The English Reformation

Precursors to the English

Reformation • Wycliffe and the

Lollards

• William Tyndale

(1492-1536)

– Translated the Bible

into English in 1524

– Executed in 1536

King Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547)

“Defender of the Faith”

• Defense of the Seven Sacraments

– Leo X

• Devout advisors

– Cardinal Thomas Wolsey (1475-1530)

– Thomas More (1478-1535)

Henry and His Wives

Mary I Elizabeth I Edward VI

Henry’s Wives…

• #1: Catherine of Aragon (m. 1509-1533)

– Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella

– Aunt of Charles V

– Had a daughter, Mary…

• …but no son

• Annulment?

• NO! After 1527, Clement VII was

subject to Charles V

Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556)

• Archbishop of Canterbury

– Advised the split with Rome

– Executed by Queen Mary

#2: Anne Boleyn (m. 1533-1536)

• Secretly married to Henry in 1533

– Already six months pregnant with Elizabeth

• The Act of Supremacy (1534)

– Established the Church of

England (Anglican Church)

• Henry was the head of the church

• All Roman Catholic lands and

monasteries were confiscated

– 25% of all land in England

• Thomas More would not convert

• Anne was executed in 1536

The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)

Anglican Doctrine Under Henry

• The Six Articles (1539)

– Maintained almost all of Catholic doctrine

• Henry, not the pope, was the authority

• The doctrine of the Anglican Church will

be in flux until the late 17th century

#3: Jane Seymour (m. 1536-1537)

• Had a son, Edward (VI)

• Died from complications

of childbirth

#4: Anne of Cleves (m. 1540)

• German

• Ugly

• Divorced

#5: Kathryn Howard (m. 1540-1542)

• 30 years younger than Henry

• Cheated

• Executed

#6: Katherine Parr (m. 1543-1547)

• Outlived Henry

Henry’s Children

1510 Daughter - died 1511 Son - died 1513 Son - died 1514 Son - died 1516 Mary - survived 1518 Daughter - died 1533 Elizabeth - survived 1534 Son - died 1535 unknown - died 1536 Son - died 1537 Edward - survived

King Edward VI (r. 1547-1553)

Moved the Anglican church toward Calvinism

• Book of Common Prayer (1549—Cranmer)

• Forty-Two Articles (1551) – Somewhat Calvinist

• Advisors were Protestant – Communicated directly with Calvin

• Changes: – Clergy could marry

– Salvation by faith alone

– Only baptism and communion

– Iconic images removed from churches

– Denied transubstantiation

Queen Mary I (r. 1553-1558)

• CATHOLIC

– 1st daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon

• Married Philip II of Spain

• Executed Cranmer and other Protestants

– “Bloody Mary”

– “Marian Exiles”

Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603)

The “Elizabethan Settlement”

• Two Extremes—Elizabeth took the middle road

– Catholics

– Puritans

• 1559: New Act of Supremacy

– Undid Mary’s anti-Protestant laws

– Made Elizabeth head of the Church of England

• 1559: Act of Uniformity

– Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer

• 1563: The Thirty-Nine Articles

– Made moderate Protestantism the official religion

The Church of England under

Elizabeth • Two Sacraments

• Clergy could not marry

• Catholicism tolerated (in private)

• Mandatory attendance at church

• No monasteries

• Mass given in English