle the domestic and foreign enemies of the Republic or perish It is necessary to stifle the domestic and foreign enemies of the Republic or perish with them… The first maximum of our politics ought to be to lead the people by with them… The first maximum of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror” Maximillien Robespierremeans of reason and the enemies of the people by terror” Maximillien Robespierre

French people were sick of terror and unstable French people were sick of terror and unstable economyeconomy

Members of government knew that none of Members of government knew that none of them were safe from Robespierrethem were safe from Robespierre

Had him arrested, and executedHad him arrested, and executed

Phase III- The Directory Phase III- The Directory 1794-17991794-1799

The National Convention drafted The National Convention drafted another Constitution in 1795another Constitution in 1795

Created a two house Legislator and an Created a two house Legislator and an executive body of five men called the executive body of five men called the DirectoryDirectory

Corrupt leaders become rich and did Corrupt leaders become rich and did not solve the people’s problemsnot solve the people’s problems

Phase IV- 1799-1815Phase IV- 1799-1815Age of NapoleonAge of Napoleon

By 1796 Napoleon became By 1796 Napoleon became the most famous general in the most famous general in Europe Europe

1799 corruption in the 1799 corruption in the Directory caused loss of Directory caused loss of support by the French peoplesupport by the French people

November 1799, Napoleon November 1799, Napoleon orders troops to expel all orders troops to expel all elected officials and he elected officials and he assumes powerassumes power

1801 declares himself 1801 declares himself emperor of Franceemperor of France

Napoleon Restores orderNapoleon Restores orderSet up national bank to slow Set up national bank to slow

inflationinflation Built roads to transport goods Built roads to transport goods

and make food more affordableand make food more affordable System of public schoolsSystem of public schools Invited nobles to return to FranceInvited nobles to return to France Government officials promoted by Government officials promoted by

merit not by familymerit not by family Catholic was the main religion Catholic was the main religion

but all religions welcomebut all religions welcome Napoleonic code-Napoleonic code- laws based on laws based on

liberty and equalityliberty and equality Used military to Used military to annexannex new lands new lands

for Francefor France Places relatives or friends on Places relatives or friends on

thrones of other lands to thrones of other lands to guarantee spread of libertyguarantee spread of liberty

Napoleons DemiseNapoleons Demise Napoleon wanted Great Napoleon wanted Great

Britain under his controlBritain under his control Continental SystemContinental System -plan -plan

to close ports to British to close ports to British goods to destroy British goods to destroy British economyeconomy

Black Markets began, Black Markets began, goods smuggled ingoods smuggled in

Britain stopped and taxed Britain stopped and taxed all ships into Europe- all ships into Europe- angered Americans (War of angered Americans (War of 1812)1812)

Result: Did not destroy Result: Did not destroy British economyBritish economy

Red= French Empire

Orange= French leaders

Yellow-Orange= Allies

Green= Hostile to Napoleon

Napoleons Demise- Invasion of Russia 1812Napoleons Demise- Invasion of Russia 1812

Czar Alexander of Russia refused to stop selling grain to Britain, Czar Alexander of Russia refused to stop selling grain to Britain, Napoleon decided to attack invading with 400,000 troopsNapoleon decided to attack invading with 400,000 troops

Czar retracted his forces burned down Russian crops and villages as Czar retracted his forces burned down Russian crops and villages as they retreated (they retreated (scorched earth policyscorched earth policy))

In September, Napoleon arrived at abandoned capital of Moscow and In September, Napoleon arrived at abandoned capital of Moscow and waits for surrenderwaits for surrender

October Napoleon retreats with starving soldiers to avoid long winterOctober Napoleon retreats with starving soldiers to avoid long winter Russians use guerrilla tactics on retreating forcesRussians use guerrilla tactics on retreating forces At the end, Napoleon only had 10,000 troops fit to fightAt the end, Napoleon only had 10,000 troops fit to fight

The End of NapoleonThe End of Napoleon

1813 in a 1813 in a Grand AllianceGrand Alliance, Britain, Russia, , Britain, Russia, Austria and Sweden join forces to defeat Austria and Sweden join forces to defeat a weak Napoleona weak Napoleon

Battle of the Nations at Leipzig- defeatedBattle of the Nations at Leipzig- defeated Napoleon Exiled to Island of Elba in Napoleon Exiled to Island of Elba in

Mediterranean SeaMediterranean Sea Restore King Louis XVII (brother) as king Restore King Louis XVII (brother) as king

(Constitutional Monarchy)(Constitutional Monarchy)

The Return of NapoleonThe Return of Napoleon Napoleon escapes the island Napoleon escapes the island

and returns to Franceand returns to France The French join with their heroThe French join with their hero 1815 enters Paris in triumph1815 enters Paris in triumph Grand Alliance reforms and Grand Alliance reforms and

defeats Napoleon at Waterloo, defeats Napoleon at Waterloo, Belgium (only 100 days)Belgium (only 100 days)

Now exiled to St. Helena in Now exiled to St. Helena in Southern Atlantic OceanSouthern Atlantic Ocean

Dies in 1821Dies in 1821

The Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna 18151815

The Goal: The Goal: Create a lasting peace for Europe and a balance of Create a lasting peace for Europe and a balance of

powerpower Redrew borders with powerful countries Redrew borders with powerful countries

surrounding Francesurrounding France Restored monarchs back to the throne of countries Restored monarchs back to the throne of countries

Napoleon Napoleon annexedannexed Divide German lands into many small territories- Divide German lands into many small territories-

Germans dream of becoming one large nation with Germans dream of becoming one large nation with many natural resourcesmany natural resources