the demographic situation of europe and the developed countries overseas

8/19/2019 The Demographic Situation of Europe and the Developed Countries Overseas

1/27

Population

The Demographic Situation of Europe and the DevelopedCountries Overseas: An Annual Report (Population, 4-5, 1999) Alain Monnier

Abstract

The significant slowdown in the rate of HIV/AIDS spread in developed countries is not mirrored in other regions of the

world, especially Asia and Africa. In neither region are the dominant modes of transmission related, as in developed

countries, to MSM (Men having Sex with Men), injecting drug use or blood transfusions; transmission is mainly through

heterosexual intercourse - at higher risk where there is an existing sexually transmitted disease -, and mother-to-child

transmission during pregnancy or breastfeeding. The essentials for proper prevention, therefore, are not just information

about marital sexual behaviour inside and outside marriage, but also the prevalence of STDs, people's own serostatus

awareness, breastfeeding practices, couples' fertility goals, and possible contraceptive practices. Annabel Desgrées du

Loû reviews the available literature on these issues in the African setting.

Citer ce document Cite this document :

Monnier Alain. The Demographic Situation of Europe and the Developed Countries Overseas: An Annual Report

(Population, 4-5, 1999). In: Population, an English selection, 11ᵉ année, n°1, 1999. pp. 221-247.

http://www.persee.fr/doc/pop_0032-4663_1999_hos_11_1_6987

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2/27

The Demographic Situation

of

Europe

and the Developed Countries Overseas

An

Annual

Report

by Alain MONNIER

Population:

An English

Selection,

11, 1999, 221-248


3/27

I.

Population change

The

population

of Europe,

including Russia,

amounted to 726.2

million

on 1 January 1999, one million less than

a

year earlier (Table

A).

This reduction

was

much more substantial than during 1997 (300,000),

but

it

reflects the same trends:

—

population

growth in western Europe

(essentially

the European

Union)

has continued at the same pace as in 1997 (+800,000);

— the negative growth in

central

and

eastern Europe has accelerated,

totalling

a

loss of 1.8 million in 1998 (1.2 million in 1997).

Table A.

-

Population

of

the

broad

regions

of

Europe

Western

Europe

Central

Europe

Eastern

Europe

Russia

Total

Population

size

at end of year

(in millions)

1998

386.4

121.4

72.4

147.1

727.2

1999

387.2

121.1

71.9

146.0

726.2

Annual

growth in 1998

(in

millions)

Total

0.8

-0.2

-0.5

-1.1

- 1.0

Natural

increase

0.3

0.04

-0.4

-0.7

-0.8

Growth rate in 1998

(per 1,000)

Total

2.1

- 1.9

-6.4

-7.8

- 1.4

Natural

increase

0.8

-0.3

-5.2

-4.9

- 1.0

Western

Europe: the 15 member states

of

the European Union plus Iceland, Norway and

Switzerland.

Central Europe:

Albania, Bosnia

and Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia,

Czech

Republic,

Hungary,

Macedonia,

Poland,

Romania, Slovakia,

Slovenia, Yugoslavia.

Eastern Europe: Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova,

Ukraine.

The data are

provisional.

Source:

Eurostat and

national statistics.

The overall growth rate of -1.4

per

1,000 masks the divergence

between

western Europe: +2.1

and

the rest

of

the continent: -5.6. Given that this

divergence has persisted

since

the early 1990s, the relative weight of western

Europe has now risen

from

52% at the end of the last decade to 53%.

The two components of population change, natural increase

and

migration,

cannot

be

measured

with the

same accuracy.

Whereas

birth and

death

registration

is

complete throughout Europe

(only

a

few countries,

principally from

the

former

Yugoslavia,

required

estimation), migration is

another

matter. There

was apparently

net emigration of 200,000

from

central

Europe and

90,000

from eastern Europe

in 1998, and

net

immigration


4/27

224 A. MONNIER

of

420,000

in Russia and 500,000 in

western Europe.

But emigration

from

central

and eastern

Europe

may

well be

underestimated, thus

understating

the

actual decline

of these regions.

Concerning

natural

increase,

deaths

have

exceeded

births

mostly

in

eastern Europe

and

Russia, where

the excess since 1992 now

totals 2

and

5

million respectively;

it

has been more recent (since 1997) and much more

limited (fewer

than

60,000

in

two years)

in

central Europe. Finally,

in

western

Europe,

births

have continued to

exceed

deaths,

but

the gap between

the two is shrinking: one

million

25 years ago, 600,000 ten years ago,

just

over

300,000

in

1998.

The European Union

now

has

a total

population in

excess

of

375

million,

having grown by

750,000 in 1998,

the slightest

annual gain since

1985 (Table

B).

The growth rate has

fallen from 2.3 per

1,000 in 1997

to

2.0

in 1998, the result of

a

similar reduction of

natural increase

and of

net

migration

(-15%

each).

The

rate

of

natural

increase was lower

than

1

per 1,000

(the EU's all-time

low)

for

the

third

year running.

Although

it

has slowed down considerably

since

the early 1990s, immigration continues

to be the driving force behind

population

growth in the European Union.

Table В.-

The

factors

of

population

growth

in the

European

Union

Population at end

of

period

Births

Deaths

Natural increase

Net migration

Total growth

Birth rate

Death rate

Natural increase

Net migration

Growth

rate

1985-1989* 1990-1994*

1997p 1998p

Absolute

numbers (in thousands)

363

759.8

4 304.5

3 704.6

599.9

456.6

1

056.5

371

586.6

4 221.6

3 712.6

509.0

1

056.4

1 565.4

374 582.8

4 033.9

3 699.9

334.0

535.4

869.4

375

329.4

3 999.5

3 714.1

285.4

461.2

746.6

Rates (per 1,000)

11.9

10.3

1.7

1.3

2.9

11.5

10.1

1.4

2.9

4.3

10.8

9.8

0.9

1.4

2.3

10.7

9.9

0.8

1.2

2.0

* Average of the annual

values,

p:

provisional.

Source:

Eurostat.

Are

these features - slow

growth,

low

but

positive natural increase,

importance of the albeit modest

level

of net migration

-

to be found in

all 15

EU

member states? Table C, in which the countries are classed by

order of growth rate,

shows

that:


5/27

THE

DEMOGRAPHIC

SITUATION

225

Table

С

- Breakdown

of

population growth in

1998 in

the

European Union

Germany

Sweden

Italy

Austria

Spain

European

Union

Greece

Belgium

Portugal

Finland

United

Kingdom

Denmark

France

Netherlands

Luxembourg

Ireland

Growth (numbers)

Total

- 20 400

6

700

49 200

7 400

47 000

746 140

22 000

21 500

22 200

12 300

157

400

18 740

239 900

106 000

5

500

50 700

Natural

-67

353

-4 300

-54

000

2 831

4

000

286 739

-2

000

10 000

6

900

7

761

89

500

7 700

200 100

61 900

1 500

22 200

Migration

46 953

11 000

103 200

4 569

43 000

459 401

24 000

11 500

15 300

4 539

67

900

11 040

39 800

44 100

4 000

28 500

Growth

rates

per

1,000

Total

-0.25

0.76

0.85

0.92

1.19

1.99

2.09

2.11

2.23

2.39

2.66

3.53

4.08

6.75

12.90

13.63

Natural

-0.82

-0.49

-0.94

0.35

0.10

0.76

-0.19

0.98

0.69

1.51

1.51

1.45

3.40

3.94

3.52

5.97

population)

Migration

0.57

1.24

1.79

0.57

1.09

1.23

2.28

1.13

1.53

-0.88

1.15

2.08

0.68

2.81

9.38

7.66

— only

one

country

has had negative growth, but

it is the

largest in

terms

of

population size: Germany. This negative

growth

is due to a

shortfall

of

births (natural increase is -0.82 per 1,000 population) that is not

offset

by the

slight

net

immigration. We note

that

deaths have exceeded

births

since 1972

in

western Germany (the

former

FRG) -

apart

from

five

years,

1990-3 and

1997-

and

also

in eastern

Germany,

particularly since

1989;

— in

Sweden, Italy and Greece natural increase

has

also been

negative, but the growth rates remain

positive thanks

to immigration;

— at the

other

end of the table,

four

countries - France, the

Netherlands,

Luxembourg

and

Ireland - show much healthier

growth,

notably

owing to

a

steady

rise

in

natural increase

and, in the case of the latter

two countries,

to

substantial net

immigration;

— migration

has played

a more important

role than

natural increase

in

most

countries,

but there

are

four

exceptions:

Finland,

the

United

Kingdom,

France

and

the Netherlands.

Finally, looking at the absolute values, we note

that France

has

contributed most to growth

in

the EU: of the sum of positive increases, it

accounts for one-third of total growth

and

almost one-half of natural

increase.

Comparing the

European Union

to the United States and Japan (Table D),

it

is

clear

that although

population

growth in the USA is at one of its

lowest

levels since

the Second World War, it

remains way

ahead

of

the

EU and Japan,

in

large part due to a high

rate of

natural increase. Japan


6/27

226 A.

MONNIER

Table

D. -

The factors of population growth in the European

Union,

the United States and Japan (1997), rates per

1,000

population

Total growth

Natural increase

Net migration

European

Union

2.3

0.9

1.4

United States

9.1

5.9

3.2

Japan

2.8

2.3

0.5

has the edge on the EU,

but

the main difference between the two is that

growth is driven by

natural increase

in Japan

and

by migration in the EU.

II. Natality and

fertility

Birth rates have continued

to

fall in

the

European Union.

In

1998,

for

the first

time, there were fewer than

4

million

births overall,

and

the

crude birth

rate

(CBR) was down to 10.7. Most

of

the

member

states

recorded their lowest birth rates ever, or practically

ever. Italy

is the first

one to have

a

CBR

below

9.

France,

Ireland and

the

Netherlands

are

three

exceptions: they each marked a slight gain.

The TFR trends confirm

this

trend. Although the

overall

TFR estimate

for

1998 is the same as

for

1997,

fertility

has

fallen

in

nine

countries and

risen in only three (France, Ireland

and

the Netherlands). The individual

increases

and

decreases

are

no

more

than

a

few

hundredths

of

a

point

each.

Table

E.

-

Birth and fertility rates in the European

Union

European Union

Crude

birth rate

(per

1,000)

Total

fertility rate (mean number

of

children

per

woman)

1995

10.7

1.43e

1996

10.9

1.44e

1997p

10.8

1.45e

1998p

10.7

1.45e

e: estimate,

p: provisional.

Source: Eurostat.

In central

and

eastern

Europe,

where CBR is below

10

in most

countries, the decline, or

at

most stability,

has

continued

in

1998, with only a

few exceptions, of which Russia (up

from

8.6 to

8.8).

Bulgaria

has

also

gained a

little, but remains Europe's and the world's)

low-fertility

ch amp ion

(with

1.11

children

per woman); it

is

followed closely by Spain

and

the Czech Republic. We note the case of Poland, which was the

last

large

European

country

to have

a

TFR exceeding 2 (until 1991),

and

which in


7/27

THE

DEMOGRAPHIC

SITUATION

227

1998

is

down

to a level

of 1.44;

paradoxically, this rapid decline

has

occurred during a period when

abortion

was virtually banned.

Finally,

it

is noteworthy

that

the relatively high

fertility

observed in

the

United

States - TFR

higher

than

2

since

1989-

has

continued.

The

ethnic differentials

recorded are rather slight: TFR was 2.02

for

whites

and

2.15

for non-whites in

1996.

III.

Nuptiality and divorce

In this

report,

we present

three indicators that

illustrate the

trends

relative

to couple formation.

The period

first

marriage rates (Table 4) and

divorce

rates

(Table 5)

provide information

on

current

trends in de

jure

marriages,

that

is,

on

the

formation and

break-up

of

married

couples, while

the proportions of births

outside marriage

(Table 4a) reflect the

loosening

of

the tie between marriage

and

childbearing. This indicator

must

be

interpreted

with caution, since having a child outside marriage does not have

the same meaning in all countries, or at all times. Today,

it

may often

express

a

modern outlook on

family

life,

but

it

may also reflect preca-

riousness

of

social

and

family

relations.

First marriage rates (TFMR) have

fallen,

but

only

slightly, in most

of

the

countries for

which the

period index

could be calculated

for

1997.

In the EU, nuptiality can be said to be stagnating

at

a level

of

around 500

per 1,000 (apart

from

a few exceptions: Denmark, Portugal,

Greece).

In

central

and eastern

Europe,

the

decline observed

in

previous

years has

continued

and

the

levels

differ vastly

(the female TFMR ranges

from 360 in

Estonia

to 690

in

Romania).

The

numbers

of marriages contracted in 1998

confirm these remarks. Two countries

stand

out in

this

monolithic

landscape:

— France, where TFMR which had fallen below 500 in 1995 has

been

in the

region

of 550 for women since 1996 (including in 1998: 556).

This is

the result

of

an income tax

reform

which, by

withdrawing

an

advantage unmarried parents previously held over married parents,

encouraged

some couples to marry;

—

Greece,

where

TFMR

rose

in

1997

(by

35%

for

women) as

a result

of marriage postponement in 1996,

a

leap year. The

belief

that marriages

contracted in

a

leap year will be

unhappy

ones

persists,

so that marriages

are

either

advanced or postponed, thus inflating the numbers

in

the

surrounding

years.

In

fact,

only

one

year

out of four is 'normal' in Greece

in terms of marriages.

The

period

divorce

rate has

continued to rise almost everywhere

Sweden

and Norway

being

notable exceptions),

but the divide remains between

southern Europe,

where

divorce is relatively

rare

(the period index ranges

from

10% in Italy to 18% in Portugal),

and

central

and

eastern Europe


8/27

228 A. MONNIER

where there is

a greater variety

of

situations

(divorce is

very frequent

in

Russia

and

the Czech

Republic,

less

so

in Bulgaria

and

Poland).

The proportions of

extra-marital

births have continued

to rise

in all

countries

for

which

data

were

available,

but the

rates

of

increase

differ

markedly, and there is no apparent

link

between the

level

reached and the

pace of

change. The progression

has

been very slow

in

countries where

the level was already high (Sweden

and

Norway), which might suggest a

ceiling,

but

it

has also been very slow

in

Croatia, where the proportion is

a mere

7%,

yet

rapid in other high-level countries

such as Estonia.

IV. Abortions

We

must

bear

in

mind

that

the

abortion statistics

communicated

in

Table 6 vary widely as regards

their

accuracy. In several countries -

Luxembourg, Portugal,

Greece,

Austria, Belgium - there is no systematic abortion

registration,

and

the best we can provide is partial statistics or estimates.

In others, an official system

of abortion

registration exists,

but

the coverage

is not necessarily complete: this is the

case in

Italy, Spain and France. In

France, for

instance,

the

estimated

actual number

of abortions has

been

in

the region

of

220,000

in

recent years, compared to 160,000

in

the official

statistics.

Several western

European countries recorded

an increase

in 1996 in

the

number and proportion

of

abortions,

whereas

they

had tended

to

decline

or be stable. The

clearest

example is

Germany,

with

a

33%

rise

in the

number

of abortions compared to 1995. This is apparently the unexpected

consequence of a decision

taken

by the Federal Institute of Medicines to

refuse

the

prescription of 'third-generation' pills for women

aged under

30, on grounds of increased risks of

venous

thrombosis.

Having

abandoned

the pill,

many

women then

found

they needed to

have

an

abortion.

The

United Kingdom experienced a similar, albeit more

moderate, upturn in

1996

for

the same reason:

in

October 1995, the

British

Committee on

Safety

of Medicines

issued a

warning against

the risks

of

venous

thrombosis

related to the third-generation

pill' .

In

central

Europe,

the

Baltic

states

and

Moldova,

abortion has

continued

to regress,

suggesting

that

modern contraceptive methods

are gaining

ground rapidly. The proportions of abortions per

100

live births remain

far higher, however, than in western

Europe.

In

Poland,

the statistics for

recent years

reflect

the

apparent impact of

its very restrictive abortion

law.

In reality,

abortion

probably remains frequent,

but

is now practised either

illegally

in

Poland or legally

in

one of the

neighbouring countries

where

abortion is authorized.

(1)

Osterkon D.,

Schramm W., 1998, Increase in abortions following the political

'pill

scare':

reactions in Germany , European

Journal

of Contraception

and

Reproductive

Health,

3(1),

51-2.


9/27

THE

DEMOGRAPHIC

SITUATION 229

V.

Mortality

In most

EU

countries, mortality

fell

in 1998 by one or two tenths

of

a point

(Table

2).

But

an

increase of same

size

in

five

countries

(France,

the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Portugal) was enough to bring the crude

death

rate

(CDR) overall to

its

level

in

1997

(Table F).

However, as we have

said

earlier, when populations are ageing, a rise

in CDR does

not

necessarily mean

a

deterioration in terms of mortality.

Table

F. - Mortality in the European Union

European Union

Crude

death

rate

(per

1,000

population)

Infant

mortality

rate

(per 1,000 live births)

Life expectancy

at birth,

in years (males)

Life expectancy

at

birth,

in years

(females)

p : provisional.

Source: Eurostat.

1995

10.0

5.6

73.9

80.4

1996

10.0

5.5

74.1

80.5

1997

9.9

5.3

74.5

80.8

1998p

9.9

5.2

The

CDR

for

the

European

Union

as a

whole

amounts

to

9.9

per

1,000 population in 1997

and

1998, which is the EU's lowest level (already

achieved

in 1994).

Several

of

the

countries in

this region

have also recorded

their all-time lows -France

in 1997 (9.0), Ireland and

Switzerland

in 1998

(8.4

and

8.7) -

but

CDRs below

9 remain

the

exception.

In central

Europe,

the

death

rate

has

lost

four tenths of

a point

in

Bulgaria,

but

this region continues

to

have the worst score

of

all Europe,

after Ukraine. Mortality

has

also fallen

in

Romania, by as much,

and in

the

Czech Republic. In

Russia, the decline was only

one

tenth

of

a

point

in 1998,

which

is rather

a stagnation.

Although

the

infant mortality

rate

(IMR)

is

a

good

indicator

of

annual

variations

in deaths

during the first

year of life, when

very low

levels

are

reached

it

is subject to

random

fluctuations. In Iceland, for

instance,

it

takes

only a

few infant deaths

more

or less to cause IMR to

gain

or lose

2 or 3 points. The pattern that emerges from

Table

2 is

nonetheless one

of continuing progress.

The few countries

of

western Europe

where

IMR

is still above 5 deaths per 1,000 live

births

seem poised to go below this

threshold.

In

central

and eastern Europe, improvements have

also

continued, but in

most

countries

the

IMR

level remains higher

than in

the

west.


10/27

230

A.

MONNIER

When the European Union is considered globally

(Table

F), both male

and female

life expectancies

at birth have

risen significantly

in 1997.

Women can

now

expect to live

almost

81

years in

the EU,

and

even 82.3

years

in

France

and

Sweden,

which

puts

these

two

countries

second

only

to Japan. Men are

approaching a life

span of 75 years,

but

only Sweden

(76.2),

Greece

and no

doubt Italy

have

pushed beyond this

level. The non-

EU

countries of

western Europe, Switzerland

and

Norway, rank among the

leaders.


11/27

THE DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION 23

1

THE

STATISTICAL

DATA


12/27

232

A. MONNIER

Table

1. -

Population,

births

and deaths

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

Finland 1)

France

Germany

Germany western)

Germany eastern)

Iceland l)

Ireland

Luxembourg

Netherlands l)

Norway l)

Sweden l)

Switzerland

United Kingdom 2)

Albania

Greece

Italy

Portugal

Spain

Bosnia and Hercegovina

Croatia

Macedonia

Slovenia

Yugoslavia

Bulgaria

Czech

Republic

Slovakia

Hungary

Poland

Romania

Population

at last

census

thousands)

15/05/91

01/03/91

01/01/98

31/12/90

05/03/90

01/04/91

01/04/91

01/04/91

31/12/90

28/04/96

01/03/91

01/01/91

01/01/91

01/11/90

04/12/90

21/04/91

12/04/89

17/03/91

20/10/91

15/04/91

01/03/91

31/03/91

31/03/91

20/06/94

31/03/91

31/03/91

04/12/92

03/03/91

03/03/91

01/01/90

06/12/88

07/01/92

7795.8

9978.7

5294.9

4998.5

56556.0

79829.0

63889.0

15941.0

255.9

3626.1

389.1

15010.4

4249.8

8587.4

6873.7

56467.0

3182.4

10264.2

59103.8

9853.9

39433.9

4369.6

4763.9

1949.6

1966.0

10337.5

8472.7

10302.2

5274.3

10374.8

37878.6

22810.0

Population

on 1 January

thousands)

1998

8075.4

10192.3

5294.9

5147.3

58726.9

82057.0

66688.0

15369.0

272.4

3694.0

423.7

15654.2

4417.6

8847.6

7096.5

59089.6

3354.3

10511.0

57563.4

9957.3

39347.9

3549.7

4582.0

2002.3

1984.9

10614.7

8283.2

10299.1

5387.7

10135.4

38660.0

22526.1

1999

8082.8

10213.8

5313.6

5159.6

58966.8

82037.0

66747.0

15290.0

275.7

3744.7

429.2

15760.2

4445.3

8854.3

7114.6

59247.0

10533.0

57612.6

9979.5

39394.3

1978.3

8230.4

10289.6

5393.4

10092.0

38667.0

22488.6

Births

thousands)

1997

84.0

116.2

67.6

59.3

726.8

812.2

711.9

100.3

4.2

52.3

5.5

190.7

59.8

90.5

80.6

725.8

61.7

102.0

528.9

112.9

361.8

62.9

g

55.5

29.5

18.2

131.8

64.1

90.7

59.1

100.4

412.6

236.9

1998

81.2

114.5

66.2

57.1

740.5

785.0

102.9

4.2

53.6

5.4

199.4

58.3

89.0

77.5

717.1

60.1

100.6

515.4

113.5

361.9

17.9

119.9

65.4

90.5

57.6

97.3

395.6

237.3

Deaths

thousands)

1997

79.4

104.2

59.9

49.1

530.3

860.4

692.8

167.5

1.8

31.6

3.9

135.8

44.6

93.3

62.9

632.5

18.2

101.0

553.1

104.8

348.1

31.4g

52.0

16.6

18.9

111.3

121.9

112.7

52.1

139.4

380.2

279.3

1998

78.3

104.5

58.5

49.3

540.4

852.4

688.1

164.3

1.8

31.4

3.9

137.5

44.4

93.3

62.0

627.6

18.3

101.0

569.4

106.6

357.9

19.0

111.8

118.2

109.5

53.2

141.0

375.4

269.2


13/27

THE

DEMOGRAPHIC

SITUATION 233

Table 1 (cont.)

Russia

Belarus

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

Moldova

Ukraine

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Kirghizstan

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

Canada

United

States

Australia

New Zealand

Japan

Israel

Population

at

last

census

thousands)

12/01/89

12/01/89

12/01/89

12/01/89

12/01/89

12/01/89

12/01/89

12/01/89

12/01/89

12/01/89

12/01/89

12/01/89

12/01/89

12/01/89

12/01/89

14/05/96

01/04/90

06/08/91

05/03/96

01/10/95

04/06/83

147400.5

10199.7

1565.7

2666.6

3689.8

4337.6

51706.7

3287.7

7037.9

5443.4

16536.5

4290.4

5108.6

3533.9

19905.2

28846.8

248709.9

16849.5

3618.3

125570.2

4037.6

Population

on

January

thousands)

1998

147104.6

10203.8

1453.8

2458.4

3704.0

4312.7

50245.2

3791.2

7876.7

5396.0

16544.0 b

4545.0 b

5884.0

b

4567.0 b

23007.0

b

29615.3

b

269067.0

18631.1

3781.3

126109.7

5900.0

1999

146166.0

10179.1

1445.6

2439.4

3700.8

49850.9

3798.2

7949.3

271626.0

126451.1

6014.4

Births

thousands)

1997

1259.9

89.5

12.6

18.8

37.8

45.6

442.6

43.9

132.1

52.0

232.4

102.1

162.2d

98.5

609.6

361.8

3882.0

253.7

57.6

1203.6

124.5

1998

1285.5

92.6

12.3

18.4

37.0

41.3

419.2

39.4

124.0

3946.0

57.8

1215.5

130.1

Deaths

thousands)

1997

2015.8

136.9

18.6

33.5

41.1

43.0

754.1

24.0

47.0

37.7

160.1

34.5

39.3d

29.6

137.6

217.0

2294.0

128.9

27.5

918.8

36.1

1998

1990.6

137.3

19.4

34.2

40.8

40.0

720.0

23.2

46.3

2331.0

128.0

26.2

941.9

36.9

Notes:

a) 1997,b) 1996,

c)

1995, d)

1994, e) 1993,f)

1992,

g)

1991.

1) Some countries

no longer take general

population censuses. The data are

collected instead

through population

registers, surveys or micro-censuses. For

these countries,

we give

the dates

and results corresponding to

the European

Census Programme of

1

990-9

2) Estimate as of

1 Jan.


14/27

234

A. MONNIER

Table

2. - Birth,

death and

infant mortality

rates (per

1 ,000)

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Germany western)

Germany

eastern)

Iceland

Ireland

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

Albania

Greece

Italy

Portugal

Spain

Bosnia and

Hercegovina

Croatia

Macedonia

Slovenia

Yugoslavia

Bulgaria

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Hungary

Poland

Romania

Birth rates

1995

11.0

11.4

13.3

12.3

12.5

9.4

10.3

5.4

16.0

13.5

13.2

12.3

13.8

11.7

11.7

12.5

22.4

9.7

9.2

10.8

9.3

13.8

f

10.8

16.4

9.5

13.3

8.6

9.3

11.5

11.0

11.2

10.4

1996

11.0

11.4

12.9

11.8

12.6

9.7

10.6

6.0

16.1

13.9

13.7

12.2

13.9

10.8

11.7

12.5

9.6

9.2

11.1

9.1

11.7

15.8

9.4

13.0

8.6

8.8

11.2

10.3

11.1

10.2

1997

10.4

11.4

12.8

11.5

12.4

9.9

10.7

6.5

15.3

14.2

13.1

12.2

13.6

10.2

11.4

12.3

9.7

9.2

11.4

9.2

12.3

14.8

9.1

12.4

7.7

8.8

11.0

9.9

10.7

10.5

1998

10.1

11.2

12.5

11.1

12.6

9.6

10.2

6.7

15.2

14.4

12.7

12.7

13.1

10.1

10.9

12.1

9.6

8.9

11.4

9.2

9.0

11.3

7.9

8.8

10.7

9.6

10.2

10.5

Death rates

1997

9.8

10.2

11.3

9.6

9.0

10.5

10.4

10.9

6.8

8.6

9.4

8.7

10.1

10.6

8.9

10.7

5.7b

9.6

9.6

10.5

8.9

6.5

f

11.6

8.3

9.5

10.5

14.7

10.9

9.7

13.7

9.8

12.4

1998

9.7

10.2

11.0

9.6

9.2

10.4

10.3

10.7

6.6

8.4

9.1

8.8

10.0

10.5

8.7

10.6

9.6

9.9

10.7

9.1

9.6

10.5

14.3

10.6

9.9

13.9

9.7

12.0

Infant

mortality

1997

4.7

6.1

5.3

3.9

4.7

4.9

4.9

4.8

5.5

6.2

4.2

5.1

4.1

3.6

4.8

5.9

22.2

6.3

5.5

6.4

5.5

14.7

f

8.1

15.7

5.2

12.7

17.5

5.9

8.7

9.9

10.2

22.0

1998

4.8

5.6

4.7

4.2

4.8

4.7

4.7

4.9

2.6

5.0

5.2

4.0

3.5

4.4

5.6

15.0

6.8

5.3

6.0

5.7

12.6

14.4

5.2

8.8

9.8

9.5

20.5


15/27

THE

DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION

235

Table

2 (cont.)

Russia

Belarus

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

Moldova

Ukraine

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Kirghizstan

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

Canada

United States

Australia

New

Zealand

Japan

Israel

Birth

rates

1995

9.2

9.8

9.1

8.6

11.1

13.0

9.6

13.0

19.1

9.6

16.7

26.0

28.4

28.1

29.8

12.9

14.8

14.2

16.0

9.6

21.1

1996

8.8

9.3

9.0

7.9

10.5

12.0

9.1

12.8

10.0

12.3

14.8

13.7

15.4

9.7

21.3

1997

8.6

8.8

8.7

7.6

10.2

10.6

11.6

17.3

9.6

14.8

22.0

25.8

12.1

14.5

13.7

15.3

9.6

21.4

1998

8.8

9.1

8.5

7.5

10.0

10.4

15.7

20.3

14.6

13.3

15.3

9.6

21.8

Death

rates

1997

13.7

13.4

12.7

13.6

11.1

10.0

15.0

6.3

6.2

7.0

10.2

7.5

6.0b

5.8

7.2

8.6

7.0

7.3

7.3

6.2

1998

13.6

13.5

13.4

14.0

11.0

6.1

5.9

6.1

8.6

6.8

6.9

7.5

6.2

Infant mortality

1997

17.3

12.6

10.1

15.3

10.3

19.8

14.2

15.4

19.7

16.3

25.3

28.6

42.4

c

23.1

5.5

7.0

5.3

6.5

3.7

6.4

1998

16.4

11.2

9.3

15.0

9.3

17.9

12.9

14.7

33.2

7.0

5.0

5.3

5.8

Notes: a) 1996,

b)

1995,

c)

1994,

d)

1993, e) 1992, f) 1991.

(1) Deaths

under

one

year

per

1,000

live

births.


16/27

236 A. MONNIER

Table 3. -

Totalfertility

(mean number of live births

per

woman)

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Germany western)

Germany

eastern)

Iceland

Ireland

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

England

and Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

Albania

Greece

Italy

Portugal

Spain

Bosnia

and Hercegovina

Croatia

Macedonia

Slovenia

Yugoslavia

1970

2.29

2.25

1.95

1.83

2.47

2.03

1.99

2.19

2.79

3.96

1.97

2.57

2.50

1.92

2.10

2.43

2.40

2.57

3.25

5.16

2.38

2.38

2.71

2.85

2.67

1.94

2.95

2.10

2.27

1975

1.83

1.74

1.92

1.68

1.93

1.48

1.45

1.54

2.65

3.43

1.65

1.66

1.98

1.77

1.61

1.81

1.77

1.90

2.67

2.32

2.17

2.63

2.79

2.35

1.92

2.70

2.17

2.32

1980

1.65

1.68

1.55

1.63

1.94

1.56

1.44

1.94

2.48

3.24

1.49

1.60

1.72

1.68

1.55

1.90

1.88

1.84

2.78

3.62

2.22

1.64

2.20

2.20

1.88

1.92

2.45

2.11

2.27

1985

1.47

1.51

1.45

1.64

1.81

1.37

1.28

1.73

1.93

2.48

1.38

1.51

1.68

1.74

1.52

1.79

1.78

1.70

2.44

3.26

1.67

1.42

1.72

1.64

1.89

1.82

2.31

1.77

2.21

1990

1.45

1.62

1.67

1.78

1.78

1.45

1.45

1.52

2.31

2.15

1.60

1.62

1.93

2.13

1.58

1.83

1.84

1.66

2.26

3.03

1.39

1.33

1.51

1.36

1.70

1.68

2.06

1.58

2.08

1995

1.40

1.57

1.80

1.81

1.70

1.25

1.34

0.84

2.08

1.87

1.68

1.53

1.87

1.73

1.48

1.71

1.71

1.55

1.92

1.32

1.17

1.38

1.18

1.47

1.58

1.97

1.29

1.88

1996

1.42

1.55

1.75

1.76

1.72

1.29

1.39

0.93

2.12

1.91

1.76

1.53

1.89

1.60

1.50

1.72

1.74

1.55

1.96

2.70

1.30

1.21

1.43

1.15

1.67

1.90

1.28

1.83

1997

1.36

1.55

1.75

1.75

1.71

1.37

2.04

1.92

1.71

1.56

1.86

1.52

1.51

1.72

1.58

2.60

1.31

1.22

1.46

1.15

1.69

1.25

1998

1.32

1.53

1.72

1.70

1.75

1.34

2.05

1.94

1.68

1.62

1.81

1.51

1.44

1.72

2.60

1.30

1.19

1.46

1.15

1.23


17/27

THE

DEMOGRAPHIC

SITUATION 237

Table

3 (cont.)

Bulgaria

Czech

Republic

Slovakia

Hungary

Poland

Romania

Russia

Belarus

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

Moldova

Ukraine

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Kirghizstan

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

Canada

United States

Australia

New

Zealand

Japan

Israel

1970

2.17

1.90

2.40

1.97

2.20

2.90

2.00

2.33

2.16

2.01

2.40

2.09

3.17

4.66

2.68

3.35

4.89

5.93

5.97

5.67

2.34

2.48

2.85

3.17

2.13

3.97

1975

2.23

2.40

2.55

2.35

2.23

2.60

1.97

2.20

2.04

1.96

2.20

2.02

2.79

3.96

2.52

3.32

4.80

6.28

5.80

5.70

1.87

1.77

2.14

2.37

1.91

3.67

1980

2.05

2.10

2.32

1.91

2.25

2.43

1.87

2.00

2.02

1.90

2.00

2.39

1.95

2.34

3.32

2.21

2.93

4.13

5.77

5.15

4.90

1.67

1.84

1.89

2.03

1.75

3.14

1985

1.95

1.96

2.25

1.85

2.33

2.31

2.05

2.07

2.12

2.09

2.10

2.75

2.02

2.55

2.90

2.26

3.03

4.14

5.50

4.66

4.64

1.61

1.84

1.89

1.93

1.76

3.12

1990

1.81

1.89

2.09

1.87

2.04

1.83

1.90

1.91

2.05

2.02

2.00

2.39

1.89

2.63

2.74

2.20

2.72

3.69

5.05

4.17

4.07

1.71

2.08

1.91

2.18

1.54

3.02

1995

1.23

1.28

1.52

1.57

1.61

1.34

1.34

1.39

1.32

1.25

1.49

1.76

1.40

1.63

1.64

2.01

1.82

2.04

1.42

2.88

1996

1.24

1.18

1.47

1.46

1.58

1.30

1.28

1.31

1.30

1.16

1.42

1.60

1.38

1.60

2.06

2.04

1.80

1.41

1997

1.09

1.17

1.43

1.38

1.51

1.32

1.23

1.23

1.24

1.11

1.39

1.36

1.45

2.07

2.03

1.77

1.44

1998

1.11

1.16

1.38

1.33

1.44

1.30

1.24

1.27

1.21

1.09

1.45

2.00

Note: This index is calculated by

summing

the age-specific

fertility

rates for each of the years

considered.

If

these rates

were to

hold in

a cohort, their sum would represent

the

completed fertility of

this

cohort.

When calculated

for

a

given

year, the

index

is a

summary

of reproductive behaviour

in

the

35 or so cohorts

of

women of reproductive

age,

and

should

be interpreted with caution:

rises

and

falls

in the index

may

be

merely transitional

and have little impact on the completed

fertility

of the cohorts

concerned; however, when such

movements persist, it

is likely that

they

will

affect

completed fertility.

It is always

difficult

to discern whether the

value of

this index

at

a given time is the result

of

temporary

factors

or an indication of more

permanent changes

that affect the

cohorts.

For the republics of ex-USSR, until 1987, the annual

rates

are the average of years t and t

+ 1,

except

for

1970

average

of

the

years 1969 and

1970).


18/27

238

A.

MONNIER

Table 4.

- Total first marriage rate (mean number of hrst marriages

per

1

,000 persons

of each sex)

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Germany western)

Germany eastern)

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

Switzerland

England

and

Wales

Albania

Greece

Italy

Portugal

Spain

Croatia

Slovenia

Yugoslavia

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

1970

853

913

966

982

752

815

896

938

915

919

919

976

895

972

1010

983

870

870

1015

1065

922

955

585

626

833

872

1007

1037

832

746

1080

1056

1 017

1009

1350

1

147

1029

993

866

958

916

1975

732

751

854

888

621

667

638

702

822

858

771

803

734

767

883

922

852

799

770

830

755

794

567

630

630

654

840

873

940

772

1 180

1

158

911

945

1485

1342

1065

1047

821

990

806

1980

690

674

746

771

491

533

608

671

689

706

675

691

645

658

787

814

653

661

648

677

615

651

487

525

646

662

755

759

850

787

848

875

787

779

910

874

788

764

793

791

821

1985

592

598

620

651

538

572

552

584

531

540

608

625

585

598

701

738

545

566

554

573

532

568

493

529

645

668

649

655

844

823

889

874

693

673

787

794

644

643

771

647

800

1990

540

578

671

721

562

596

531

581

550

563

593

640

601

643

598

637

595

653

620

658

521

551

522

553

699

744

594

619

724

724

680

691

872

876

673

687

700

510

777

1995

498

554

522

570

621

658

523

568

480

493

497

568

533

603

330

403

500

560

505

547

500

540

418

442

581

636

494

536

730

758

620

752

761

570

589

628

510

680

1996

560

560

647

707

580

520

541

500

575

537

610

330

409

580

550

550

440

585

640

550

716

731

710

465

630

1997

550

560

530

553

530

550

560

620

740

770

690

460


19/27

THE

DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION

239

Table 4 (cont.)

Bulgaria

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Hungary

Poland

Romania

Russia

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

Moldova

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

1970

963

977

898

920

952

868

988

966

1002

923

892

841

1 138

1061

1042

1

138

1975

959

1001

924

1000

938

937

943

999

915

936

991

998

1036

1032

944

1 031

1011

1980

924

978

795

906

806

875

767

986

838

903

908

1030

916

959

939

965

940

1 108

1985

849

906

881

920

839

909

798

858

790

878

864

846

883

967

883

931

977

1061

1990

851

866

1004

1029

928

969

770

771

858

904

914

953

1

003

788

935

1061

1 193

1995

545

556

521

516

540

572

555

666

676

730

728

729

750

453

467

674

885

1996

540

490

514

512

640

710

581

598

351

407

622

620

1997

520

530

480

610

690

360

400

580

Note: The index is obtained by summing the age-specific first marriage rates ratio

of

first marriages

for

a

given sex

and age to the total

number

of

persons

of that

sex

and age),

below

the age of

50, for

each

of

the years

considered.

If these rates were observed in

a

cohort, the

sum

would

represent

the

frequency

of first marriages in this

cohort.

When calculated for a given

year,

the index is a

summary

of

nuptiality

behaviour

of

members

of

different

cohorts

who contract a

first

marriage before

the

age

of

50,

and should be

interpreted

with

caution,

because of the

difficulty

of

determining what

is

due

to

temporary conditions and what reflects underlying deeper changes in

nuptiality. Because of

the method

of calculation, the

index may

exceed unity

1

,000

per

1 ,000), which would be

absurd

for a cohort there

cannot

be more than one first marriage per

person). An

index

which

exceeds unity

indicates

that people

had married

at

younger ages during the year considered.


20/27

240

A.

MONNIER

Table 4a.

-

Extra-marital births (per

100 live

births)

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Germany western)

Germany

eastern)

Iceland

Ireland

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

England and Wales

Scotland

Northern

Ireland

Greece

Italy

Portugal

Spain

Bosnia

and Hercegovina

Croatia

Macedonia

Slovenia

Bulgaria

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Hungary

Poland

Romania

1970

12.8

2.8

11.0

5.8

6.8

7.2

5.5

13.3

29.9

2.7

4.0

2.1

6.9

18.4

3.8

8.0

8.3

7.7

3.8

1.1

2.2

7.2

1.3

5.3

5.4

6.2

8.5

9.3

5.4

6.2

5.4

5.0

3.5

1975

13.5

3.1

21.7

10.1

8.5

8.5

6.1

16.1

33.0

3.7

4.2

2.2

10.3

32.4

3.7

9.0

9.1

9.3

5.1

1.3

2.9

7.2

2.0

5.6

4.9

6.6

9.8

9.3

4.5

5.3

5.6

4.7

3.5

1980

17.8

4.1

33.2

13.1

11.4

11.9

7.6

22.8

39.7

5.0

6.0

4.1

14.5

39.7

4.7

11.5

11.8

11.1

6.1

1.5

4.3

9.2

3.9

5.4

5.1

6.1

13.1

10.9

5.6

5.7

7.1

4.7

2.8

1985

22.4

7.1

43.0

16.4

19.6

16.2

9.4

33.8

48.0

8.5

8.7

8.3

25.8

46.4

5.6

18.9

19.2

18.5

11.6

1.8

5.4

12.3

8.0

6.0

5.9

6.6

19.1

11.7

7.3

5.7

9.2

5.0

3.7

1990

23.6

11.6

46.4

25.2

30.1

15.3

10.5

35.0

55.2

14.6

12.9

11.4

38.6

47.0

6.1

27.9

28.3

27.1

18.8

2.2

6.5

14.7

9.6

7.4

7.0

7.1

24.5

12.4

8.6

7.6

13.1

6.2

4.0

1995

27.4

13.1

46.5

33.1

37.6

16.1

12.9

41.8

61.2

22.2

13.1

15.5

47.6

53.0

6.8

33.6

33.9

33.7

23.1

3.0

8.1

18.7

10.8

7.6

8.2

29.8

25.7

15.6

12.6

20.7

9.5

19.7

1996

28.0

15.0

46.3

35.3

38.9

60.7

24.8

48.3

53.9

7.3

35.5

3.3

8.3

18.7

11.7

7.1

8.3

31.8

28.2

16.9

14.1

22.6

10.2

20.7

1997

28.8

16.8

36.5

65.2

26.6

16.8

19.2

48.7

54.1

8.1

36.7

3.5

8.9

19.6

7.3

8.9

32.7

30.1

17.8

15.1

25.0

11.0

22.2


21/27

THE

DEMOGRAPHIC

SITUATION 241

Table

4a (cont.)

Russia

Belarus

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

Moldova

Ukraine

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Kirghizstan

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

Canada

United States

Australia

New

Zealand

Japan

Israel

1970

10.6

7.3

14.1

11.4

3.7

9.2

1.8

3.4

9.6

10.7

8.3

13.9(1)

0.9

0.7

1975

10.7

7.4

15.6

6.2

8.1

8.8

2.8

5.2

0.2

7.3

9.1

4.8

3.8

10.0

14.2

10.2

16.6

0.8

0.8

1980

10.8

6.4

18.3

12.5

4.6

7.4

8.8

4.3

3.0

4.7

10.3

11.0

7.3

2.9

4.0

13.0

18.4

12.4

21.5

0.8

1.0

1985

12.0

7.1

20.7

14.4

7.0

8.8

8.3

6.5

2.6

10.5

10.1

9.9

4.8

3.8

3.3

17.9

22.0

15.8

24.9

1.0

1.1

1990

14.6

8.5

27.1

16.9

7.0

11.0

11.2

5.2

2.6

18.2

13.2

12.0

6.9

4.4

4.4

25.5

28.0

21.9

34.0

1.1

1.6

1995

21.1

13.5

44.1

29.9

12.6

13.3

9.3

32.2

32.2

23.0

40.7

1996

23.0

14.9

48.1

33.1

14.3

14.6

10.7

32.3

1997

25.3

16.2

51.6

34.8

16.6

17.3

7.3

33.4

32.4

Note:

The

proportion

of

extra-marital

births

is

the

proportion

of births to

unmarried mothers among

all

births.

(1)

New Zealand:

1971.


22/27

242

A. MONNIER

Table

5. - Totaldivorce

rate

(per 100

marriages)

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Germany western)

Germany

eastern)

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

Switzerland

England

and

Wales

Albania

Greece

Italy

Portugal

Spain

Bulgaria

Czech

Republic

Slovakia

Hungary

Poland

Romania

Russia

United States

1970

18.2

9.6

25.1

17.1

12.0

15.9

20.7

9.7

11.0

13.4

23.4

15.5

16.2

12.0

5.0

5.0

1.0

14.3

26.2

10.7

25.2

14.2

4.6

33.7

42.3

1975

19.7

16.1

36.7

25.8

15.6

22.4

30.3

10.5

20.0

20.7

49.9

20.9

32.2

11.8

5.0

3.1

8.0

15.5

30.0

17.9

27.8

15.1

21.1

37.9

54.8

1980

26.2

20.8

39.3

27.3

22.3

21.5

32.0

27.0

25.7

25.1

42.2

27.3

39.3

11.1

10.8

3.2

11.0

18.3

30.8

17.6

29.2

13.9

19.6

42.4

58.9

1985

30.8

27.8

45.2

28.0

30.4

30.2

38.3

29.0

34.4

32.6

45.5

28.7

43.8

10.9

11.5

4.1

11.0

6.0

20.7

35.9

20.2

33.0

16.7

19.0

40.7

54.8

1990

32.8

31.9

42.8

42.7

32.1

27.4

29.2

22.9

36.0

29.1

42.9

44.1

33.0

42.5

12.0

8.0

11.9

8.0

17.0

37.9

22.9

30.9

15.0

19.0

40.0

1995

38.3

58.1

40.9

49.0

39.0

30.9

34.1

19.3

33.0

32.0

46.0

53.9

38.0

46.0

15.0

8.0

16.3

12.0

18.3

38.9

34.6

14.5

20.0

50.3

1996

38.0

41.0

48.0

37.0

33.0

44.0

48.0

14.0

10.0

42.0

32.0

15.0

20.0

1997

39.0

48.0

38.6

41.0

15.0

41.0

16.0

21.0

Note: The index

is obtained by summing

duration-specific

divorce

rates ratio

of divorces

at

different

marriage durations

to

the initial size

of

the marriage cohorts which have reached these

durations),

for

each of the years considered. If the rates

were

those observed in a marriage cohort,

their

sum would

represent

the frequency

of divorces

in

this

cohort.

When calculated

for

a

given

year, this sum

is.

like

the corresponding nuptiality measure, and for the

same reasons,

difficult

to interpret.


23/27

THE

DEMOGRAPHIC

SITUATION 243

Table 6.

-

Legal abortions (numbers)

Austria

Denmark

Finland

France l)

Germany

Germany

western)

Germany

eastern)

Iceland

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

United

Kingdom 2)

England

and

Wales 2)

Albania

Greece

Italy

Spain

Bosnia and

Hercegovina

Croatia

Macedonia

Slovenia

Yugoslavia

Bulgaria

Czech

Republic

Slovakia

Hungary

Poland

Romania

Russia

Belarus

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

Moldova

Ukraine

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Canada

United States

New Zealand

Japan

Israel

1970

15613

9375

14757

99

7941

16100

91819

75962

36975

15074

142511

71893

27873

192283

148219

292410

4086700

187935

40663

45300

86093

1130115

58574

46348

11152

399000

732000

1975

26433

27884

21547

33454

88756

274

15500

15132

32526

147029

106224

11422

61

39895

17645

143450

55511

26160

96212

138634

359417

4046040

194710

38927

45600

93394

1110223

45480

54581

81785

53705

1034000

672000

1980

23394

23334

15037

171218

179805

87702

92103

523

19700

13531

34887

168808

128927

15912

117

207644

47827

26726

156056

68930

31240

80882

137950

413093

3960049

201832

35497

45200

96283

1137391

32604

58012

85285

72099

1554000

5945

598100

14708

1985

17907

19919

13833

173335

173782

83538

90254

705

17300

14599

30838

181062

141101

20489

180

210192

58973

51549

29865

17960

222573

132269

83042

36283

81970

135564

302838

3740096

200888

35652

41968

102661

1135475

33896

53197

66607

69216

1589000

7130

550127

18406

1990

20589

12232

170428

145257

78808

66459

714

18384

15551

37489

197131

173900

26112

10145

161386

37231

38646

21994

14731

195694

144644

107130

48437

90394

59417

992265

3593291

114292

29410

48995

27504

81931

1019038

25282

24611

56862

92901

1609000

11173

456797

16446

1995

17720

9884

156181

97937

73798

24139

807

20932

13762

31441

174781

154315

32588

136817

49367

14282

15805

10791

97092

48286

29409

76957

559

502840

2442074

81405

20518

25933

31278

57181

740000

30726

1363700

13652

16244

1996

10437

162792

130899

101383

29516

22441

14311

32117

189468

167916

138925

51002

12339

14164

10218

98566

46506

25173

76600

491

456221

19464

24227

27832

46010

31323

1365700

1997

31300

128537

9709

43261

22318

74564

3171

347126

19157

21768

22680

37137

1)

The

figure for

1975

concerns only the

last five months.

2) Residents.


24/27

244 A. MONNIER

Table

6a. - Legal abortions (per 100 live births)

Austria

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Germany

western)

Germany eastern)

Iceland

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

United Kingdom

England

and

Wales

Albania

Greece

Italy

Spain

Bosnia and

Hercegovina

Croatia

Macedonia

Slovenia

Yugoslavia

Bulgaria

Czech

Republic

Slovakia

Hungary

Poland

Romania

Russia

Belarus

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

Moldova

Ukraine

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Canada

United States

New

Zealand

Japan

Israel

1970

13.9

13.2

22.9

2.5

6.9

12.3

14.6

10.2

9.7

60.5

39.8

102.7

48.6

34.6

126.7

27.1

68.5

214.7

128.1

188.7

81.6

123.4

157.1

38.8

51.4

3.0

10.7

37.8

1975

28.2

38.7

32.8

4.5

48.8

6.3

8.7

26.9

31.4

21.1

17.6

16.2

59.5

44.6

99.2

28.9

26.8

49.5

21.4

85.9

192.1

132.9

182.2

88.1

118.0

150.3

72.3

38.5

91.2

14.9

32.9

35.3

1980

25.7

40.7

23.8

21.4

20.8

14.1

37.6

11.6

10.9

26.5

35.9

22.4

19.6

22.5

0.1

32.4

70.1

67.2

121.7

44.8

32.8

54.4

19.8

103.6

179.8

130.7

159.9

87.3

121.0

153.2

46.4

37.4

95.3

19.4

43.0

11.8

37.9

15.6

1985

20.5

37.1

22.0

22.6

21.4

14.3

39.6

18.3

9.7

28.6

31.3

24.1

21.5

26.4

0.2

36.4

81.1

82.3

77.1

69.3

133.6

111.2

61.1

40.2

63.0

19.9

84.4

157.5

121.7

150.9

71.8

113.5

148.9

42.2

29.9

68.1

18.4

42.3

13.8

38.4

18.5

1990

32.5

18.7

22.4

16.0

10.8

37.2

15.0

9.3

25.5

30.2

24.7

24.6

31.8

9.9

28.4

9.3

69.7

62.1

65.9

126.2

137.5

82.1

60.6

71.9

10.8

315.3

180.7

80.4

131.8

129.2

48.4

106.3

155.1

31.6

13.4

61.3

22.9

38.7

18.6

37.4

15.9

1995

25.4

15.7

21.4

12.8

10.8

28.8

18.9

11.0

22.8

30.4

23.9

23.8

45.9

26.0

13.6

28.5

49.2

56.9

134.9

50.2

47.9

68.7

0.1

212.5

179.1

80.5

151.3

120.1

75.9

101.4

62.8

35.0

23.6

13.9

1996

17.2

16.4

14.4

31.6

11.8

23.5

33.7

25.8

25.9

26.4

14.2

22.9

45.1

54.4

136.5

51.4

41.9

72.8

0.1

197.2

146.4

122.5

71.2

88.7

65.1

34.9

1997

34.6

24.3

53.4

47.7

37.8

74.3

0.8

146.5

151.7

115.6

60.0

81.5


25/27

THE

DEMOGRAPHIC

SITUATION

245

Table

7.

-

Life

expectancy at birth

Austria

Belgium

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Germany

western)

Germany eastern)

Iceland

Ireland

Luxembourg

Netherlands

Norway

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

England

and

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

Albania

Greece

Italy

Portugal

Spain

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

1980

69.0A

76.1

A

70.0A

76.8A

71.2A

77.3A

69.2A

77.6A

70. 2A

78.4A

69.9T

76.6T

68.7A

74.6A

73.3B

79.7B

70.0A

75.2A

72.5A

79.2A

72.3B

79.0B

73.8A

79.7A

72.4B

79.0B

70.5A

76.6A

70.8T

76.9T

68.7A

75.1A

68.8T

75.1T

67.0B

72.3B

72.2A

76.8A

70.6A

77.4A

67.7A

75.2A

72.5A

78.6A

1985

70.4A

77.4A

71.6B

77.5B

70.1

A

78.5A

71.3A

79.4A

72.0A

78.4A

71.5T

78.1T

69.5A

75.4A

73.1A

19.1k

72.8B

79.5B

74.8A

80.4A

73.5B

80.0B

71.7A

77.4A

71.9T

11.11

70.0A

75.8A

70.3T

76.5T

68.7B

74.4B

72.6A

77.6A

73.3A

19.1k

1990

72.5A

79.0A

12.1k

19.4k

72.0B

77.7B

70.9A

78.9A

72.8A

81.0A

72.0A

78.4A

70.0B

76.2B

75.4A

80.5A

72.1A

75.6A

72.3A

78.5A

73.8A

80.1 A

73.4A

79.9A

74.8A

80.4A

74.0B

8O.8B

12.9k

78.5A

73.2T

78.7T

71. 1A

16.9k

71. 8T

77.6T

69.3B

75.

4B

74.6A

79.5A

73.6A

80.2A

70.4A

77.4A

73.4A

80.5A

1994

73.3A

19.1k

13.4k

80.1A

72.5B

77.8B

72.8A

80.2A

13.1k

81. 8A

73.0T

79.5T

73.5T

79.8T

70.7T

78.2T

77.1A

8 1.2 A

73.2A

78.0A

73.2A

19.1k

14.6k

8O.3A

74.9A

80.6A

76.1A

81.4A

75. IB

81.6B

74.2A

79.4A

74. IT

79.4T

71.9T

77.4T

72.9T

78.4T

75.2A

80.2A

74.7A

81.2A

71.6A

78.6A

74.2A

81.4A

1995

73.6A

80.1

A

73.4A

80.2A

72.6B

77.8B

72.8A

80.2A

73.9A

8 1.9 A

73.3T

79.7T

73.8T

80.0T

71.2T

78.6T

75.9A

80.0A

73.0A

78.6A

73.0A

80.2A

74.6A

80.4A

74.8A

8O.8A

76.2A

81.5A

75.3B

81.7B

74.0A

79.2A

74.4T

79.6T

72.1A

11.6k

73.3T

78.7T

75.0A

80.3A

74.9A

81.4A

71. ЗА

78.6A

74.3A

81.5A

1996

72.9B

78.0B

74.2A

82.0A

73.5T

79.6T

75.4A

81. 1A

76.5A

81.5A

75.7B

81.9B

74.3A

79.5A

72.0A

11.1k

75.1A

80.3A

71. 3B

78.6B

1997

74.3A

80.6A

73.4A

8O.5A

74.6A

82.3A

76.4B

81.3B

75.5A

81.0A

76.2B

82.3B

72.6A

78.0A

74.4A

81.5A


26/27

246 A. MONNIER

Table

7

(cont.)

Bosnia

and

Hercegovina

Croatia

Macedonia

Slovenia

Yugoslavia

Bulgaria

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Hungary

Poland

Romania

Russia

Belarus

Estonia

Latvia

Lithuania

Moldova

Ukraine

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Kirghizstan

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

1980

67.7B

72.6B

66.9B

74.2B

68.

4B

71.8B

67.3B

75. IB

66.8A

73.9A

66.8A

74.0A

65.5A

72.7A

66.0A

74.4A

66.5T

71.8T

61.5B

73.0B

65.9B

75.6B

64.2B

74.2B

63.6B

74.2B

65.5B

75.4B

62.4B

68.8B

64.6B

74.0B

69.5B

75.7B

64.2B

71.8B

67.1B

74.8B

61.6B

71.9B

61. IB

70.

IB

63.7B

68.6B

61.

IB

67.8B

64.0B

70.7B

1985

68.3B

73.6B

67.0B

74.8B

68.7B

72.8B

67.4B

75.5B

68.2A

73.0A

68.2T

74.4T

65. 1A

73. 1A

66.5A

74.8A

66.8T

72.8T

62.3B

73.3B

67.4B

77.2B

64.6B

74.4B

65.5B

74.5B

65.5B

75.4B

64.8B

74.0B

69.8B

75.7B

65.3B

73.

IB

67.5B

75.2B

62.6B

72.5B

62.5B

70.

2B

66. 3B

70. 8B

61.

IB

68.1B

64.3B

70. 8B

1990

69 .4B

77.3B

69.0A

74.4A

68.0T

74.7T

67.5A

76.0A

66.6A

75.4A

65.1 A

73.7A

66.3A

75.4A

66.6T

73.1T

63.8A

74.3A

66.3A

75.6A

64.6A

74.6A

64.2A

74.6A

66.6A

76.2A

65. 6A

74.9A

67.4A

73.3A

67.0A

74.8A

68.7A

76.1A

63.8A

73.1A

64.2A

72.6A

66.8A

71.9A

62.9A

69.7A

66.1

A

72.4A

1994

69.6A

74.5A

67.3A

74.9A

69.5A

76.6A

64. 8A

74.2A

67.2A

75.9A

65.7T

73.4T

57.3A

71. 1A

63.5A

74.3A

61.

1A

73. 1A

60.7A

72.9A

62.8A

74.9A

62.8A

73.2A

1995

69.9A

74.7A

70.0A

76.9A

65.3A

74.5A

67.6A

76.4A

65.7A

73.4A

58.3A

7 1.7 A

62.9A

74.3A

61.

7A

74.3A

63.6A

75.2A

1996

69.9A

74.6A

67.2T

74.4T

70.4A

77.3A

68.8A

76.7A

66.1

A

74.7A

68.1A

76.6A

59.7A

72.5A

63.0A

74.3A

69.3A

76.2A

1997

7

LOB

78.6B

70.5A

77.5A

68.5A

77.0A

60.9A

72.9A

62.9A

74.3A

64.7A

76.0A

64.2A

75.9A

65.9A

76.8A

62.9A

70.4A


27/27

THE

DEMOGRAPHIC

SITUATION 247

Table 7 (cont.)

Canada

United States

Australia

New Zealand(l)

Japan 2)

Israel

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

1980

71.9T

79.0T

70.0A

77.4A

71.0A

78.1 A

70.4T

76.4T

73.4A

78.7A

72.1A

75.7A

1985

73.0T

79.8T

71. 1A

78.2A

72.4A

78.8A

71. IT

77.1T

74.8A

8O.5A

73.5A

77.0A

1990

74.0A

80.6A

71.8A

78.8A

73.9A

80.1 A

72.9T

78.7T

75.9A

81.8A

74.9A

78.4A

1994

75. IT

81.2T

72.4A

79.0A

75.2T

81. IT

73.7T

79. IT

76.6A

83.0A

75.5A

79.4A

1995

72.5A

78.9A

1996

73.1A

79.1A

1997

73.6A

79.2A

Note: The letters which

follow

the figures specify the period concerned by the life table:

A: Single-year life table; B: Two-year life

table,

attributed to the

second

year; T: Three-year life

table,

attributed to the

second

year.

(1) New Zealand: 1981, 1986, 1991.

(2) TheJapanese

life

tables, established from

1

April to 31 March of the following

year,

centre on

1

October.

the demographic situation of europe and the developed countries overseas

Documents