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© Art with Mrs. Nguyen
THE ELEMENTS OF ARTthe building blocks of art
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WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF ART?
The elements of art are the building blocks that we use to create pieces of artwork.
They are:
• Color
• Value
• Line
• Shape
• Form
• Texture
• Space
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COLORThe element produced by light reflecting off
of objects.
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There are three properties of colour:
1. Hue (the name of the colour- blue, yellow, etc.)
2. Value (the lightness or darkness of the colour)
3. Intensity (how bright or dull the colour is)
PROPERTIES OF COLOR
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The colourwheel is a tool artists use to help them identify the relationships
between different colours.
THE COLOR WHEEL
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This colourwheel is
organized with the primary
colours in the middle, then
the secondary colours they create when mixed, and
then finally all the coloursarranged.
THE COLOR WHEEL
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THE PRIMARY COLORS
The three primary colours are:
• Red
• Yellow
• Blue
These three colourscan be mixed
together in different
combinations to create other
colours.
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MIXING SECONDARY COLORS
YellowRed
Orange
+PRIMARY
COLORS
SECONDARY
COLOR
Magical Color
Mixing Bowl
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MIXING SECONDARY COLORS
BlueRed
Purple (Violet)
+PRIMARY
COLORS
SECONDARY
COLOR
Magical Color
Mixing Bowl
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MIXING SECONDARY COLORS
YellowBlue
Green
+PRIMARY
COLORS
SECONDARY
COLOR
Magical Color
Mixing Bowl
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SECONDARY COLORS
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Yellow
Green
Blue
Purple
Red
Orange
Blue
Red
Yellow
SECONDARY COLORS
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY COLORS
This colour wheel still has a bunch of
blank spots. That is because it is missing
the intermediate/tertiary
colours. Those are the colours that are created when you
mix a primary colourwith a secondary
colour.
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TERTIARY/INTERMEDIATE COLORS
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MIXING TERTIARY COLORS
GreenBlue
Blue-Green
+PRIMARY
COLOR
TERTIARY
COLOR
Magical Color
Mixing Bowl
SECONDARY
COLOR
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MIXING TERTIARY COLORS
VioletBlue
Blue-Violet
+PRIMARY
COLOR
TERTIARY
COLOR
Magical Color
Mixing Bowl
SECONDARY
COLOR
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MIXING TERTIARY COLORS
VioletRed
Red-Violet
+PRIMARY
COLOR
TERTIARY
COLOR
Magical Color
Mixing Bowl
SECONDARY
COLOR
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MIXING TERTIARY COLORS
OrangeRed
Red-Orange
+PRIMARY
COLOR
TERTIARY
COLOR
Magical Color
Mixing Bowl
SECONDARY
COLOR
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MIXING TERTIARY COLORS
OrangeYellow
Yellow-Orange
+PRIMARY
COLOR
TERTIARY
COLOR
Magical Color
Mixing Bowl
SECONDARY
COLOR
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MIXING TERTIARY COLORS
GreenYellow
Yellow-Green
+PRIMARY
COLOR
TERTIARY
COLOR
Magical Color
Mixing Bowl
SECONDARY
COLOR
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Yellow
Green
Blue
Purple
Red
Orange
Blue
Red
Yellow
TERTIARY COLORS
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COLOR SCHEMES
Color schemes are sets of colours
that are specifically
chosen from the colour wheel to create certain
effects in pieces of art.
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COLOR SCHEMES
The following are examples of colour schemes that are very common:
Primary
Secondary
CoolWarm
Complementary
Analogous
Monochromatic
Neutral
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PRIMARY COLORS
The primary colours are red, yellow, and blue. If you mix sets of primary colours, you can create secondary colours!
+
+
+
=
=
=
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SECONDARY COLORS
The secondary colours are orange, purple, and green. You can make these colours by mixing sets of primarycolours!
+
+
+
=
=
=
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ANALOGOUS COLORS
Analogous colour schemes are made up of colours that sit next to each other on the colour wheel. These colours flow well together because they are closely related (sharing at least one colour in common with another). Analogous coloursare pleasant and harmonious.
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COMPLEMENTARY COLORS
Complementary colours sit across from each other on the colour wheel. They are considered “opposites” and create a lot of contrast when they are placed next to each other. That means they look brighter and sharp!
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WARM COLORS
The warm colours are the hues red, orange, yellow, and all the colours in between. Warm colours are vivid and energetic and tend to advance in space.
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COOL COLORS
The cool colours are the hues purple, blue, green, and all the colours in between. Cool colours are very laid back, calm, and appear to recede in space.
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MONOCHROMATIC COLORS
Monochromatic simply just means “one colour.” A monochromatic colour scheme is made up of tints, shades, and variations of the same hue.
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NEUTRAL COLORS
Neutral colours don’t appear on the colour wheel. They are white, black, gray, and sometimes brown. These colours are very muted and earthy. They are not bright and exciting.
?Pablo Picasso, “Still Life with a Bottle of Rum” (1911)
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COMMON COLOR SCHEMES
PRIMARY SECONDARY
COOL
WARM
COMPLEMENTARY
ANALOGOUS
MONOCHROMATIC
NEUTRAL
Red, Blue, and Yellow Purple, Orange, and Green
Colors that sit across from each other on the colour wheel (blue/orange, red/green,
purple/yellow).
RED, ORANGE, AND YELLOW White, Black, Gray, and Brown
Purple, Blue, and Green
Variations of the same hue.
Colors that sit next to each other on
the colour wheel.
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EXPRESSIVE COLOR
Color isn’t always used realistically in artwork. Sometimes artists use colourssymbolically to help get an idea, feeling, or mood across to their viewer.
What mood or feeling do you think Pablo Picasso was trying to convey by using this much blue?
Pablo Picasso, “Woman with Bangs” (1902)
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Expressive Color
Do you think famous painter Franz Marc thought horses were really blue? Or was he trying to tell us something else?
Franz Marc, “Blue Horses” (1911)
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EXPRESSIVE COLOR
Colors can have more than one meaning, so when deciding what the artist/designer was intending for it to imply, you should always look for more context clues!
Is this sign supposed to imply happiness at the idea of slipping and falling?
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Red
+Love
Power
Strength
Passion
-Anger
Danger
Warning
Orange
+Courage
Confidence
Friendliness
Success
-Ignorance
Sluggishness
Loud
Yellow
+Bright
Energy
Happy
Creativity
-Irresponsible
Caution
Cowardice
Green
+Growth
Fertility
Freshness
Healing
-Envy
Jealousy
Guilt
Blue
+Peacefulness
Trust
Security
Sincerity
-Sadness
Coldness
Fear
Purple
+Royalty
Luxury
Ambition
Wisdom
-Mystery
Moodiness
Aloof
White
+Innocence
Purity
Clean
Simplicity
-Emptiness
Cold
Clinical
Black
+Sophisticated
Dramatic
Formal
Classy
-Death
Evil
Depression
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VALUEThe lightness or darkness of a colour.
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WHAT IS VALUE?
Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a colour.
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Paint chips show a range of colours and values!
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VALUE
When you add white to a colour,
it creates a tint.
+ =
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+ =
VALUE
When you add black to a colour,
it creates a shade.
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VALUE
When you add gray to a colour, it creates a tone.
+ =
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Point out an example of a tint.
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Point out an example of a shade.
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CREATING VALUE
Artists commonly create value scales to help them practice making a full range of values.
Value scales are arranged from lightest to darkest. To create a value scale with a pencil, you need to control the amount of pressure you use.
This value scale has 8 steps.
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2D shape
(circle)
3D form
(sphere)
Value can be used to make objects look more
three-dimensional. Notice how the use of
highlights (tints) and shadows (shades) can
make this circle look like a sphere?
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12
3
45
This picture breaks
down the different
values used to
make the sphere
look round.
Tip: Blending values is
extremely important to make something look
more realistic.
1
2
3
4
5
USING VALUE TO CREATE FORM
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CREATING VALUE
Value can also be created by using techniques other than shading, like stippling, hatching, and cross-hatching.
Stippling
Hatching &
Cross Hatching
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CREATING VALUE
The images below demonstrate how hatching, cross-hatching, and stippling can be used to create value.
StipplingCross-hatchingHatching
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LINEThe path of a point moving through space.
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EXPRESSIVE LINE
Lines can be used expressively in art.
That means that certain lines can be used to create certain moods or effects.
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HORIZONTAL LINES
Horizontal lines run from left to
right.
They can be used to convey a
sense of rest and calm.
.If you were drawing a picture of a calm ocean, what kind of line would you use?
Notice how the flag does
not appear to be moving at
all?
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VERTICAL LINES
Which tree sounds safer for climbing; one that
stands tall and upright or one that is leaning over?
Many government buildings have
tall vertical columns which help
convey a sense of strength and
power.
Vertical lines run up and
down.
They can be used to convey a
sense of strength and power.
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DIAGONAL LINES
If you were drawing a picture of a ball flying
through the air, what would you draw behind it to
make it look like it’s moving?
Wassily Kandinsky really created a
sense of movement and instability in
this painting. Everything looks like its
in motion.
Diagonal lines run a
combination of up and down
and left and right all at the
same time.
They can be used to convey
or movement and instability.
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WAVY LINES
When drawing a picture of
flowing water, what kind of
line would you use?
This artwork created by Bridget
Riley actually looks like it’s
moving! That is the power of
wavy lines and contrast!
Wavy lines gently alternate
directions
(up, down, left, right).
They can be used to convey a
sense of soothing movement or
energy.
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SPIRAL LINES
If you were drawing a
picture of a windy day,
what type of line could
you use?
In the painting “Starry Night,” Van
Gogh creates the illusion of
movement in the sky by spiral
lines. It almost looks like the wind is
blowing.
Spiral lines move in an
increasingly larger and larger
circular motion.
They can be used to convey
a sense of hypnotizing
movement and relaxation.
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ZIG-ZAG LINES
If you were drawing a picture
of a saw, what kind of line
would you use to draw the
blade?
Zig-zag lines sharply
alternate between moving
up and down.
They can be used to
convey a sense of tension or
pain.
The zig-zag lines in this piece by
Kandinsky create a tension in the
painting.
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BROKEN LINES
Perforated (or broken) lines often appear on paper
forms that are meant to be torn apart.
Where else have you seen a broken line?
Broken lines are used on roadways
to tell drivers that crossing lanes is
permissible.
Broken lines are made up of
consecutive of line
segments.
They can be used to
convey a sense transition,
movement, or temporality.
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IDENTIFY THAT LINE
What type of line(s) do you see in the famous artwork below?
Piet Mondrian, “Composition II in Red, Blue, and Yellow” (1930)
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IDENTIFY THAT LINE
What type of line(s) do you see in the famous artwork below?
Gustave Caillebotte, “Le Pont de L’Europe” (1881-1882)
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IDENTIFY THAT LINE
What type of line(s) do you see in the famous artwork below?
Wassily Kandinsky, “Composition VIII” (1923)
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IDENTIFY THAT LINE
What type of line(s) do you see in the famous artwork below?
Hokusai, “The Great Wave off Kanagawa” (1829-1832)
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DESCRIPTIVE LINE
Descriptive lines help us to understand what we are seeing. They can define areas, create movement, show form,
etc…
Three types of descriptive lines are:
• Gesture Lines
• Contour Lines
• Cross-Contour Lines
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GESTURE LINES
Gesture lines are used in gesture drawings to quickly capture an object’s form and movement.
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CONTOUR LINES
Contour lines are also known as outlines. This type of line is used to define the outer edges of an object.
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CROSS-CONTOUR LINES
Cross-contour lines are used to describe the form and volume of an object by showing the contours of the surface
of the object.
They help to show objects in three-dimensions.
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IDENTIFY THAT LINE
What type of line(s) do you see in the famous artwork below?
Rembrandt, “Two Women Teaching a Child to Walk” (1635-1637)
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IDENTIFY THAT LINE
What type of line(s) do you see in the artwork below?
http://lanenaconeja.blogspot.com/2011/05/epilepsia.html
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IDENTIFY THAT LINE
What type of line(s) do you see in the famous artwork below?
Keith Haring, “Untitled” (1982)
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SHAPEA two-dimensional enclosed space with
boundaries defined by other elements of art.
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SHAPE
A shape is a two-dimensional enclosed space with boundaries defined by other elements of art (like line, value, colour, etc.). They have a height and a width.
There are two basic types of shapes:
Geometric Shapes and Freeform/Organic Shapes
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GEOMETRIC SHAPES
Geometric shapes are regular shapes that can be created with mathematical formulas. These are the shapes that have names that we know like squares,
circles, triangles, hexagons, etc.
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FREEFORM SHAPES
Freeform/organic shapes are not defined mathematically. They have irregular contours.
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IMPLIED SHAPES
Implied shapes are shapes that are not formally defined but instead suggested.
They can be geometric or freeform.
In this example you can clearly see a triangle being suggested in the middle of these three circles using negative space.
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FORMA three-dimensional object that encloses
volume. It has a height, width, and depth.
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FORM
A form is a three-dimensional object which encloses volume. It has a height, width, and depth.
There are two different ways we can define forms:
Geometric vs. Organic and Open vs. Closed
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GEOMETRIC FORMS
Geometric forms are regular three-dimensional shapes that can be defined mathematically. They
have regular contours.
Triangular
Prism
Cylinder Cube
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ORGANIC FORMS
Organic forms are three-dimensional objects without regular contours.
This banana has an organic form.
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OPEN FORMS
Open forms are three-dimensional objects
with irregular or broken contours. They have
negative space within its form.
“HOPE”, Robert Indiana (2008)
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CLOSED FORMS
Closed forms are three-dimensional objects that are a solid mass.
They do not have negative space within
its contours.
“Portrait of George”,
Constantin Brancusi (1911)
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Form
Geometric
Closed
IDENTIFICATION PRACTICE
Is this a shape or form?
If it’s a shape is it geometric or freeform?
If it’s a form is geometric or organic? Open or closed?
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IDENTIFICATION PRACTICE
Is this a shape or form?
If it’s a shape is it geometric or freeform?
If it’s a form is geometric or organic? Open or closed?
Shape
Geometric
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Form
Organic
Closed
IDENTIFICATION PRACTICE
Is this a shape or form?
If it’s a shape is it geometric or freeform?
If it’s a form is geometric or organic? Open or closed?
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Shape
Freeform
IDENTIFICATION PRACTICE
Is this a shape or form?
If it’s a shape is it geometric or freeform?
If it’s a form is geometric or organic? Open or closed?
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Form
Organic
Open
IDENTIFICATION PRACTICE
Is this a shape or form?
If it’s a shape is it geometric or freeform?
If it’s a form is geometric or organic? Open or closed?
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TEXTUREThe way that something feels or looks like it
could feel.
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WHAT IS TEXTURE?
Texture is an element of art that describes how something feels (or looks like it could feel like).
If you touched the side of a tree
in real life, how would it feel?
• Smooth, soft, fuzzy?
• Rough, bumpy, scratchy?
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CREATING TEXTURE
Sometimes it’s easy to add texture to artwork (like in a sculpture)…
But sometimes artists have a
tough job, because they have
to show texture without it really
being there (like in an
illustration)…
How did the
artist make this
monster look
furry?
What type of
lines or shapes
were used?
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THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF TEXTURE:Real (tactile) texture
Visual (implied) texture
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CREATING REAL TEXTURE
To create real texture, artists can use materials that already have texture, or can apply materials to the surface of their artwork.
In the painting Starry Night,
van Gogh applies his paint
very thickly onto the canvas.
This creates a more textured
three-dimensional look.
This technique is called
impasto.
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CREATING REAL TEXTURE
Collage is another way that
artists can create texture in
their work. A collage is the
type of artwork that is
created when various
materials (like fabrics,
papers, photos, etc.) are
arranged and glued
together onto paper.
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CREATING REAL TEXTURE
Repoussé is a
technique in which
artists use tools to
hammer texture into a
metal surface.
Notice how this artist
uses a lot of different
types of line to create
textures?
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CREATING IMPLIED TEXTURE
When creating implied textures, artists rely on the elements of art to help them achieve certain textures.
In this picture the artist uses value to really
create the illusion of
shiny hair.
In this picture the artist uses line to create the illusion of
slime.
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CREATING IMPLIED TEXTURE
In this painting by Chuck Close, you can
see how he used value (highlights) to make
the man’s glasses look smooth and glassy.
“Mark”, Chuck Close (1978)
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SPACEThe area around, inside, or between shapes
or forms.
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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SPACE
Positive space is the space occupied by an object.
Negative space is the empty space around an object.
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POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SPACE
Artists often use the negative space in compositions to create visual interest.
In this image the stacks of paper represent the positive space, while the black background is the negative space.
“Paper Son”
Alberto Morell (2014)
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CREATING THE ILLUSION OF SPACE (DEPTH)
The 6 ways to create the illusion of depth in two-dimensional artwork are:
1. Overlapping
2. Scale
3. Placement
4. Detail
5. Color and Value
6. Linear Perspective
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OVERLAPPING
Overlapping is when one object partially covers another object. This helps to create the illusion of
depth because space must be present for one three-dimensional object to cover another.
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SCALE
Scale refers to the size of one object
in relation to another object. When things are
further away in an artwork, they
typically appear smaller than
something that is closer.
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PLACEMENT
Things that are positioned higher up on the page (closer to the horizon line) appear to be further away.
Things that are placed closed to the bottom of the page appear to be closer.
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DETAIL
Things that are closer will appear to have more detail than things that are further away.
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COLOR AND VALUE
Things that are closer to us look darker and warmer in colour, while things that are further away look lighter
and cooler in colour.
Atmospheric Perspective is a great example of this!
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LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
A type of perspective in which the relative size, shape, and position of objects are determined by drawn or imagined lines converging at a point on the horizon.
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LAYERS IN ARTWORK
Having a distinct foreground, middle-ground, and background can also help to create the illusion of
depth in an artwork. This is easiest to see in a landscape.