“the discovery of lesser circulation and michael servetus's galenism”&"medicine, philosophy,...

Upload: michael-servetus-discoveries

Post on 04-Apr-2018

229 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 7/31/2019 The discovery of Lesser Circulation and Michael Servetus's Galenism&"Medicine, philosophy, repression and pres

    1/5

    ZMG JGQGIOTBGNZ OA BGJHCFI SCHGNCGS@GZUGGN TFSZ FNJ AWZWPG

    IG JQGIOTTGBGNZ JGS SCHGNCGS BJHCFIGS GN"ZPG IG TFSS GZ IFQGNHP

    IO SQHIWTTO JGIIG SCHGN[G BGJHCMGZPF TFSSFZO G AWZWPO

    Tfwf " F`f Zb -Hzf(60"61 Stzb` 0460

    T p o e p f b b g

    :3pj ConepgSS oaZmg HnZgpnFZHonFi SoCHgZxaop Zmg mHSZopx oa BgjHCHng

    SOCHGZFS HNZGPNFZHONFIHSMHSZOPH BGJHCHN

  • 7/31/2019 The discovery of Lesser Circulation and Michael Servetus's Galenism&"Medicine, philosophy, repression and pres

    2/56

    Tfjwf " f`fno Zgpbg -HZfix( 60"61 SgTZgb`gp 0460

    ZMG JGQGIOTBGNZ OA BGJHCFI SCHGNCGS@GZUGGN TFSZ FNJ AWZWPG

    IG JQGIOTTGBGNZ JGS SCHGNCGS BJHCFIGSGNZPG IG TFSS GZ IFQGNHP

    IO SQHIWTTO JGIIG SCHGN[G BGJHCMGZPF TFSSFZO G AWZWPO

    Wnjgp mg Mhem Tfponfeg oa mg Tpgshjgn oa mg Hfihfn Pgtw`ihc

    Sows ig Mfw Tfponfeg jw Tpshjgn jg if Ptw`ihvwg Hfihgnng

    Sozo iFio Tfponfo jgi Tpgshjgng jgiif Pgtw``ihcf

    Fnj wnjgp mg fwsthcgs oa

    Pgehong jgi Qgngo

    Tpoqhnchf jh Tfjoqf

    Cobwng jh Tfjoqf

    Cobwng jh F`fno Zgpbg

    Wnhqgpsh jgeih Swjh jh Tfjoqf

    F{hgnjf Ostgjfihgpf jh Tfjoqf

    Hshwo Oncoioehco Qgngo

    Opjhng jgh Bgjhch Cmhpwpemh g jgeih Ojonohfph " Tfjoqf

    Jhtfphbgno jh Ngwposchgn{g SNTSSP jgiiWnhqgpsh jh Tfjoqf

    Tfwf " F`f Zb -Hzf(60"61 Stzb` 0460

    :3pj ConepgSS oaZmg HnZgpnFZHonFi SoCHgZxaop Zmg mHSZopx oa BgjHCHng

    SOCHGZFS HNZGPNFZHONFIHSMHSZOPH BGJHCHN

  • 7/31/2019 The discovery of Lesser Circulation and Michael Servetus's Galenism&"Medicine, philosophy, repression and pres

    3/537

    Tfjwf " f`fno Zgpbg -HZfix( 60"61 SgTZgb`gp 0460

    Pgcgn swjhgs mfqg spgssgj mg hbtopfncg op mg jgqgiotbgno bgjhcfi swjhgs o mg opefnhsfhon o bgjhcfi g}s; shncg mgjg`fg on mg gcfcx o hconoepftmhc f`igs op bgjhcfi lnouigjeg`guggn Qgsfiho fnj mhs pgncm gfcmgp) Kfcvwgs Jw`ohs) h hs tossh`igo o`sgpqg mg cmfnegs mf cfbg f`ow uhmhn mg opefnhsfhon og}s) tfpfg}wfi jgqhcgs) fnj opbs o epftmhc fnj hconoepftmhcjhstifx< fnj mg hnwgncg o mgsg cmfnegs hn tw`ihsmhne fchqhx on

    mg jgqgiotbgn o mg bgmojs o fnfixshs fnj pgsgfpcm on bgjhchng.Hn mhs cong} ug uhii fnfix{g mg Qfiephshs gjhhon o Efignos OtgpfObnhf -6710"6713( fnj mg bgmojoioehcfi jg`fgs on mg coppgcopjgp o efignos `ools on bgjhchng) uhm f cobtfpfhqg fnfixshs omg congbtopfpx Efignos Otgpf Obnhf tw`ihsmgj `x Ehwnf -67:6"67:0() gjhgj x Ehoqfn @fzhsf jf Bong -Bonfnws) 6:=8"6776(Sgg;Shiqhf Agppgzo) Bfgsph tgp hi bgojo jh pfzfp ig cosg. @fsshfnoIfnjo) Ehoqfn @fzhsf jf Bong g if Schgn{f jgiif bgjhchnf ngi ]QHsgcoio) Cigwt) Tfjoqf 0460Cmphshnf Sfqhno) ) Jfpg wn opjhng f Efigno. Igjh{hong jh Ehoqfnnh@fzhsf Pfsfpho 6710"6713) hn -f cwpf jh() Swiif pfjh{hong hnjhpgzfjgh gsh bgjhch epgch) Fzh jgi HH Sgbhnfpho Hngpnf{honfig jhShgnf Cgposf jh Tonhenfno) 6804 sgzgb`pg 044=) f cwpf jh H.Efpofio) F. Ifbh) F. Posgiih) Sgppf) Thsf Pobf 0448) tt. 638"670

    S:"0BgjHCFi gjWCFZHon Hn gFpix Bojgpn; FnFZoBx oaGWPOTGFNCGNZPGSOABGJHCFIG]CGIIGNCG)TFJWFFNJigHjgnAf`hoif [wpihnhSwjho Ahpbfno op mg Mhsopx o Bgjhchng) Wnhqgpshx o Bfcgpff" Pgsgfpcm fnj Jocwbgnfpx Cgnpg op mg Mhsopx o mg Wnhqgpshx)Agpbo) Hfix

    Zmg tftgp ocwsgs on mg othc o mhsopx o bgjhcfi scmoois jwphneGfpix Bojgpn hn Gwpotg uhm tfphcwifp fzgnhon o mg cgnpgs obgjhcfi g}cgiigncg. Umx jhj Tfjwf hn Pgnfhssfncg fnj Ighjgn hnmg Sgqgnggnm cgnwpx fzpfc so bfnx bgjhcfi swjgns pobgqgpx Gwpotgfn cownphgs? Umhcm ugpg mg fstgcs mf bfjg mosgwnhqgpshhgs pgnoungj cgnpgs o bgjhcfi g}cgiigncg? Fnj f`oqgfii umf jhj bgjhcfi g}cgiigncg bgfn hn mg tohn o qhgu o bgjhcfi

    swjgns? Zmg tftgp phgs o pgtix o mgsg bfhn vwgshons) ocwshneon mg bfhn schgnhc) cwiwpfi) gjwcfhonfi fnj toihhcfi pfhs mffpg tgcwihfp o Tfjwf fnj Ighjgn wnhqgpshx cgnpgs fnj o mghpcong}. @om ouns fnj wnhqgpshhgs ogpgj mgfmgps o fnfobx)ih`pfphgs) fnj `ofnhcfi efpjgns fs hbtopfn gfcmhne hnspwbgnso ngu bgjhcfi lnouigjeg fnj bfnx swjgns fchihhgs o sfx fnjswjx mgpg. Bopgoqgp mghp g}cgiigncg fnj bojgpnhx ufs pgifgj oopbfi fnj wnochfi gfcmhne bgmojs o jgqgiot f ngu mhnlhne fnjf ngu fttpofcm o bgjhcfi tpfchcg op f ngu bgjhcfi egngpfhon oGwpotgfn tmxshchfns.@h`ihoepftmx;"Oig Tggp Epgii) Fnjpgu Cwnnhnemfb)Kon Fpph{f`fifef -gjhgj x()Cgnpgs oa bgjhcfi g}cgiigncg? Bgjhcfi pfqgi fnj gjwcfhon hnGwpotg) 6744 65=8) @wpihneon"Afpnmfb) Fsmefg) 0464."Chnmxf Ligshngc) Zmgfgps oa Fnfobx; swjgns) gfcmgps fnjpfjhhons oa jhssgchon hn Pgnfhssfncg Qgnhcg) @fihbopg) KomnsMotlhns Wnhqgpshx tpgss) 0466.

    S:"3iHZZig LnoUn QgSFiHWS< QgpSFiS Hn jg mWBFnHS CopTopHSaF@pHCFPwbx MhiiooufifJgt. o Ngwpo`hoioex fnj Fnfobx) Ugs Qhpehnhf Wnhqgpshx) MgfimSchgncgs Cgngp) NopmBopefnoun) Ugs Qhpehnhf) W.S.F.

    Zmhs swjx jgbonspfgs mg tpoqgnfncg o mg qgpsfis hn QgsfihwsJg Af`phcf fnj mg shenhcfncg o mg wsg o mg twzh. H hs f cobbonbhsconcgthon mf mg qgpsfis) sggn f mg `gehnnhne o mg sgqgn@ools o Jg Af`phcf) tphbfphix jgnog mg congn) fnfobhcfifnj swpehcfi) o mg qfphows @ools. Bfkophx o qgpsfis `fsgj onbxmoioehcfi fnj hconoepftmhc sw`kgcs tgpfhn o mg bojg o

    g}gcwhon o mg conjgbngj) tpgqfign f mg hbg. Zmgsg qgpsfismfqg ihzig pgigqfncg o mg fcwfi congn o mg @ools. Hn bgjhgqfibfnwscphts mg @ool o Lgiis) mg @ool o Mowps fnj mg JpgsjgnEfign qgpsfis) fpg mg hiiwspfgj ps igzgps o mg ps uopjs hn fcmftgp. Zmgx smou gif`opfg fnj opnfbgnfi fnhbfi fnj opfi hbfegs.Fagp mg mhpggnm cgnwpx) uhm mg fjqgn o Mwbfnhsb) mwbfnewpgs pgtifcgj hbfegs o opf fnj fwnf. Hn Qgsfihws Jg Af`phcf mg

    qgpsfis) uhm ong g}cgthon) smou twzh -bfig `f`hgs(. Whih{hne twzh)fchons fnj gbohons cfn `g toppfxgj umhcm h jgbonspfgj `x fnfjwi uowij `g conshjgpgj o`kgchonf`ig. Jonfgiio hnpojwcgj twzhhno Pgnfhssfncg fp) oiiougj `x Zhhfn fnj mg wbos fnfobhcfifphs o fii Bhcmgifnegio

    S:":Zmg jHSCoQgpx oa igSSgp CHpCWiFZHon Fnj BHCmFgiSgpQgZWSS eFignHSBApfnchsco Kfqhgp Eon{ig{ GcmgqgppfMosthfi Pghnf Sof)Zwjgif) Nfqfppf) StfhnBhcmfgi Sgpqgws) Bhcmfgi jg Qhiifnwgqf -6766"6773( fnonxbowsixtifxgj f qgpx hbtopfn poig hn mg jhscoqgpx o igssgp chpcwifhon hn6773. Mg mfj fcwfiix jgscph`gj h `gopg hn 67:1 hn mhs Bfnwscphtoa Tfphs. Fagp mhs Kwjebgn fnj conjgbnfhon `x mg Wnhqgpshxo Tfphs hn 673=) mhs nfbg jhj no fttgfp on mg coqgp o fnx nguuopl. Hn 6738 hn @fsgi) Fnjgpnfcm upog f`ow Qgsfihws fnj Bhcmfgi)nohne Bhcmfgis uhsjob hn mwbfnhshc schgncgs fnj mhs lnouigjego Efign) umhcm ufs sgconj o nong. Nghmgp o mg uo ps Qgnhcggjhhons o mg Otgpf obnhfo Efign x Ehwnf) nop mg ps uo @fsgigjhhons mfj fnxmhne o jo uhm igssgp chpcwifhon. Hn 67:7) Bhcmfgi jgQhiifnwgqf tw`ihsmgj mhs Sxpwtopwb wnhqgpsf pfho sgconj gjhhon)uhm mg Qgnghfn tphngp Qfiephsg. Hn mhs uopl Bhcmfgi upog f`owFnjgpnfcm fnj Jw @ohs) Sxiqhws. Ifgp) hn 6774) Bhcmfgi tw`ihsmgj mhsJhoscophjgs op Bfgphf Bgjhcf am gjhhon) tphngj `x Eheiho -psgjhhon Ixon) 67:3) Apgiions( hn Qgnhcg. Mg uphgs f`ow Qhgnng Hspg)Bontgiihgp fnj E. Ponjgig .Ong ophehnfi fnj fnonxbows OtgpfObnhf o Efign ufs tphngj `x Apgiion hn 67:="6776) hn qg qoiwbgs. Hufs mg ong Ehwnf"Otgpf Obnhf o Efign tphngj hn Apfncg. Zmg uopjsfjjgj mg nwb`gps o mg cmftgps fnj f`spfcs `x Conpfj Egsngp)fttgfp on mg coqgp. Zmhs uopl hs ophehnfi uhm uo tpgfcgs mf

    fpg jhgpgn pob Qgnhcg fnj @fsgi gjhhons. Pgsgfpcm smous mfEgsngps onix conph`whon o mg uopl hs mg nwb`gps fnj ong tfego g} -&( hn mg qoiwbg Qfphf. Kgfn Apgiion jgscph`gj Bhcmfgi fs mhseooj `pomgp fnj phgnj. Fcwfiix) h ufs onix mg efignhs Bhcmfgi jgQhiifnwgqf umo coppgcgj fnj jgshengj mhs Otgpf obnhfjwphne 67:="76) `w uhmow hnciwjhne mhs tpgqhows jhscoqgpx on igssgp chpcwifhon.@h`ihoepftmx;6.Sxpwtopwb wnhqgpsf pfho fj Efignh cgnswpfb ...QgnghhsftwjQhncgnhwb Qfiephshwb. B.J.]IQ.0. Ci.Efignh Tgpefbgnh) obnhfotgpfIwejwnh)ftwj HofnngbApgiionhwbB.J.I.

    S:"7FnZonHo SCFpTF Fnj mHS SFeeHo jH oSSgpQF[HonH g jHgSTgpHgn[g SWiig TpHnCHTFiH BFiFZZHg jgeiH oCCmHPoifnjo Ngph"QgifJgtfpfbgno jg Mhsophf x Ahiosof jg if Bgjhchnf. Afcwifj jgBgjhchnf. Wnhqgpshjfj Nfchonfi Fwnobf jg B}hco

    Hn 6=46 Fnonho Scfptf) ong o mg epgfgs fnfobhss fnj swpegonso fii hbg) upog mhs otmmfiboioehc g} f`ow jhsgfsgs o mg gxg)hnciwjhne mhs gcmnhvwg o hphjojxfihshs.Mhs ool ufs pfnsifgj hno qfphows ifnewfegs) fnj ufs lnoun hnbfnx cownphgs.H uhii stgfl f`ow mhs g}) fnj hs hnwgncg hn Bg}hcfnotmmfiboioex.

    S:"1JHEHZH[HNEBFNWSCPHTZSOABGJHCFIMHSZOPX.FCFSGSZWJX;Zmg TFjWF jHoSCopHjgSFifhn Zowufhjg) Gbfnwgif Fttghh

  • 7/31/2019 The discovery of Lesser Circulation and Michael Servetus's Galenism&"Medicine, philosophy, repression and pres

    4/511

    :3pj " Conepgss oa zmg HnzgpnfzHonfi soCHgzx aop zmg mHszopx oa BgjHCHng

    0Sgcpgfpf jg Sfiwj jgi Gsfjo jg Twg`if. Jhpgcopf Gsffi jgCfpfqfnfs jg if Sfiwj. Tpogsopf Hnqgshefjopf jg if Bfgspf gnFjbhnhspfchn jg Sgpqhchos jg Sfiwj. Afcwifj jg Bgjhchnf jg if@WFT.

    Hi Igqhffno jgi iosoo hneigsg Zmobfs Mo``gs -6785"6158( hi tphboepfnjg pfzfo swiif gophf jgiio Sfo. Hn gsso i Fwopg sqhiwttf ig

    swg gophg swi eoqgpno. Iotgpf hnwgn{ff jfiig jozphng bgjhcmgjgiigtocf) hn tfphcoifpg jfiig gophg hfpobgccfnhcmg fqfn{fg jfJgscfpgs. Ngi cfthoio Jgiig bfifzhg jgiio Sfo o jgiig cfwsgcmg jg`hihfno o gnjono fiif jhshngepf{hong jh wno Sfo Mo``gssozoihngf cmg eih Sfh) twp jgshnfh f qhqgpg th f iwneo jgiiwobo)tossono fncmgssh tgphpg g f cfwsf jgi jhsopjhng hngpno. Gigncf tohwnf sgphg jh bfifzhg jgiio Sfo con ig iopo cfpfzgphshcmg g epfqh.Ngi copso jgiif tpgsgnf{hong sfpfnno conshjgpfg ig fnfioehgfqfn{fg jf Mo``gs pf ig bfifzhg jgiio Sfo g ig bfifzhg wbfng.@h`ihoepfaf;Mo``gs) Zobfs.) IGQHFZN o jg if bfgphf) aopbf x tojgp jgwnf pgt`ihcf gcigshshcf x chqhi. B}hco) 6880) Aonjo jg CwiwpfGconbhcf) vwhnf pghbtpgshn.Efpcf Qfijs) Fi`gpo. Mhsophf jg if Bgjhchnf. Gj. HngpfbgphcfnfBcEpfu"Mhii) Bfjphj.

    S0:":gSCiWSHQHSBo g QgpHjHCHZ jH Wn SHSZgBF ngiiF aHioSoaHFBGJHCFJHFNZONHOJF[GQGJOBFHF-6=76"6860(.WNFSZOPHFJGHBGJHCH)TGPHBGJHCHBgifnhf Fnnf JwcfHngpwnhqgpshx Pgsgfpcm Cgnpg) Sgbhnfp o mg Mhsopx o Schgncg)@fph Wnhqgpshx) Hfix

    Fnonho JF{gqgjo Bfhf -6=76 " 6860() bgjhco cihnhco g cfzgjpfhco.F 03 fnnh sh ifwpgf hn Bgjhchnf g) jfi 6=57) hgng wn Copso jh Tfoioehfegngpfig tgp if Cfzgjpf jh Bgjhchnf Igefig jgiif Scwoif Bgjhco"Cmhpwpehcf jh Topo. F 01 fnnh) qh ewpf pf h igngs sw`shwos jgicopto cfmgjpfhco. Ngi 6=55) stosf if no`hijonnf Nop`gpf CnjhjfTgpghpf jg Sowsf) jfiif vwfig) ifnno joto) fqp wn eiho) Fjphfno) toh`phiifng wobo toihhco. Ngi 6===) gsgewg if tphbf oqfphgcobhf tgp`posfpcobf jgiif sophf bgjhcf topoemgsg. Ngi 6==4 opjhnfphojh Ahshoioehf< ngi 6=86 jh Cihnhcf bgjhcf. Ngi 684= ewpf pf h igngskw`hifjos tgp if Sg{hong bgjhcf. Ngi 6=85 pf h soch onjfoph jgiifSochg jh Bgjhchnf g Cmhpwpehf jh Topo.Bfhf fwopg jh wnf Jhssgpfo Hnfwewpfi -Topo) 6=5:() jfi hoioNgb o o pefnhchsbo ngb o qhfihsbo g}ciwshqos so qgpjfjghpos) otgpfjh epfnjg hngpgssg schgnhco) tgp hi qfiopg jgiig gsh sosgnwg g tgpif iopo bojgpnh. Hqh) sono pfzfh jwg shsgbh bgjhch; iopefnhchsbog hi qhfihsbo) cwh hi Bfhf phbtpoqgpf ig tpggsg jh gsciwshqh g jhqgphjhch. Qh scphqg) hnoipg) jh wngqoiw{hong opefnhcf jgiif bgjhchnfngiifb`ho jgiif iosof) conshjgpfnjo oenh shsgbf cobg hi phgssojh wnf cfpfzgphshcf iosocf jobhnfng hn wnf jggpbhnff gtocf