The Deep Proterozoic Crust in the North Atlantic Provinces

NATO ASI Series Advanced Science Institutes Series

A series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee, which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge, with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.

The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division

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C Mathematical D. Reidel Publishing Company and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and Lancaster

D Behavioural and Social Sciences Martinus Nijhoff Publishers E Engineering and The Hague, Boston and Lancaster

Materials Sciences

F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York and Tokyo

Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences Vol. 158

The Deep Proterozoic Crust in the North Atlantic Provinces

edited by

AlexC.Tobi Earth Science Institute, State University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

and

Jacques L. R. Touret Earth Science Institute, The Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

D. Reidel Publishing Company

Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster

Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on The Deep Proterozoic Crust in the North Atlantic Provinces Moi, Norway 16-30 July, 1984

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Deep Proterozoic crust in the North Atlantic provinces.

(NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathematical and physical sciences; vol. 158) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Deep Proterozoic Crust in

the North Atlantic Provinces, Moi, Norway, 16-30 July, 1984"-T.p. verso. Includes index. 1. Geology, Stratigraphic-Pre-Cambrian-Congresses. 2. Geology-North Atlantic

Ocean Region-Congresses. 3. Earth-Crust-Congresses. I. Tobi, Alex C., 1924-II. Touret, Jacques L. R., 1936- III. NATO Advanced Study Institute on the Deep Proterozoic Crust in the North Atlantic Provinces (1984: Moi, Norway) IV. Series. QE653.D44 1985 551.7'15 85-14484

ISBN-13: 978-94-010-8907-4 001: 10.1007/978-94-009-5450-2

e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-5450-2

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All Rights Reserved © 1985 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1985

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface Acknowledgements

THE DEEP PROTEROZOIC CRUST IN THE NORTH-ATLANTIC PROVINCES

I. Opening address Knut S. Heier (*)

ix xii

2. Precambrian geodynamical constraints 3 Nico J. Vlaar (*)

3. Seismic reflection results from Precambrian Crust 21 Scott B. Smithson3 William R. Pierson3

Sharon L. Wilson and Roy A. Johnson

4. Proterozoic anorthosite massifs 39 Ron F. Emslie (*)

5. Sm-Nd isotopic studies of Proterozoic anorthosites: systematics and implications 61

Lewis D. Ashwal and Joseph L. Wooden

6. Temperature, pressure and metamorphic fluid regimes in the amphibolite facies to granulite facies transition zones

Robert C. Newton (*) 75

7. Fluid enhanced mass transport in deep crust and its influence on element abundances and isotope systems IDS

William E. Glassley and David Bridgwater

8. C-O-H fluid calculations and granulite genesis 119 William M. Lamb and John W. Valley

THE PROTEROZOIC PROVINCES IN NORTH AMERICA AND GREENLAND

9. Tectonic framework of the Grenville Province in Ontario and western Quebec, Canada

Antony Davidson (*) 133

vi T ABLE OF CONTENTS

10. A 1650 Ma orogenic belt within the Grenville Province of northeastern Canada lSI

Andre Thomas, Gerald A.G. Nunn and Riohard J. Wardle

II. A reassessment of the Grenvillian Orogeny in western Labrador 163

Toby Rivers and Gerald A.G. Nunn

12. Geological evolution of the Adirondack mountains: A review 175

John M. MoLelland and Yngwar W. Isachsen (*)

13. Polymetamorphism in the Adirondacks: wollastonite at contacts of shallowly intruded anorthosite 217

John W. VaHey

14. Pb-isotopic studies of Proterozoic igneous rocks, West Greenland, with implications on the evolution of the Greenland shield 237

Feiko Kalsbeek and Paul N. Taylor

IS. Correlations between the Grenville Province.and Sveconorwegian orogenic belt - implications for Pro­terozoic evolution of the southern margins of the Canadian and Baltic Shields 247

Charles F. Gower

THE PROTEROZOIC PROVINCES IN SOUTH SCANDINAVIA: GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AND STRUCTURE

16. The evolution of the South Norwegian Proterozoic as revealed by the major and mega-tectonics of the Kongsberg and Bamble sectors 259

Ian C. Starmer

17. Tectonic environment and age relationships of the Telemark Supracrustals, southern Norway 291

Tom S. Brewer and Dennis Field

18. Geotectonic evolution of southern Scandinavia in light of a late-Proterozoic plate-collision 309

Torgeir Falkum (*)

19. The Mandal-Ustaoset line, a newly discovered major fault zone in South Norway 323

EllenM.O. Sigmond (*)

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

20. Terrane displacement and Sveconorvegian rotation of the Baltic shield: A working hypothesis 333

Tore Torske

21. Proterozoic development of Bohuslan, south-western Sweden 345

Lennart Samuelsson and Karl Inge ~hall

22. Late Presveconorwegian magmatism in the Ostfold-Marstrand Belt, Bohuslan, SW Sweden 359

Karl Inge ~hall and John S. Daly

23. The West Uusimaa complex, Finland: an early Proterozoi.c thermal dome 369

Laszlo Westra and Jan Sahreurs

THE PROTEROZOIC PROVINCES IN SOUTH SCANDINAVIA: GEOCHRONOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY

24. Geochronological framework for the Late-Proterozoic evolution of the Baltic Shield in South Scandinavia 381

Rob H. Versahure (*)

25. Isotope geochronology of the Proterozoic crustal segment of southern Norway: A review 411

Daniel Demaiffe (*) and Jean Miahot (*)

26. Neodymium isotope evidence for the age and origin of the Proterozoic of Telemark, South Norway 435

Julian F. Menuge

27. The Rogaland anorthosites: facts and speculations 449 Jean-Claude Duahesne (*), Robert Maquil and Daniel Demaiffe (*)

28. Metamorphic zoning in the high-grade Proterozoic of Rogaland-Vest Agder, SW Norway 477

Alex C. Tobi (*), Cd A.E.M. Hermans, Comelis Maijer and J. Ben H. Jansen (*)

29. Geothermometry and geobarometry in Rogaland and preliminary results from the Bamble area, South Norway 499

J. Ben H. Jansen (*), Rob J.P. Blok, Ariejan Bos and Mies Saheelings

30. Fluid regime in southern Norway: The record of fluid inclusions 517

Jaaques L.R. Touret (*)

viii T ABLE OF CONTENTS

31. Geochemical constraints on the evolution of the Proterozoic continental crust in southern Norway (Telemark Sector) 551

P. Cpaig Smattey and Dennis Fietd

32. Geochemical evolution of the 1.6 - 1.5 Ga-old amphibolite-granulite facies terrain, Bamble Sector, Norway: dispelling the myth of Grenvillian high-grade reworking 567

Dennis Fietd, P. Cmig SmaUey, R.C. Larrib and Arne Rflheim

33. A preliminary study of REE elements and fluid in­clusions in the Homme granite, Flekkefjord, South Norway 579

Topgeir Fatkum (*), Jens Konnerup-Madsen and John Rose-Hansen

SUBJECT INDEX 585

(*) Invited Speaker, NATO ASI.

PREFACE

The Proterozoic terrains of South Scandinavia and the Grenville

Province in North-America have many common features : Regional high­

grade metamorphism (Granulite-facies), anorthosites, etc. They are

separated by the Caledonian orogeny and, above all, by the Atlantic

Ocean. During the time of the great continental drift controversy, few

people were ready to admit that both sides on the Atlantic were once

an unique province. Now everybody agrees on the Post-paleozoic age of the

Atlantic and, consequently, on the intrinsic homogeneity of the much

older. rocks which occur around it. But a detailed comparison is not

easy. The Grenville Province is much larger than South Scandinavia, both

regions have been investigated by a great number of different schools,

using various methods, approaches and concepts. After several attempts,

and long discussion, it was felt by a small group of individuals,

that literature study would not be enough and that nothing could re­

place the direct contact, in the field, of specialists who had a first­

hand knowledge of all involved regions. The formula of a NATO Advanced

Study Institute, which gives a unique opportunity to meet and mix people

of various origin and levels, came almost by itself.

Much work was needed, much help has been obtained, as detailed in the

"Acknowledgements". We present here the results of the lectures given

during the Institute, not only by invited speakers, but also by parti­

cipants who wanted to contribute and whose presentation was retained

by the organizing committee. We were extremely surprised by the number

and quality of these contributions and by the desire of all authors

to cope with the rather complicated rules of manuscript presentation.

This enforces us in the idea that the scope of the Institute was

well founded and that it did correspond to a real demand from the

geological community.

For the beauty and exceptional character of many minerals and rocks, ix

x PREFACE

South Scandinavia - and especially Southern Norway - has played a key

role in the development of earth sciences : Kongsberg native silvers

were king presents at the time of Enlightment and names like T. Scheerer,

W.C. Bragger, A. Lacroix (to cite a few among a long list) have given

an international reputation to the region. Before 1960, many minerals

and rocks were first identified and named from localities in S. Norway,

e.g., norite by Esmark (1838). Famous were, among others, C.F. Kolderup,

later followed by P. Michot, for their study of the anorthosites of SW

Norway, and J.A.W. Bugge for his studies on the Arendal region.

In 1960, the Baltic countries presented a synthesis of their know­

ledge in reports, geological maps and excursion guides on the occasion

of the 21st International Congress in Copenhagen. Among the scientists

involved T.F.W. Barth, one of the first to write a book on "Theoretical

Petrology", deserves special mention. He contributed in many fields and,

as far as we know, was the first to organize a Nato Advanced Study

Institute in the earth sciences (Oslo 1962, first meeting on feldspars) .

Under his guidance, the Mineralogical-Geological Museum in Oslo be­

came during the sixties an unique meeting place for young geologists

from allover the world; several participants to this meeting, notably

two organizers (T. Falkum and J. Touret), were his direct students and

he suggested several of the research topics reported in the present

volume.

Soon after 1960 tools became available to start four-dimensional

modelling of the evolution during the Precambrian and to interpret the

significant resemblances which had been known for a long time between

the Grenville and South Scandinavia : refinement of geochronology, geo­

thermometry and geobarometry, fractionation sequences of magmatic

rocks, distribution of trace elements, and last but not least plate

tectonics. These then are among the topics extensively treated in this

volume. The emphasis is on South Scandinavia: the assembled reports

give a fair impression of the work now being done. During the Institute

the lectures were supplemented by a "lO-day excursion, during which much

of the discussions took place. After its publication in the series of

the Norwegian Geological Survey (NGU) the excursion guide may serve as

PREFACE

a companion to this volume; in a preliminary form it was presented to

the participants of the Institute.

Papers with a more general bearing, and from other regions, notably

from the Grenville Province, contributed significantly to the aim of

comparing the various "North-Atlantic" terrains.

xi

The editors modestly state that the moment to organize this Institute

appears to be well-chosen. The subject fits in the Lithosphere Program

which has just started, and the excursion section almost coincides with

one of the planned E-W traverses of the European Geotraverse. The new

edition of the geological map 1:1.000.000 of Norway and the first edition

of the MandaI sheet 1:250.000 have just been published, and the Arendal

sheet will follow soon.

We think most participants enjoyed the contacts the Institute pro­

vided. Of course the comparison could not be completed. Only few authors

adapted their text after the discussions, so many conclusions remain

for the readers to draw.

There are a few obvious points of disagreement (e.g. the age of

metamorphic events in South-Eastern Norway). Each author has been

completely free to express his own opinion, under his own responsi­

bility, and we feel that the variety of interpretation reflects the

never ending interest of the region : much remains to be done and the

present volume is less a definite conclusion than an introduction for

further work. Some participants have commented that the much greater

size of the Grenville Province (including Labrador) often called for

a different approach. They will have much to show us! It was tentati­

vely suggested during the Institute that a second meeting should be

planned in North America in about four years from now. OUr under­

standing of Proterozoic evolution rapidly increases : no,doubt a more

coherent picture of the North-Atlantic provinces will result next

time !

The Editors

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First, the editors wish to express their gratitude to the other

members of the organizing committee, whitout whose help this Institute

would never have taken place. Members were:

Jacques Touret, Amsterdam (director, editor)

Alex C. Tobi, Utrecht (treasurer, editor)

Cornel is (Cees) Maijer, Utrecht (editor excursion guide)

Rob H. Verschure, Amsterdam (secretary)

Ellen Sigmond, Trondheim (representative NGU)

R. Keith O'Nions, Cambridge

Jean-Clair Duchesne, Liege

Torgeir Falkum, Aarhus

Jacques Martignole, Montreal

The acknowledgements to follow are also made on their behalf.

With the aim of the Institute in mind, we are grateful for the response

the aim of the Institute in mind, we are grateful for the response

obtained from the USA and Canada. In general, we thank all participants

for their vived interest and their significant contributions.

Thanks are due to the NATO Scientific Affairs Division for allotting

two grants. The first was obtained by H.R. Wynne-Edwards to explore the

comparison of the North-Atlantic provinces. J. Touret and T. Torske bene­

fited from this grant by joining him in the field. The second is that

which led to this Institute. We have greatly appreciated the smooth and

efficient engineering of the granting procedure.

Much additional research was needed to complete the excursion program

and to fill gaps in the lecture and poster data.

Besides constant help and support from Dutch Universities (Rijks­

universiteit Utrecht and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) and from

A.W.O.N. (Earth Sciences Research in the Netherlands, a subdivision

of the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure

xii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Research (ZWO)), these activities were made possible by substantial

grants from the Dr. H.M.E. Schurmann Foundation, which are here grate­

fully acknowledged.

xiii

N.G.U. kindly paid for one of the touring cars, was helpful in

getting permission to enter private grounds, and provided geological

maps for each of the participants. Torgeir Falkum and Ellen Sigmond

kept the cost of lodging at a reasonable level, so that all partici­

pants can receive a free copy of this volume. 'We thank the municipality

of Arendal for a memorable reception and the Lundheim folkeh¢gskole

in Moi, the Ph¢nix Hotell in Arendal and the Farsund Fjell Hotell for

their splendid hospitality. We thank Thor for remaining at sufficient

distance to allow for a sun-bathed excursion most of the time, and

the bus drivers of Lillesand & Topdalens Bilruter A.S. Kristiansand

for their punctual and friendly service. The student-assistants are

thanked for their indispensable services (including the 'dispensary'

of beer!). Our secretary, Mrs. D. Huisman-Erkens is thanked for many

typing and administrative jobs, and the drawing and photography depart­

ments of the Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht for other contributions to

prepare the manuscripts of excursion guide and proceedings. All these

required occasionally high tension to meet the deadlines.

Finally we thank publisher Reidel for his finishing touch: the

last deadline is his!

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