the endocrine system - welcome to mrs. macijewski's...

“Scrub In”

• TSH is secreted by the pituitary and acts on the:

a. Pancreas

b. Testes

c. Thymus gland

d. Thyroid gland

• Parathormone tends to increase the concentration of:

a. Calcium in the blood

b. Endorphins in the brain

c. Iron in the liver

d. Sodium in the kidneys

4.04 Understand the functions and disorders

of the endocrine system

4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM



4.04 Understand the Functions and Disorders of the

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

What are some disorders of the endocrine system?

How do you relate the body’s hormones to the endocrine system?



Functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Glands

Secrete a chemical substance called hormones

Target Organ/Cells

Body cells that react to a particular hormone.

Hormones

Chemical messengers that coordinate and direct target cells and organs

These hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream as the blood circulates through the gland


Hormone Control

Nervous System

Sympathetic nervous system:

In some cases, it can cause direct release of hormones from a gland (for example, when stress causes the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenalin)




Hormone Control

Occurs when there is a drop in the level of a hormone.

Blood level of hormone drops

Brain gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland

Gland stimulates more hormone

When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones stop


Adrenal cortex

Corticoids: They are responsible for stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation.

Androgens: are responsible for typical male sexual characteristics. They are important to male sexual and reproductive function. (Ex: testosterone)

Both men and women have androgens. In women, one of the main purposes of androgens is to be converted into the female hormones called estrogens.


Adrenal medulla

Epinephrine:

‘Adrenalin’ is a powerful cardiac stimulant. It regulates heart rate, and is responsible for the fight-or-flight response.

Norepinephrine:

Affects parts of the brain where attention and responding actions are controlled. Along with epinephrine, norepinephrine is also responsible for the fight-or-flight response, directly increasing heart rate, triggering release of glucose from energy stores, and increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle.


Gonads

Ovaries (female)

Estrogen:

Stimulates the development of reproductive organs, including the breast, and secondary sex characteristics such as pubic hair and axillary hair

Progesterone:

Works with estrogen to build up the lining of the uterus for the fertilized egg.


Gonads

Testes (male)

Testosterone:

Is responsible for the development of male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics. It also influences the growth of a beard and other body hair, deepening of the voice, increase in musculature, and the production of sperm.






Parathyroid Glands

Parathormone

Controls the concentration of calcium in the bloodstream.


Pancreas

(Islets of Langerhans)

Insulin

Promotes utilization of glucose by the cells, fatty acid and amino acid transport, and facilitates protein synthesis

Insulin production is triggered in response to increased blood glucose levels. The role of insulin in the body is to help move blood sugar from your blood stream into your cells which lowers blood sugar levels.

A lack of insulin, or an inability to adequately respond to insulin, can each lead to the development of the symptoms of diabetes.




Pituitary Gland (Master Gland)

Two Lobes (Anterior and Posterior)


Pituitary gland

(Anterior Lobe)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Stimulates the growth and secretion of the thyroid gland

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Stimulates the growth of the graafian follicle to grow in the ovaries and the production of estrogen in females and stimulates the production of sperm in the male. (Acts on both the ovaries and testes.)


Pituitary gland

(Anterior Lobe)

Growth hormone

Responsible for growth and development.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Stimulates ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females. Is necessary for the production of testosterone by the testes in men. (Acts on both the ovaries and testes.)


Pituitary gland

(Anterior Lobe)

Prolactin

Develops breast tissue and stimulates production of milk after childbirth.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Secreted by the pituitary and acts on the thyroid gland by stimulating the growth and secretion of the thyroid gland.






Pituitary gland

(Posterior Lobe)

Vasopressin

Converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on the kidneys to concentrate urine and preserve H2O

in the body.

Oxytocin

Is released during childbirth causing

contractions of the uterus




Thymus Gland

T-lymphocyte production

T-lymphocytes are small lymphocytes developed in the thymus. They coordinate the immune system's response to infected or malignant cells.




Thyroid Gland

Thyroxine

Controls the rate of metabolism, heat production, and oxidation of all cells.

Calcitonin

Controls the calcium ion concertration in the body by maintaining a proper calcium level in the bloodstream.

Bellringer:

• A lackof insulin leads to:

a. Anuria

b. Hyperglycemia

c. Leukocytosis

d. Photophobia

• Simple goiter is caused by:

a. A lack of sodium in the diet

b. A low dietary intake of iodine

c. Oversecretion of the thyroid gland

d. Swelling of the larynx





Disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM




Adrenal Cortex

Addison's disease

The adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often inadequate levels of aldosterone also.

Symptoms: salt craving, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), nausea, diarrhea or vomiting, muscle or joint pains, irritability, depression

Treatment: corticosteroids (oral or injection)


Adrenal Cortex

Cushing's Syndrome

Occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time.

Symptoms: weight gain and fatty tissue deposits, particularly around the midsection and upper back, in the face (moon face), and between the shoulders (buffalo hump), thinning, fragile skin that bruises easily, slow healing of cuts

Treatment: surgery and radiation if caused by a pituitary tumor, medications, reducing corticosteroid use

Before

After


Adrenal Glands

Steroid Abuse

in Sports What are the risks?

• Males: infertility, breast

development, shrinking of the testicles, male-pattern baldness, severe acne and cysts

• Females: deeper voice, shrinking

of the breasts, excessive growth of body hair, male-pattern baldness, period changes, severe acne and cysts

Are illegal because they threaten the

health of athletes


Pancreas

Diabetes Mellitus

Normal blood sugar range: 70-100

Most common symptoms: polyuria (excessive urination), polyphagia (excessive hunger), polydipsia (excessive thirst), weight loss, blurred vision and possible diabetic coma

Tests for diabetes: typical screening procedure is a urinalysis; blood sample measured in a glucometer can also be done


Pancreas

Diabetes Mellitus (Type I) - is an immune disorder in which the body attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas

Treatment: insulin and controlled diet

Can occur at any age, but most commonly is diagnosed from infancy to the late 30s.




Pancreas

Diabetes Type II - a disorder in which either the body does not produce enough insulin, or the cells ignore the insulin

Treatment: diet, exercise, oral medications

Cause: obesity is the strongest risk factor for type 2 diabetes

Complications of diabetes: cardiovascular disease, nerve damage (neuropathy), kidney damage (nephropathy), eye damage (retinopathy)

These complications happen due to damage to blood vessels from uncontrolled blood glucose levels.


Pituitary Gland

Acromegaly – hyperfunction of the pituitary – too much growth hormone in adulthood

Cause: usually a tumor

Treatment for acromegaly: drugs to inhibit growth hormone, radiation

Symptoms: enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet and joints; characteristic protruding chin


Pituitary Gland

Gigantism – too much growth hormone prior to puberty

Causes: a tumor on the pituitary gland

Symptoms: abnormally tall height, delayed puberty, irregular periods, large hands and feet with thick fingers and toes, thickening of the facial features

Treatment: surgery to remove tumor

Robert Wadlow, who was called the Alton giant. He was the tallest person ever recorded and was 8 feet 11 inches tall at the time of his death.


Pituitary Gland

Growth Hormone Deficiency – Dwarfism (childhood)

Common symptoms: small size, but body proportions and intellect are normal; sexual immaturity

Treatment: early diagnosis. Injection of growth hormone

Needs to be treated early to avoid complications.


Parathyroid

Tetany (hypoparathyroid):

Decreased calcium affects function of nerves,

• Symptoms: convulsive twitching develops, spasms and stiffness in your jaw muscles, stiffness of your neck muscles, difficulty swallowing, stiffness of your abdominal muscles

Treatments: Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone

Complications: broken bones from spasms, death (person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles)




Thyroid Gland

Hyperthyroidism – overactive thyroid gland

What does hyper- mean?

Symptoms: sudden weight loss, tachycardia, increased appetite, change in menstrual patterns, increased sensitivity to heat, fatigue, fine brittle hair, nervous irritability

Treatment: radioactive iodine (causes gland to shrink), surgery (thyroidectomy)


Thyroid Gland

Hypothyroidism – underactive thyroid

What does hypo- mean?

Not enough thyroxine secreted.

May be due to a lack of dietary intake of iodine (simple goiter).

Major cause of other types is inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine

Symptoms: increased sensitivity to cold, dry skin, thinning hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night, depression

Treatment: thyroid hormone pills

the endocrine system - welcome to mrs. macijewski's...

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