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The Digestive System

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Page 1: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

The Digestive System

Page 2: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Digestive System: Overview

• The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract digests and absorbs food

• Alimentary canal – mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

• Accessory digestive organs – teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

Page 3: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Figure 23.1

Page 4: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Figure 23.64

Page 5: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Digestive Process

• The GI tract is a “disassembly” line – Nutrients become more available to the body in each step

• There are six essential activities:  – Ingestion, propulsion, and mechanical digestion – Chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation

Page 6: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Figure 23.2

Page 7: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Gastrointestinal Tract Activities

• Ingestion – taking food into the digestive tract • Propulsion – swallowing and peristalsis

– Peristalsis – waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls

• Mechanical digestion – chewing, mixing, and churning food 

PLAY InterActive Physiology®:Motility, pages 3-5

Page 8: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Peristalsis and Segmentation

Figure 23.3

Page 9: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Gastrointestinal Tract Activities

• Chemical digestion – catabolic breakdown of food

• Absorption – movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph

• Defecation – elimination of indigestible solid wastes

Page 10: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity

• Peritoneum – serous membrane of the abdominal cavity– Visceral – covers external surface of most digestive organs

– Parietal – lines the body wall

• Peritoneal cavity– Lubricates digestive organs – Allows them to slide across one another

Page 11: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity

Figure 23.5a

Page 12: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Figure 23.66

Page 13: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Figure 23.67

Page 14: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity

• Mesentery – double layer of peritoneum that provides:– Vascular and nerve supplies to the viscera– Hold digestive organs in place and store fat

Page 15: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Mesenteries of Digestive Organs

Figure 23.30d

Page 16: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Histology of the Alimentary Canal

• From esophagus to the anal canal the walls of the GI tract have the same FOUR tunics–From the lumen outward they are: mucosa, 

–submucosa, –muscularis externa, –serosa

Page 17: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Histology of the Alimentary Canal

Figure 23.6

Page 18: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Mucosa

• Moist epithelial layer that lines the lumen of the alimentary canal

• Three major functions:– Secretion of mucus– Absorption of end products of digestion– Protection against infectious disease

• Consists of three layers:  a lining epithelium, lamina propria (connective tissue), and muscularis mucosae (small layer of muscle).

Page 19: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Mucosa: Epithelial Lining• Simple columnar epithelium and mucus‐secreting goblet cells

1. Mucus secretions:– Protect digestive organs from digesting themselves– Ease food along the tract

2. Stomach and small intestine mucosa contain:– Enzyme‐secreting cells – Hormone‐secreting cells (making them endocrine and digestive organs)

3. Absorption of digested materials

Page 20: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Mucosa: Lamina Propria and Muscularis Mucosae

• Lamina Propria– Connective tissue– Nourishes the epithelium and absorbs nutrients– Contains lymph nodes important in defense against bacteria

• Muscularis mucosae – smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of mucosa

Page 21: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

The Three Additional Layers of digestive tract

• Submucosa – dense connective tissue containing elastic fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves

• Muscularis externa – responsible for segmentation and peristalsis

• Serosa – the protective visceral peritoneum

Page 22: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Salivary Glands• Produce and secrete saliva that: 

– Cleanses the mouth– Moistens and dissolves food chemicals – Aids in bolus formation– Contains enzymes that break down starch ‐AMYLASESComposition:‐ Mostly water‐ Salivary amylase (breaks down starch)‐ Antibodies (IgA) and lysozyme – antibacterial enzyme

Page 23: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Salivary Glands ‐ Know the names of the three major glands

Figure 23.9a

Page 24: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Digestive Processes in the Mouth

• Food is ingested• Mechanical digestion begins (chewing)• Propulsion is initiated by swallowing• Salivary amylase begins chemical breakdown of starch

• The pharynx and esophagus serve as conduits to pass food from the mouth to the stomach

Page 25: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Pharynx and Esophagus• Pharynx – throat

• Esophagus ‐ Muscular tube going from the laryngopharynx to the stomach

• Travels through the mediastinum and pierces the diaphragm 

• Joins the stomach at the cardiac orifice 

Page 26: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Figure 23.13

(d) (e)

Relaxedmuscles Circular muscles

contract,constrictingpassagewayand pushingbolus down

Bolus offoodLongitudinalmusclescontract,shorteningpassagewayahead of bolus

Gastroesophagealsphincter closed

Stomach

Relaxedmuscles

Gastroesophagealsphincter open

(a) (b) (c)

Tongue

Trachea

PharynxEpiglottis

Glottis

Upper esophagealsphincter contracted

Bolus of food

Upper esophagealsphincter relaxed

Epiglottis

Esophagus

Uvula

Bolus

Bolus

Upper esophagealsphincter contracted

Page 27: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Stomach•Mechanical digestion•Chemical breakdown of proteins by pepsin/HCl(food is converted to chyme)

HCl kills many ingested bacteria

Gastroesophageal sphincter – entrance to stomachPyloric sphincter‐exit from stomach

Page 28: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Figure 23.14a

Page 29: The Digestive Systemsalhanick.weebly.com/.../6/1/10613735/digestive_system_1.pdf · 2018. 10. 4. · Digestive System: Overview • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Figure 23.69