the economic history of portugal histoire economique a professeur jean-christian lambelet assistante...
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The Economic History of Portugal
Histoire Economique A
Professeur Jean-Christian LambeletAssistante Ana Cristina Molina
Gustav Dax
Lisa Pachinger
Sebastian Trischak
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Historical Overview
• Economic and Social conditions Portuguese forced to turn to the sea Portugal’s slave trading
• Creation of Portugal Muslims Reconquista Interests of church and state closely linked
• Independence from Castile Battle of Aljubarotta Treaty of Windsor King João I
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Historical Overview
• Political factors in the Rise of Portugal King João I – a new dynasty Political and social unity
• Henry the Navigator Promoting and financing overseas explorations Reconquista - carried on to their homeland
Economic motives - gold and spices
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
• Beginning of Portugal’s maritime expansion Ceuta’s acquisition Ceuta’s market Straits of Gibraltar
• First Atlantic Islands Madeira in 1425 Azores in 1427
Industry - cane plantations and sugar mills
Historical Overview
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Medieval Navigation
• Navigation tools– Cartography
– Compass
– Astrolabe
– Speed of a ship
– Sand hourglass
• Navigation problems– Astrolabe
– Measuring longitude
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Cartography
• Claudius Ptolemaeus: "Geographica"
• Maps of faith
• Invention of the printing press
• Portolans
• 1506: Longitude
• Gerhard Mercator: isogonic cylindrical projection
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Compass
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
• 1st century: Chinese
• 1269: Experiments
• 1500: Commonplace tool
• Variation: true vs. magnetic north
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Astrolabe
• Arrived in Spain between 1000 and 1500
• Basic astronomical tool
• 1473: determine latitude accurately
• Height of the North Star
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Quadrant
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
• Common instrument in latitude determination process
• ¼ circle
• 0-90° marked on edge
• Plumb line
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Speed of a ship
• Log
• Logline
• Expression: Knots
• Speed between 4 and 8 knots per day
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Sand hourglass
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
• Only reliable time
• Measurement on board a vessel
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Navigation Problems: Astrolabe
• Farther north: higher North Star in sky
• Farther south: lower North Star in sky
• North Star disappeared at the equator
• Measurement of mid-day sun
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Navigation Problems: Measuring Longitude
• Dead-reckoning: log, sand glass, compass
• Traverse board: zigzag plotting
• Longitude: east-west distance travelled
• Maps inaccurate in the 16th century
• E.g.: East-west length of the Mediterranean erred by 19° = 1,100 miles!
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Reasons for the Development of Seapower
• Geographic position
• Physical conformation
• Extent of territory
• Number of population
• Character of the people
• Character of the government
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Different Ship Types during 14th-16th Century
• Portuguese ships:
– Barinel
– Caravel
– Carrack
• Chinese ships:
– Junk
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Junk
• junk → junco → djong → ship
• high sterned, flat-bottomed
• axled rudder
• up to five masts with square mounted sails
• sails consisting of panels of linen or matting flattened by bamboo strips
• up to 13 watertight compartments
• maximum capacity: up to 1,500 tons
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Caravel
• about 30 meters long
• maximum capacity: 130 tons
• axled rudder
• early versions: 2-3 masts, lateen rigged sails, clinker style hull
• later versions: 4 masts, square rigged sails, streamlined hull
• examples: Nina and Pinta
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Carrack
• mizzen mast with triangular lateen sail placed toward stern of vessel
• small square-rigged mast placed to fore of main mast
• massive ribbed skeleton
• 2-3 decks, enclosed structures at bow and stern
• sternpost rudder
• maximum capacity: 1,000 tons
• Example: Santa Maria
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Shipbuilding technology
Portugal China
• Ship size x
• Capacity x
• Compartmentation x
• Masts and sails x
• Rudders x x
• Wind and sea currents x
• Celestial navigation x
• Military technology x x
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
The Fall of Chinese Seapower
• Seven epic naval expeditions from 1405 to 1433
• One century later it was forbidden to go to sea with a multi-masted ship
• Reasons for this shift:
– Centralization
– Internal court policy
– Maritime threats considered secondary
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
Portugal and West Africa
• Southward Expansion 1434 – Caravels Cape Verde Islands in 1454-55 Gambia region in 1446 Sierra Leone in 1460
• 1470s Exploration Gold Coast Fernando Po, Principé, and Sâo Tomé
• Treaty of Alcaçovas West African ‘Guinea’ trade monopoly Fortress at São Jorge da Mina
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
HEC Lausanne Histoire Economique A – The Economic History of Portugal 29 Avril 2003
History Navigation Shipbuilding Impacts Conclusion
Portugal and Asia
• Vasco da Gama sailed around South Africa - Calicut Casa da India Antwerp – silver & copper
• Portuguese spice trade
• First European sea-battle in the Indian Ocean control over the Indian Ocean routs – spices 1509 – Goa-Diu
• Strategic locations captured Goa – Malabar Coast & western Indian Ocean Malacca – access to East Indies Hormus – entrance to the Persian Gulf
pepper; 85%
ginger; 6%
cinnamon; 2%
other; 7%