the effects of prosperity cankaya university - office of basic and elective courses- english unit
TRANSCRIPT
THE EFFECTS of PROSPERITY
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT
CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT
Prosperity(n): the state of having money and everything that is needed for a good life
Word Formation : Prosperous (adj)
Synonyms : wealth Collocations : prosperity of
Ex: The future prosperity of the country depends on its imports and exports
Ex: They are a prosperous family with a very high income.
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Life Expectancy(n): The number of years people live on average
Ex: The British male now has a life expectancy of 77.6 years
Ex: The life expectancy in this country is very short.
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Literacy(n): the state of being able to read and write
Word Formation : Literate (adj), Illiterate (adj
Collocations : Literacy rate
Ex: There is a literacy campaign organized for women. Ex: The literacy rate of the country has increased
significantly.
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Mental(adj): related to the state of mind
Collocations : Mental health
Ex: Stress has an effect on people’s mental health. Ex: Her mental problems prevent her from having
friends.
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Per capita(adj): for each person
Ex: The per capita income of the country is $2000 for a month.
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Wealth (n): the amount of money that a country or a person has
Word Formation : Wealthy (adj)
Ex: The country’s wealth comes from oil. Ex: He was poor when he was young, but he became
very wealthy later.
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Previewing the Academic ContentIn many countries life seems to be easier now than at
any time in history.We have wonderful technology that helps us to do things
that our grandparents could only dream about.Most countries have more wealth than ever before. Is this all good ?Many people argue that there are problems.Statistics show that many countries have worse social
problems as they get richerIs it really the best of the times ? What do you think ?
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1. Look at the statistics in the chart on page 92. Answer the questions.
1. Which country would you like to live in ? Why ?
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Country A Country B
Population 5,460,000 657,000
GDP per capita $ 56,427 $ 1,668
Life Expectancy 78 55
Literacy Rate 99% 47%
2. What do you think life is like in these two countries ?1. Going shopping2. Technology 3. Happiness4. Chances to go college5. Other ……….
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3. Which factors do you think are important for happiness ? Choose the most three important to you.
Wealth Good physical health Good mental health Family and/or friends A good job Appliance that make life easier such as dishwashers and
cars Opportunities to buy almost anything you want
4. Do you think your life is better than the life of your granparents?
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Previewing the Academic Skills Focus
1. Look at the pictures and questions on page 93. Which question has an answer that can not be questioned easily ? Which question has an answer about which people might disagree?
1. has an answer that can’t be questioned easily2. has an answer about which people might disagree
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Fact and Opinion Statements can be facts or opinions.Facts have evidence that is difficult to question. It can be tested or proven. People generally agree about factsOpinions are a person’s thoughts, beliefs, or feelings
about something.Opinions often introduced by phrases such as: I think , I
believe, In my opinion, It seems to me etc.Opinions can be questioned easily. To help you decide between fact or opinion ask yourself:
Can I check whether it is true?Would other people have a different opinion about it ?
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2. Use the two questions in the skill box on page 94 to decide if the statements are facts and opinions. 1. Fact2. Opinion3. Fact4. Opinion 5. Fact
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KEY WORDS
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Decrease (v): to become smaller Synonyms : fall, decline, go/come downAntonym : increase
Ex: During the summer, rainfall decreases. Ex: The number of people who smoke has decreased.
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Afford(v): to have enough money to buy or to pay for something
Word Formation : Affordable (adj)
Ex: We can afford to go to Miami this year.Ex: It is not an affordable car for us. It is too expensive.
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Double(v): to become twice as much or big Word Formation : Doubled (adj)
Ex: The prices of the houses has doubled for the last two years.
Ex: Accidents will be doubled because of the new road.
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Twice(adv): two times
Collocations : twice as much / many
Ex: They have employed 50 people, twice as many last year.
Ex: The shop earned $ 1000 yesterday, twice as much the day before.
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Triple(v): to become three times as much or big
Word Formation : Tripled (adj.)
Ex: At the end of the year, the number of the students will be tripled.
Ex: They plan to triple their profit next year.
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Halve(v): to reduce something by a half
Ex: They have halved the prices of flights to New York. Ex: The number of the employees halved last year as
a result of economic crisis.
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Figure(n): a number representing an amount
Ex: The city’s figure of unemployment for the last year is very surprising.
Ex: Government figure show an increase in tax rates.
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Give up(phr.v.): to stop doing something
Ex: The students of Çankaya University is giving up smoking with the help of campaign of the Rector.
Ex: She gave up studying for university exams and started to work with her father.
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Fortunate(adj): happening because of good luck
Word Formation : Fortunately (adv.)
Collocations : Fortunate to do something
Ex: I was fortunate to find somebody that I know in this country.
Ex: She felt fortunate because she could walk easily.
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Disease(n): an illness which affect a person, an animal or a plant.
Ex: She suffers from a rare disease of brain.Ex: He caught the disease while travelling in Africa.
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Income(n): the money that you earnCollocations : disposible income
provide income
Ex: Jack has an income of $3000 a month.Ex: This new strategy provides them extra income. Ex: Because her husband pay all debts and bills, she
uses her salary as disposable income.
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Before You Listen
1. Read the paragraph (page 94) and answer the questions.
1. What do people in your grandparents’ generation say about old days ?
2. Which of the points in the paragraph would they agree with?
3. Was there a golden age in your country ? When was it ?
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2. Make some guesses about the statements on page 95. Use the key words to complete the sentences.
1. double2. triple 3. halved 4. fortunate; twice; disposable income
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Global Listening1. Read the questions in the chart and listen to the lecture.
Answer the questions while listening. (Page 95)1. Life is more convenient now than in the past. 2. People can buy more now than in the past. 3. People are safer now than in the past.
4. Modern people would find it difficult to live as people did in 1900.
5. A “golden age” did not exist in the past. 6. Now is the best time in the last 100 years.
2. Discuss the questions on page 96. 1. Not all the time. He says so right at the end.2. Probably, the times he feels less fortunately.
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Focused Listening 1. Listen to the lecture again and write notes about the
details. 1. Main Idea: Life is more convenient
Supporting Details: These technologies make life more convenient:• air-conditioning• computer / e-mail / Internet / databases• international weather forecasts• affordable, frequent jet airliners• cell phones
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2. Main Idea: People can buy more now than in the past.Supporting Ideas: average disposable income buys more than twice asmuch• we have more than twice as many cars per person• we eat out two and a half times as often• it now takes seven minutes to earn enough to buy halfgallon of milk, compared with 40 minutes 80 years ago
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3. Main Idea: People are safer now than in the past.Supporting Details:
Number of deaths from car accidents halved.
4. Main Idea: Modern people would find it difficult to live as people did in 1900. Supporting Details: The (Bowler) family had trouble trying to do this.
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5. Main Idea: 5. A “Golden Age” did not exist in the past.Supporting Details:
• The (Bowler) family had problems: this suggests life washarder than we think.
• John Mueller: the past gets better in our memories• John Templeton and the lecturer both see the present as better than the past
6. Main Idea: Now is the best time in the last 100 years.Supporting Details:
both the author and John Templeton both see the present as being better than the past.
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Identifying and Evaluating Information Presented to Support a Position
Ideas and arguments presented to support an opinion can be strong or weak.
In academic situations, it is important to see the difference betwweb strong and weak support.
Looking for strong supports is an important part of critical thinking.
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Usually strong ideas and arguments: are based on factsare based on clear logic
Weak ideas and arguments are often:based on opinionsbased on statements that look like facts that have no
supporting evidence or referencebased on only one example, which might not be usual or
normal.
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3. Discuss the strength of the main ideas you heard in the lecture and complete the chart on page 97. Overall do you think the lecturer’s opinions are well supported?
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CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT
Main Ideas How Strong is the Evidence ? Reason
1. Life is more convenient now than in the past
Strong
2. People can buy more now than in the past
Strong
3. People are safer now than in the past.
Weak
4. Modern people would find it difficult to live as people did in 1900.
Middle (possibly strong)
5. A “Golden Age” did not exist in the past.
Weak (possibly middle)
6. Now is the best time in the last 100 years.
Middle (possibly weak)
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Main Ideas How Strong is the Evidence ?
Reason
1. Life is more convenient now than in the past
Strong Based on fact
2. People can buy more now than in the past
Strong Based on fact
3. People are safer now than in the past.
Weak The only safety issue mentioned is car accidents. Other types of accidents, and crime, could mean that we are less safe.
4. Modern people would find it difficult to live as people did in 1900.
Middle(possiblystrong)
It could be argued that the example of only one family is not strong evidence, and that, since the family didn’t have a community around them to support them, the experiment wasn’t realistic anyway.
5. A “Golden Age” did not exist in the past.
Weak (possiblymiddle)
All the arguments for this seem to bebased on opinion.
6. Now is the best time in the last 100 years.
Middle(possiblyweak)
The fact that we have modern conveniences, can buy more with our income etc can't easily be denied; however, there may be other reasons(such as better relationships) why thepast was “better.”
Recognizing a Speaker’s Degree of Certainty
Speakers use various words and expressions to show how certain they are about their ideas and points.
If someone says,” People are certainly wealthier now than their grandparents were” s/he expresses that they are sure about this point.
Just because someone show s/he is certain about something with these words, it does not mean s/he is talking about a fact.
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4. Work with a partner and place the words from the box on the scale on page 99.
1.Not at all certain: 2. Somewhat Certain:
3. Certain:
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maybeperhapsmightnot sureCould
probablyLike
isDefinitelydoubtless
5. Listen to some statements from the lecture. Write the number of the statement on the scale.
Not at all certain: 4, 6
Somewhat certain: 3
Certain: 1, 2, 5
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CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT
Commit suicide(v): to kill oneself
Ex: Unhappy teenagers try to commit suicides more often than other people
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Crime(n): breaking the lawWord Formation : Criminal (adj.)
Collocations : Commit a crime
Ex: Women commit fewer crime than men. Ex: The causes of criminal behavior is being discussed
among the experts. Ex: Britney Spears is in love with a criminal.
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Increase(v): to add more to size or number Word Formation : Increase (n)
Antonym : decrease (v&n)
Ex: The population increased dramatically in the first half of the century .
Ex: There is an increase in the number of people who attempt to commit a crime.
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Violent(adj.): trying to injure or kill
Word Formation : Violence (n)
Ex: Many people were injured during the violent events throughout the day.
Ex: Governments should prevent the violence against women.
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Go into(phr. v): to change to a different movement, state, or condition, usually a worse one
Ex: Sales went into a decrease last year. Ex: The countries went into a recession as a result of
the social and economical crises.
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Put together(phr.v.): to form people or things into a group
Ex: We have put together the sales and marketing teams.
Ex: They put together the data and created an index.
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Steadily(adv.): continuing or developing gradually
Word Formation : Steady (adj)
Collocations : grow steadily decrease steadily
Ex: The company’s exports have grown steadily.Ex: Our debts are decreasing steadily.
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Civilized(adj.):a civilized country, society etc has developed an advanced culture and institutions
Word Formation : Civilization (n)
Ex: In civilized societies, people respect to each other’s rights.
Ex: They are researching the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt.
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Current(adj.): happening or existing now
Word Formation : currently (adv.)
Ex: The current president of United States is Obama. Ex: The results of the current political situation will be
seen at least 5 years later.
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Internal(adj. ): within a country Antonym : External (adj.)Collocations : internal affairs
internal security
Ex: No other country can interfer with our internal affairs
Ex: Internal security of the country is provided by the police.
Ex: We will get information from external sourcesCANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT
Well-being(n.): a feeling of being comfortable, happy and healthy
Collocations : well-being of
Ex: As doctors, we are responsible for the well-being of our patients.
Ex: Well-being of people in a country should be the first aim of governments.
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Renew(v.): to replace something that old or damaged
Ex: We need to renew the windows as they are really old .
Ex: Renewing a society is a very hard thing to do in a short time.
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Before You Read 1. Look at the bar graph which shows some social trends from
the text you will read. Guess where the words from the box go on the graph. Write them on the lines. (page 99 )
1. Depression 2. Violent Crime 3. Teenage Suicide4. Divorce
2. What feeling do you get from the statistics in the graph on page 99? How does that feeling compare with the lecturer’s feeling?
3. Think about Turkey. Are these problems increasing or decreasing, or staying the same ? Use the words for degrees of certainty.
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Global Reading • Skim the reading and write the paragraph number next to
each main idea. Discuss what clues helped you to find the main idea. ___ Index of National Civic Health___ Children and young people___ The forces behind the social changes___ Behind the numbers are real people___ Social problems
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2
4
5
3
1
Focused Reading 1. Scan the text to find five social trends. Complete the left-
hand column.
2. Now read the text in detail and complete the right-hand column.
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Social Trends How big was the change ?
Divorce
Suicide
Violent Crime
Depression
Number of people in prison
2.Use the text to answer the questions on page 102. 1. B2. C3. B4. C5. A6. C
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Social Trends How big was the change ?
Divorce double / twice as many / two times as many
Suicide triple / three times as many
Violent Crime our times as many / up four times
Depression up to ten times as many
Number of people in prison five times as many
Distinguishing between Facts and Opinions
People do not always show directly whether a point is fact or opinion.
Instead, you have to ask questions based on your understanding of the whole text. Does the author give evidence supporting his/her point?Is it possible to check evidence for the point, in other sources
such as books, journals, or very reliable internet sites?How likely are other people to have different opinions about it ?
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3. The sentences in the chart are from the reading. For each point in the chart: underline the evidence for the point in the reading Complete the second and third column in the chartUse the information in the second adn third column to
decide whether the points are fact or opinion and complete the fourth column.
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Point made in reading Can You Check the supporting Evidence? Why (not)?
How Likely Are Other People to Have Different Opinions About It?
Fact orOpinion?
Paragraph 1: we … have … more convenient transportation.
Yes. It wouldn’t be toodifficult to compareJourney times in the past with those now.
Unlikely Fact
Paragraph 1:for more than 30 years, many developed countries went into a very deep socialrecession
Yes. Various statisticsare given to support thispoint, though referencesare not always given.
Possible: otherpeople may choosedifferent statistics toinvestigate socialrecession
Fact(though notas clearlyso as thePrevious point )
Paragraph 1:This recession made theEconomic recessions look very small incomparison.
No. None is given. Quite likely. Some may feel that money for the majority is more important than social problems that affect a minority (even if it’s a growing minority).
Opinion
Point made in reading Can You Check the supporting Evidence? Why (not)?
How Likely AreOther People toHave DifferentOpinions About It?
Fact orOpinion?
Paragraph 4:At the center of the social recession are children andyoung people.
Harder than the previous one; it depends on whatthe author means by “center.”
Possibly. The statistics may indicate that adultsare the “center”: things, such as divorce, prison, etc. But these could allaffect children indirectly.
More likeopinionthan theothers
Paragraph 4:Martin Seligman was struck by an interesting fact: He said that every statistic about the material well-being of young Americans is getting better, but that every statistic about their mental well-being is getting worse.
Yes. Again, this is based on statistic, which at least in theory should befindable.
If the use of the word“every” is accurate,the point is hard toargue against.
Fact (aslong as thestatisticsarecorrect)
Paragraph 5:North Americans are spending more hours at work, fewer hourssleeping, and fewer hours with friends and family
Yes. It should be possible to find these statistics.
If the statistics arecorrect, it’s hard todisagree.
Fact
4. Work in small groups and discuss the question.1. Overall how certain is the author of the reading about his opinions? Can you find any evidence of uncertainity ?2. Some people say that growing up with just one parent can be just as goog as having both parents at home? Do you think the author would agree Why or why not ? 3. What were the most interesting, surprising, or unpleasant thing you heard in the lecture ?4. Which opinions do you disagree with ? Why ?5. Which opinions do you agree with ? Why ?
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5. Write a short paragraph that tells what the lecture and the reading say about mental and physical health. Follow the steps.Step 1: Review the lecture and reading. Take notes about what each says about mental and physical health.
Step 2: Plan and write your paragraph. Think about the topic sentence , supporting ideas and concluding sentences and connectors.
Step 3: Work with a partner. Read your partner’s paragraph. Underline the facts in one color and opinions in another color.
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Before You Speak Discussing Opinions and Supporting IdeasTo give an opinion you can use these expressions:
I think/ I believe/ I feel (that)…It is my opinion (that)…In my opinion …It seems to me that …
To support an opinion, you can use these expressions:….. because….….. for several reasons….….. for the reasons that ….
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To show agreement with an opinion, you can use these expressions:I think so, too.I agree (with you).I feel the same way.(I think ) you are right.
To show disagreement with an opinion, you can use these expressions:I see what you mean, but…I disagree (with you).Yes, but…Actually,…I don’t/ I can’t agree (with you)
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1. You will hear a discussion between two students about a documentary. Before you listen, read the short description of the country they will talk about.
2. Work with a partner. Discuss the questions.1. What are the advantages of living in Bhutan ?2. What are the disadvantages of living there ?
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3. Listen to the discussion. Write expressions used by the speakers in the first row of the chart.
4. In the second row in the chart, write other expressions you know that have the same meaning.
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Agreeing with someone
PartlyAgreeing Disagreeing Showing Understanding
Expression in the discussion
Other expressions with the same meaning
Yes, it looksas though itis…
Yes, thatcould be true.
I can’t agree.Interestingpoint, but…
I see what youmean. That’s a very good point.
I agree. Yes, just what I wasthinking.Good point.
Well, I agreewith a part ofwhat you’resaying.
I disagree.No. I don’t agree. I don’t see it that way.
I see.I understand.
Focused SpeakingSupporting OpinionsWhen you give your opinion in a presentation or an essay,
it is important to support your opinion with evidence.Strong support could include:
Facts , such as research results and statisticsA clear and logical explanation or reason, based on facts
Weak support might be :Another opinionFacts that people can’t check easily
Make sure your ideas are specific, logical, and clear. In addition, the words are that show a strong level of certainty.
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1. Listen again to the discussion. After each person gives an opinion, write what kind of supporting evidence he or she gives. More than one answer is possible. Then discuss your answers with a partner. Kind of supporting evidence Facts, such as research results An explanation or reason Another opinion Facts that can’t be checked easily
Professor: “….. Money does not always buy happiness….”Student 1: another opinionStudent 2: facts, such as research results; explanation or reasonStudent 3: another opinion; facts that can’t be checked easilyStudent 2: another opinion; explanation or reasonStudents 1: facts, such as research results; explanation or reason
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2. Work with a partner. Do you think the evidence the studetns use is strong or weak? Why ?
Student 1: rather weakStudent 2: mostly strong
3. Read the questions and think about your answers. For each question, decide your opinion and think of a strong support for you opinion.How much would you like to live a Bhutanese lifestyle? Do you think Gross National Happiness is a good idea ? Is it possible to be happy without modern technology?
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Integrated Speaking Task
You have listened to a lecture and read a text about prosperity and prosperity.
Use your knowledge of the content, vocabulary, degrees of certainity and facts vs. opinions to have a discussion with other students to answer the following question.
Does prosperity lead to happiness ?
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In your discussion, use:Ideas from the reading, lecture, and news story about
Bhutan. Your own opinion with strong evidenceExpressions for discussions
Follow the steps on page 109 and prepare for your discussion.
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CANKAYA UNIVERSITY - OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES- ENGLISH UNIT