The Early Years

The 1st PresidentsAnd their

Administrations

1789 Election Results Candidate Party Electoral Votes   •George Washington Federalist 69    •Others Independent 35    •John Adams Federalist 34 

George WashingtonMr. President

Elected unanimously elected by the electoral college in 1789

No Federal laws No Courts No staff No treasury No taxes With much debt Weak army

Washington creates a Cabinet

Vice President: John Adams Secretary of State: Thomas

Jefferson Sec. of the Treasury: Alexander

Hamilton Secretary of War: Henry Knox Attorney General Edmund

Randolph

Congress passes legislation

Judiciary Act of 1789 – Set the number of Supreme Court judges at 6 and established 3 circuit courts and 13 district courts. John Jay is the 1st Chief Justice.

Revenue laws – necessary to raise income for the government.– A tariff on imported goods– A tonnage duty on goods entering U.S.

ports

Problems: National Debt Crisis

National debt is 43,000,000

State debt is $22,000,000

Foreign debt is $12,000,000

Alexander Hamilton 4 point Financial Program

–Full payment of foreign and national debt: sell U.S. bonds

–Assumption of state debt: South objects because they had paid most of their debt

–An excise(tax) on whiskey–A federal bank opposed by Madison and Jefferson

Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 Whiskey is vital to the economy 25% tax set by Alexander Hamilton West Pennsylvania refuses to pay George Washington and Hamilton use

15,000 troops to end the rebellion 20 put in prison; 2 charged with treason

but pardoned Asserts the U.S. government’s power

Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans

Hamilton Strong federal gov’t Loose interpretation

of the constitution Industrial economy Urban based society Gov’t aids business Pro-British George Washington

and John Adams

Jefferson States’ rights Strict interpretation

of the constitution Agrarian economy Rural based society Gov’t stays out of

business Pushed for the Bill of

Rights Pro French Madison and Monroe

Federalist Features Rule by the best people; leaders from upper

social and economic classes Hostile to the extension of democracy A protective tariff Expand the gov’t Restrictions on free speech and press Opposes individualism Society’s needs over individual rights East coast based Support of the financial and banking

leaders

Democratic Republican Features Rule by the informed masses Supported equality and personal liberty Friendly towards the extension of democracy Feared wealth could corrupt American ideals No special favors for business or

manufacturers Agriculture base over commerce Rejected industrialization and commerce Reduce the size of the federal gov’t. Concentration in the south

Washington’s Farewell AddressServed Two Terms Lists 3 Dangers:

– The rise in political factions (parties)

– Geographic differences (sectionalism)

– European rivalries•Stay neutral• “Avoid entangling alliances”

Printed in the newspaper

John Adams Electoral vote 71-68 against Jefferson

– A Federalist President w/a Democratic Republican Vice President

XYZ Affair: “Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute.”– French become hostile after US treaty (Jay Treaty) w/Britain– US ships seized by French privateers– Adams sends diplomats to negotiate a treaty—French

foreign minister refuses to see them– Agents X,Y, Z meet them demanding money– Result:

Undeclared naval war with France sparks war fever– Adams’ popularity increases

Alien and Sedition Act: 1.Aliens –expels foreigners declared to be dangerous to the peace and safety of the U.S. 2. Sedition- limits free speech against the government.

Election of 1800The passing of power from one political party to another

Nasty campaign between Adams and Jefferson Electoral Votes: Jefferson—73; Adams—65;

Burr—73 Electoral deadlock between Jefferson and Burr House votes… Jefferson elected in the 35th ballot: Hamilton

changes his vote. Leads to the 12th amendment (President/Vice President on separate ballots)

Election of 1800The passing of power from one political party to another Adams appoints “midnight judges”

– Judiciary Act of 1801—sets up regional courts– Adams makes 100s of appointments...all Federalists

and shuts Jefferson out of the process Adams refuses to attend Jefferson’s inauguration The power of change within the system

– Decentralizes power– Removes heavy taxes– Downsizes the military– Allows the Bank of the U.S. to continue

Jefferson’s Administration

Marbury v. Madison– Jefferson gets Congress to

repeal Judicial Act of 1801—asks Madison not to deliver the letters of appointment

– Marbury (one of the judges) sues and loses

– Establishes Judicial Review Louisiana Purchase

France gives up land west of the MI river for 15 million. Doubles the size of the U.S.

Lewis and Clark expedition (St. Louis to Northwest Pacific Ocean)

Other:– Belief in the common man – Repeal of alien and sedition

acts

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

Original mission:

Purchase of New Orleans and

West Florida for $10m

Napoleon’s offer

Louisiana Territory for $15m

(3 cents an acre)

The Louisiana PurchaseThe Louisiana Purchase

Constitutional issues:

No authority in Con. To purchase land

Negotiations done in secret

Accusations by Feds of hypocrisy

TJ’s response:

Proposed Constitutional amendment

DRs ignore it and buy the land

Impact of the Louisiana Impact of the Louisiana PurchasePurchase

Doubled size of the RepublicGained access to the Mississippi River

Ended (hopefully) possibility of re-invasion by Britain

Lewis and Clark

Jefferson wanted to know more about lands west of the Mississippi

Persuades Congress to sponsor an expedition

Mission: – find a route across the Rocky Mts. to the

Pacific Ocean– Learn as much as possible

Lewis and ClarkLewis and ClarkPurposes:

To explore and map new territories

To contact the various tribes

Scientific survey

Lewis Clark

The Corps of DiscoveryThe Corps of Discovery

Made up of former Army Regulars

Lewis and Clark

Instructions:• Learn about Native Americans• Treat them in a friendly manner• Collect plant and animals specimens• Chart the geography

Left St. Louis—Spring 1804 Reached Pacific—18 months and 4,000

miles later Arrived back in St. Louis—September 1806

Lewis and Clark

Sacagawea– Wife of a French trapper hired as a guide– Interprets and helps in their survival– Sister to the chief of the Shoshone tribe

• Aids them in securing horses, supplies, and provides directions over Rockies

Result of their Journey:– Brings back valuable information– Inspires those eager to move westward

Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark

• Role of Sacagawea

Impact: size of country established treaties signed with tribes new species discovered led to westward expansion

The The ““Mosquito FleetMosquito Fleet””

• Create a fleet of smaller gunboats• Rationale:

– Less costly– Prevents possible tyranny

Long Term Impact:

less able to defend US against the British

Election of 1804Election of 1804

Jefferson vs. Charles Pinckney

Decline of the Federalist Party:

Less able to attract Western voters

Too elitist

Geographically locked in with New England

Older generation

Renewed Problems with Britain Renewed Problems with Britain (AGAIN!)(AGAIN!)

Renewed impressment of American sailors

British harassment of US trade

Conflicts with Indians in the West

The “Chesapeake-Leopard Incident”

The Embargo Act of 1807The Embargo Act of 1807

• Total ban on trade with all countries• No support for either France or Britain

Reaction to the Embargo ActReaction to the Embargo Act

• Smuggling and piracy• TJ unpopular

Repeal by Congress (Feb. 1807)

JeffersonJefferson’’s Legacys Legacy

• PositivePositive– LA Purchase– Lewis and Clark– Increased

democratization– Moderation in

governing

• NegativeNegative– “mosquito fleet”– Embargo Act– Attempted

impeachment of SC Justice

Madison’s Administration

War of 1812 The impressment (kidnapping) of U.S. sailors

by England White House (President’s Mansion) is burned

by the English Star Spangled Banner written—Francis Scott

Key War in a Stalemate Battle of New Orleans fought after the war was

over. Andrew Jackson becomes a national hero.

Monroe’s Administration

Era of Good Feelings– Nationalism– Lack of strong political party rivalry– Political differences fade

Creates the 2nd bank of the U.S. Economic Panic of 1819-too much debt

owed to London banks; 1st economic depression

Missouri Compromise of 1820 1818 Missouri petitions for statehood

– 11 slave states– 11 free states

• Missouri enters the U.S. as a slave state

• Maine enters the U.S. as a free state

• Slavery prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana territory

• North of 36’ and 30”

1819 Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain– After Jackson invades West Flordia– U.S. acquires Florida—gives up claims to Spanish

Texas 1823 Monroe Doctrine

– Europe should stay out of the American continent. No more colonization.

1824 American System of Henry Clay– 1. Protective tariffs– 2. Federal funds for internal improvements– 3. National Bank

Monroe’s Administration

Evolution of Major Political PartiesTime Hamilton Jeffersonians

1792 Federalists Democratic-

Republicans1820 One party

Era of Good Feelings

1825 National Republicans

Jacksonian Democrats

1834 Whigs Democrats

1854 Republicans

Virginia DynastyThomasJefferson

1801-1809

JamesMadison

1809-1817

JamesMonroe

1817-1825