the effect of metaphysics on epistemology with special consideration of what has happened to our...
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The Effect of Metaphysics on Epistemology
With special consideration of what has happened to our understanding of the
human person
by Sue Reilly
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Being
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BeingFirst, mind grasps existence outside the mind
Second, mind develops ideas about the existent
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Being
Being is the object of human knowledge
Being is the subject of epistemology
The Nexus Point
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Being
Material Substance
Immaterial Substance
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Metaphysical Terms
• Substance or Substantial Being– The thing itself– Substantial being, which exists in its own right– Every substance has an essence or nature that is one with the
substance
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Metaphysical Terms (cont’d)
• Accident or Accidental Being– Aristotle had nine categories of accidents, four of which are below– Exists only in a substance; not on its own– Intrinsic to the substantial unity of a substance– To know the substance and its accidents is to know something (not
everything) of the substance’s essence or identity
Quantity(big vs small)
Red
Quality(color)
Action(teaching)
Time(calendar)
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Summary of Metaphysical Terms
• According to Aristotle - Aquinas, a substance refers to a subsistent being, which exists per se and is one with its accidents and essence (nature). “Substance” can be used interchangeably with “substantial being” and “subsistent being.”
• The understanding of the term substance has dramatically influenced our understanding and knowledge of the human being.
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NominalismWilliam of Occam 1285 - 1347
• No essences, natures, universals. These terms are empty of meaning.
• Consequence: human mind has no power of abstraction, which distinguishes us from the animals
• Consequence: there is no such thing as a human nature or “humanity”
• Severe consequences in medical field as well as structure of society.
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Rene Descartes (1596 -1650)
• Mind-Body dualism: human being is two substances not one
• Consequence: what is man’s true identity, as a material body or an immaterial soul? How do they communicate with each othere?
• Consequence: if purely spiritual, then why worry about needs of the body
• Consequence: if purely material, no worries about the afterlife
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John Locke (1632 -1704)
• Is there such a thing as a human substance? If there is, we can’t know it. It lies beyond the human mind’s grasp.
• Consequence: distortion of what constitutes the source of man’s true identity
• Consequence: man’s identity lies in his consciousness, which means man’s identity lies in an accident not a substance.
• Consequence: lose of integrity of human being
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George Berkeley (1685 -1753)
• Only purely spiritual substances are given existential value above the ranking of ‘mere ideas.’
• Consequence: human beings are defined by their immateriality; their material qualities being discounted.
• Consequence: humans are ontologically akin to angels
• Consequence: what happens to human beings when their bodily needs are not met (hunger, sickness, pain)?
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David Hume (1711 -1776)• Elimiates both immaterial and material
substances. • Consequence: human mind is so limited
that it cannot know immaterial or material substances. Ideas are only copies and as such the essence of the image is unintelligible.
• Consequence: if we can’t know immaterial and material substances, then how do we know and understand human beings?
• Consequence: human person cannot be considered a substantial existent
• Consequence: human mind nothing but repository of various perceptions that are related
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Immanuel Kant (1724 -1804)• Shifted starting point of human
knowledge from outside world to a priori ideas or categories inside the mind
• Consequence: human mind can’t know the thing in itself, ie, the essence or nature
• Consequence: the human person is cut off from knowing the world, knowing oneself, and knowing other human beings.
• Consequence: human autonomy instead of human community
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Pragmatism William James (1685 -1753)
• Coined the phrase “stream of consciousness,” which describes the mental activity occurring in the mind
• Consequence: emphasis on the mind as the defining element in the human person
• Consequence: ‘stream of consciousness’ is what actually thinks not the thinking subject itself.
• Consequence: “…substances and selves done away with…there is consciousness without a conscious being, thought without a thinker, accidents without subject…”
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Summary
• Aristotle, a realist, developed term “substance” • His understanding prevailed until Descartes• Idealism caused shift from viewing the human
being as a substance to a mind • The object of the human intellect is truth• We must know the truth about the human
being/human person• The understanding of human being influences
legal, medical, and moral behavior in society