the dieselgate scandal what happened, why it matters, and ...€¦ ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Dieselgate Scandal –
What happened, why it
matters, and what’s next.
Francisco Posada, Drew Kodjak
National Association of Clean Air Agencies Annual Meeting, May 17, 2016
Santa Fe, NM
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ICCT’s mission is to dramatically improve the environmental
performance and efficiency of motor vehicles
International Council is composed of government regulators in top vehicle markets.
Funding: US-based philanthropies (Hewlett, Climate Works) plus government contracts.
We are 40 staff, 15 nationalities,
90% program staff
with advanced degrees
Offices in DC, San
Francisco, Berlin
and Beijing.
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Overview
Why do we care?
The VW story
European reaction
What US states can do?
What’s next?
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http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/apr/29/diesel-
engine-pollution-premature-deaths-costs-nhs-billions
With government figures for 2008 showing 29,000 people dying prematurely from air
pollution each year, diesel fuel burned in vehicles could be responsible for around
one in four of all air pollution deaths…
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http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/talks_and_presentat
ions/2015/10/Presentation_Q3.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/2015-10-
28+Presentation+9M+2015_WEBSITE.pdf
MIT/Harvard estimated 59 deaths and $450 MM
lost due to Dieselgate ICCT is studying European
and global health impacts of VW Dieselgate
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Our motivation: in 2011 an European PEMS study
showed that real world NOx emissions from diesels
were 2x-7x more than the standard limits
Weiss et al. 2011. JRC
JRC Data, 2011- EU
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We asked CARB for access to laboratory testing
(for benchmarking)
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and hired WVU to perform in-use testing with
PEMS
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US PEMS Route NOx emissions
and CARB chassis results
9
Vehicle A (VW Jetta): 15-35 times higher than
the FTP standard,
Vehicle B (VW Passat) :
5-18 times higher than FTP standards,
Vehicle C (BMW X5): generally at or below the FTP standard.
NOx std. FTP-75: 0.044 g/km
Vehicle A Vehicle B Vehicle C0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Avera
ge N
Ox e
mis
sio
ns a
s d
evia
tion r
atio
Route 1: highway
Route 2: urban (LA)
Route 3: rural-up/downhill
Route 4: urban (San Diego)
Route 5: urban (San Francisco)
FTP-75 (Chassis Dynamometer)
Tier2-Bin5 Standard
FTP-75 FTP-75
(LNT
)
(SCR) (SCR)
http://www.theicct.org/use-emissions-testing-light-duty-diesel-vehicles-us
Vehicle A
(VW Jetta):
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The VW defeat device case is
a reminder of the importance
of strong in-use compliance
and enforcement programs.
This compliance challenge
applies to real world
emissions of all
manufacturers, pollutants,
light and heavy-duty vehicles,
and diesel and petrol
vehicles.
*http://www.theicct.org/future-of-vehicle-testing
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UK, French and German vehicle tests show that excess
emissions problem in Europe applies to nearly all car makers
On Road PEMS
http://www.theicct.org/spotlight/use-nox-emissions
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What US states can do?
Adopting remote sensing programs to keep track of
fleet emissions performance
www.etest.com
www.heatremotesensing.com
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Remote sensing data from Zurich demonstrates that in-
use emissions from diesel cars are not following the
trends set by the standards – gasoline cars are doing it
Chen & Borken-Kleefeld, Real-driving emissions from cars and light commercial vehicles - Results from 13 years remote
sensing at Zurich/CH Atmospheric Environment, 88:157-164 (May 2014)
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What US states can do?
Revamping Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) programs
OBD data to track vehicle performance – Expand requirements
LDV – Technology is evolving, I/M should adapt to it.
HDV – almost non-existent - CA is leading this effort
Share RSD and I/M data with EPA and ARB
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What is next?
ICCT continues research activities:
testing, data gathering and analysis
Publishing analysis - Transparency
Developing guidelines for vehicle
testing and defeat device screening
International workshops – sharing
lessons learned
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BACKGROUND SLIDES
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18
Background and Additional Reading
• http://www.theicct.org/news/epas-notice-violation-clean-air-act-volkswagen-
press-statement
• http://theicct.org/news/faq-use-nox-emissions-diesel-passenger-cars
• http://www.theicct.org/position-brief-oct2015-policy-solutions-real-world-
emissions
• http://www.theicct.org/future-of-vehicle-testing
• http://www.theicct.org/european-real-driving-emissions-regulation
• http://www.theicct.org/blogs/staff/miseducation-diesel-car
• http://www.theicct.org/nox-control-technologies-euro-6-diesel-passenger-cars
• http://www.theicct.org/laboratory-road-2015-update
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Europe’s RDE-LDV processWhat is it?
• An amendment to Euro 6 standards to make on-board (PEMS)
testing part of type-approval. Triggered by high on-road Diesel
NOX results
• Stakeholder working group is trying to define how the tests should
be conducted (boundary conditions), how the data should be
analyzed and reported
• Pilot phase to start in 2015, implementation in 2017
• Driver of changes in Diesel NOX aftertreatment; implications on
small Diesel PC market
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Slide 20
Estimated direct manufacturing emission control technology cost for
gasoline and diesel LDVs assuming a 2.0 L engine
Estimated cost of emission control technologies
for LDVs
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
VWJe aLNT
VWPassatSCR
BMWX5SCR
Heavytruck
NOx(g/m
ile)
Urban-LAUrban-SDUrban-SFHighwayMackHD
Compare to HDDV Route NOx emissions
(total distance/total NOx)
• Lowest NOx during
highway driving
• When compared to
a 2011 Mack truck
loaded to 67,000
GVW:
• Highway NOx from VW
Passat are 1.4 times
higher
• Highway NOx from VW
Jetta are 2.6 times
higher
Tier 2 bin 5 standard
21