the doctoral space revisited? - kvab. manuel heitor.pdf · the doctoral space revisited? building...

The Doctoral space revisited? Building new horizons...

KVAB Thinker’s Programme 2016

Palace of the Academies,

7 November 2016

Amadeu Sousa Cardoso, 1913

Damião de Góis (1502 – 1574 ….a friend and student of Erasmus, appointed secretary to the Portuguese factory in Antwerp in 1523 by King John III

Jose Mariano Gago (1948-2016) Portuguese Minister of S&T (1995-2001; 2005-2011)

… . Our efforts must be seen as the first phase of what needs to be accomplished in the near future. Considerable time should be devoted to setting up a dialogue in each member State on the issue of human resources for SET, helping policy-makers understand what is required, and building bridges between national and European actors. Dialogue between industrial and academic organizations in Europe should also be pursued. José Mariano Gago EC, 2004

The hypothesis!…

The continuous development of R&D and Higher Education requires counter-cycle policy measures, with emphasis on the advanced training and employment of human

resources and the systematic development of collaboratories across all Europe.

It may require: 1. Open Science should be promoted and the Leiden Manifesto implemented!

1. Decoupling doctoral education/doctoral recruitment/academic career

development;

3. Promoting “independent legal status” of Higher Education Institutions (e.g., “Pub. Foundations”), fostering scientific employment.

4. Effectively considering innovation as a collective and cumulative process,

stimulating new “agents of change”, in the form of collaboratories as risk-sharing partnerships, and facilitating the diversification of the economy through scientific

employment.

5. Balacing brain circulation throughout Europe, which may require new forms of EU fiscal policies….

Note: total number of PhD’s (vertical) and the yearly number of new PhD’s (horizontal) by 10.000 inhabitants. Source: OECD

“Stock” versus Flux of doctorates: 2004-2012

Emerging major EU vulnerabilities:

• New migratory flows of skilled people: …the growing scientific and technological capacity of less

industrialized regions is now associated with, also, a growing vulnerability associated with a increasing international

competition for skilled human resources.

• High rates of young unemployment: …weak new job creation in less industrialized

regions.

• Accelerated rate of aging of population…

• Precarious employment of doctorates: …weak recruitment strategies and lack of career development.

Fluxo de gregos, italianos, portugueses e espanhóis para o Reino Unido Evolução do número de atribuições de número de registo (National Insurance Number) pelo Sistema de Segurança Social

no Fonte: Department for Work and Pensions UK

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Origin countries

Greece Italy Portugal Spain

Evolução da entrada de gregos, italianos, portugueses e espanhóis na Alemanha

Fonte: Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland, Fachserie 1 Reihe 2, volumes de 2005 a 2013

0

5000

10000

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25000

30000

35000

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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Origin countries


Evolução da entrada de gregos, italianos, portugueses e espanhóis na Noruega

Fonte: Statistics Norway, Immigration, emigration and net migration, by citizenship.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

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1400

1600

1800

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Origin countries


Francisco de Goya, 1797-1799 El sueño de la razon produce monstruos

Museo del Prado

After many years hit by recession and economic and budgetary problems:

- Which is the evolving path of R&D funding?

- Which policies to foster knowledge towards long-term growth?

The Questions Today…

Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBOARD)/capita - 1995 (Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices)

Source: Eurostat


Source: Eurostat

Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBOARD) Sample of large EU countries

(million current PPP $) Source: OECD; Netherlands is included in the large sized countries because of the size of the budget

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

19

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83

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87

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89

19

90

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97

19

98

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20

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20

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GB

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, Mill

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France Germany Italy Netherlands Poland Spain United Kingdom

In the year 2000, Germany and France presented similar national R&D budgets; one decade later,

Germany outpaces France by 50%. Italy budgets have declined since 2007, and in real terms are 15% lower

than in 2000.

…the quasi stagnation of R&D public investment in Europe during the last decade hides a major

trend of internal divergence inside Europe itself.

Cumulative R&D expenditure, 30 years, per RESEARCHER (thousands U.S. Dollars 2005 constant prices and PPP)

Source: OECD Statistics.

0

1000

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Undoubtedly there was considerable progress in Science, Technology and

Higher Education.

…But Europe, as a whole, has met neither its goals nor its promises in

this area.

…but,

what has

changed?

STEM graduates per 1000 inhabitants with 20-29 years old Source: Eurostat

0

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New PhDs per 10.000 inhabitants for 2005 and 2012 Source: UNESCO, Eurostat, INEP, CAPES, NSF, IBGE, NBS, SSB.NO.

U.S data – doctorate recipients ; Brazil data – total de titulados no doutorado ; Other data – Doctor of Philosophy.

0

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The 500 largest EU firms investing in R&D (Following ICB - Industry Classification Benchmark; Source: EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard

0

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40000

60000

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2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Mill

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Automobiles & Parts Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Equipment Aerospace & defence Industrial Engineering Electronic & Electrical Equipment Banks Software & Computer Services Chemicals Oil & Gas

Europe presents a large diversity in R&D investment and accumulation across

countries, with an average cumulative R&D

expenditure per researcher about 50% smaller than in USA.

A critical observation - 1:

A critical observation - 2:

In many other EU countries, beyond notable exceptions (including Germany), the stagnation and/or recent decrease in public R&D and HE budgets has been justified by the need to change policies, including:

• Increase public funding to support firms and business activities;

• Increase the selectivity of public funding, decreasing public support for advanced training and scientific employment.

Which myths?

How can we effectively help debunking these myths and guarantee better policies?

Public vs Private R&D vs Innovation Higher Educ vs Vocational Training

…we live on times of increasing socialization of risks and the privatization of rewards

...uncertainty: which impact?

In a context of increased uncertainty and accelerated rate of technological change, for which knowledge and innovation

are critical factors for social and economical development, the role of the science and advanced education may be

enhanced, but requires to be adapted!

The scope:... the globalized “learning society”!

Knowledge Institutions Learning Organisations

Intellectual Property Learning Networks

Source: Conceição, Lundvall and Heitor (2002)

How people, institutions and incentives can be effectively

oriented, transmitted and assimilated to allow societies to

move towards a socially responsable, sustainable and

entrepreneurial world?

We can look, instead, at the process...

Science, its impact and the presence of innovation, result from a cumulative, long-

term, collective and uncertainty process, involving an extensive divison of labour, which requires massifying the training of

human resources and qualifying the labour force in many economic sectors, in a way

that depends on the structure of the economy

A new hypothesis:

The multidimensions of S&T and the social construction of science policy

Main S&T Policies since the 90´s…

The result: the changing nature of science policy …the evolving % of doctorates in Portugal per age group

Fonte: DGEEC

2.354 701

5616

259

3.018

3.102

194

1.283

1.113

819

156

204 136

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2009

< 35 Years 35-44 Years 45-54 Years 55-64 Years 65-69 Years

The case of Portugal: fostering institutional development

Period Main institutional breakthrough

80s – 90s Non for profit institutions, fostered through academic research

(a leading example is INESC, as created in 1980)

1995 – 2005

Associate Laboratories, to foster research excellence through

networks of academic research centres

(as created since 1999, with a few initial developments in biomedical and physical

science, but reaching 25 Laboratories by 2007)

2006 –…

HE REFORM - University Foundations (Independent Legal Status)

(includes three leading examples in 2008, including University of Porto, University

of Aveiro and ISCTE business school)

International partnerships, as thematic research and advanced

training networks

(includes partnerships with MIT, CMU, Harvard and UT Austin in emerging themes,

including ICTs, energy, bioengineering, design, clinical research)

The multidimensions of S&T and the social construction of science policy

Scientific employment

internationalize

Diversify institutions: strengthen polytechnics and universities

More “intermediaries”: collaborative Labs

strengthen networks

More employment

More scientific culture More public participation

Assessing S&T Policies for coming years…

Open Innovation and competence building: With increasingly diversified skills, institutions and incentives

Chain Linked Model of

Innovation

Kline & Rosenberg

Technology platforms

Potential

Markets

Invention/

analytical design

Detailed design

& Test

Re-design

& Production

Distribution

& market

Knowledge

Research

Research Agendas

Thematic Mobilization Programmes

Networks of Scientific Cooperation

Knowledge diffusion,

with Intermediaries:

Collaborative Laboratories...

Post-Grad Training

Individual Mobility

NTBF´s

IV. Traditional Services

R&D Expenditure (€)

t=2y t=5y t=10y

Pn

P1 II. Basic Science

Specific Projects Technology Platforms

III. Business as usual

Qualified Employment

I. High Risk, Knowledge

Intensive Businesses

Goal: Open access, Open data, Open sources

Towards “Open science”?

Critical Issues: 1. Funding, recruitment, careers:

• “closed” assessment methods need to be revisied and go away of bibliometrics...

• Low sucess rates need to be avoided, by using “open deadlines” and “two-phase” assessment processes...

• Over valorization of “PIs” should be avoided and “team work” promoted.... • More content, less quantification, across the full processes of assessemnt

and recruitment

2. Open access to publications is still disfunctional... 3. New competencies of researchers in open data are

necessary across all disciplines... 4. Research integrity is to be promoted!

the process matters!…

The continuous development of R&D and Higher Education requires counter-cycle policy measures, with emphasis on the advanced training and employment of human

resources and the systematic development of collaboratories across all Europe.

It may require: 1. Open Science should be promoted and the Leiden Manifesto implemented!

1. Decoupling doctoral education/doctoral recruitment/academic career

development;

3. Promoting “independent legal status” of Higher Education Institutions (e.g., “Pub. Foundations”), fostering scientific employment.

4. Effectively considering innovation as a collective and cumulative process,

stimulating new “agents of change”, in the form of collaboratories as risk-sharing partnerships, and facilitating the diversification of the economy through scientific

employment.

5. Balacing brain circulation throughout Europe, which may require new forms of EU fiscal policies….

…"Science is a battle ground, it's not neutral. And if you know it's not neutral, it

becomes interesting. It can become part of the modern youth culture. You must

choose between generosity and greed, between peace and war, and choose

between disclosing or hiding the truth”…

José Mariano Gago

Annex: Where are we?

Two selected issues: 1. Public and private Expenditure in R&D

2. Population engagement in Tertiary Education

World share of GDP and GERD for the G20 over the last decade (2002-2012); values in %

Science and Innovation in Portugal Source: OECD Science,Technology and Industry Outlook 2012

New PhDs in Portugal, 1970-2013

Issue 1: Gross expenditure in R&D 4 last years of divergence with Europe

Gross Expenditure in R&D: Public and Private (percentagem do PIB; Fonte: OCDE, Eurostat, DGEEC)

Notas: (1) Os dados de 2014 são provisórios. (2) Os dados de 2013 para a despesa em I&D refletem uma quebra de série relativamente aos anos anteriores, nos setores Ensino Superior e IPSFL, devido à reafetação setorial das IPSFL no Ensino Superior.

0

0,1

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Share of R&D Expenditure (million Euros, current prices; Source: OCDE, Eurostat, DGEEC)

Notas: (1) Os dados de 2014 são provisórios. (2) Os dados de 2013 para a despesa em I&D refletem uma quebra de série relativamente aos anos anteriores, nos setores Ensino Superior e IPSFL, devido à reafetação setorial das IPSFL no Ensino Superior.

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Total exports versus R&D accumulated expenditure per capita (millions of U.S. Dollars 2005 constant prices and PPP)

Source: OECD

% population with 20 years old registered in Higher Education in Portugal Fonte: OCDE, Eurostat

Nota: Dados até 2012 – OCDE; dados de 2013 – Eurostat; Dados da população utilizados no cálculo - Eurostat

0%

5%

10%

15%

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Percentagem da população com 20 anos de idade matriculada no Ensino Superior

% population with 20-24 years old registered in Higher Education in EU, 2013 Fonte: OCDE, Eurostat

The policy: an increasing focus on human resources

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Italy

Netherlands

Norway

Portugal

Spain

Sweden

UK

0

200

400

600

800

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1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012

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Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal

GERD/Capita (U.S. Dollars 2005 constant prices and PPP) Source: OECD Statistics

Gross Expenditure in R&D: Public and Private (Million Euros, current prices; and % GDP)

Fonte: OCDE, Eurostat, DGEEC

Nota: Os dados de 2014 são provisórios.

0

0,2

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Milhões de Euros, preços correntes Percentagem do PIB

Teaching staff with PhD, PT e ES FONTE: MEC (Portugal); Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport (Spain).

the doctoral space revisited? - kvab. manuel heitor.pdf · the doctoral space revisited? building...

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