The energetics of maturation

Bas KooijmanDept theoretical biology

Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamBas@bio.vu.nl

http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb

Amsterdam 2012/04/23

Energy Budgets

Basic processes

• Feeding• Digestion• Storing• Growth• Maturation• Maintenance• Reproduction• Product formation• Aging

All have ecological implicationsAll interact during the life cycle

Life history events

• zero: start of development• birth: start of feeding start of acceleration• metamorphosis: end of acceleration• puberty: end of maturation start of reproduction

Life stages

embryo

juvenile

adult

1- maturitymaintenance

maturityoffspring

maturationreproduction

Standard DEB model

food faecesassimilation

reserve

feeding defecation

structurestructure

somaticmaintenance

growth

One type of food faeces reserve structure

Isomorphy

Foetal development 2.6.2l

surface area of the placenta length foetus2

X-ray of dolphin embryo

Fetal developmentw

eigh

t, g

time, d

Mus musculus

Fetus develops like egg but rate not restricted by reserve (because supply during development)Initiation of development can be delayed by implantation egg cellNutritional condition of mother only affects fetus in extreme situations

Data: MacDowell et al 1927

Empirical model: Huggett & Widdas 1951

Reptile-Mammal transition 1.1.4b, 7.7

nursing Platypus

Moschops (Dinocephalia)

Megazostrodon (Triconodonta) Ptilodus (Multituberculata)

Cynognathus (Cynodontia) Lystrosaurus (Dicynodontia)

caseine synthetase 200-310 Mavitellogenin-encoding lost 30--70 Ma

Brawand et al 2008: Plos Biol 6:0507

Egg-foetus transitions in Poeciliopsis

P. elongata

P. fasciata

P. turrubarensis

1.1.4J, cont 2

Embryonic development 2.6.2e

time, d time, dwei

ght,

g

O2 c

onsu

mpt

ion,

ml/h

Carettochelys insculptaData from Web et al 1986

yolk

embryo

Diapauze 2.6.2c

seeds of heather Calluna vulgaris can germinate after 100 year

Embryos with assimilation 1.1.4l

The chlamydomonad Oophila amblystomatis lives intra-cellularly in the embryo-tissues of the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatumand returns carbohydrates and dioxygen for ammonia

Acceleration of developmentEmbryo: isomorphic v constant

Early juvenile: V1-morphic v, {pAm} increase with length

Late juvenile/adult: isomorphic v, {pAm} constant

Found in: bivalves, gastropods, copepods, amphipods, decapods,

collembolas, echinoderms, lancelets, tunas, flatfish, anchovy, Danio, cod, caecilians, marsupials

Anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus 7.8.2

time, d

leng

th,

cm 0.16 cm 0.22 cm

0.4 cm

0.9 cm

1.2 cm

>4 cm

embryo

Pecquerie 2008PhD thesis VU A’dam

Stage transitions at maturity thresholds

Danio rerio 28.5°C

Augustine et al 2011Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A

159 :275–283

7.8.2a

Stage transitions at maturity thresholds

Augustine et al 2011Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A

159 :275–283

Danio rerio 28.5°C

Data: Lauwrence et al 2008

caloric restictionData: Augustine

< birth : isomorph birth-metamorphosis: V1-morph> metamorphosis : isomorph

7.8.2b

Acceleration of development 7.8.2c

indirect

direct

acceleration

development

no yes

Pseudophryne bibronii

Geocrinia vitellina

Crinia georgiana

Crinia nimbus

Acceleration of development 7.8.2d

O2 n

mol

/hO

2 n

mol

/h

Dry

mas

s, m

gD

ry m

ass,

mg

Crinia georgiana

Pseudophryne bibronii

age, d

age, d

age, d

age, d

hatc

hha

tch

hatc

hha

tch

birt

h

birt

hbi

rth

birt

hMueller et al 2011,subm

max dry weight 500 mg

max dry weight 200 mg

12 °C

1

0

½

¾

¼

1

0

½

¾

¼

met

am met

am

met

am

met

am

DEB tele course 2013http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/

Free of financial costs; Some 108 or 216 h effort investment

Program for 2013: Feb/Mar general theory (5w) April symposium at NIOZ-Texel (NL) (8d +3 d) Target audience: PhD students

We encourage participation in groups who organize local meetings weekly

Software package DEBtool for Octave/ Matlab freely downloadable

Slides of this presentation are downloadable from http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/users/bas/lectures/

Cambridge Univ Press 2009

Audience: thank you for your attention