the current problem of human trafficking in the maldives - the possible solutions
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THE CURRENT PROBLEM OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE MALDIVES
THE CURRENT PROBLEM OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE MALDIVES
The Possible Solutions
Mohamed Thaj5307559
Diplomacy and International StudiesRangsit University
Human Trafficking
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Human Trafficking
Labour Exploitation
Acute Corruption
Negative Aspects of Development
Developed Country to Middle-Income CountryOfficially in 2011 The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The
Possible Solutions
To study how to improve the human trafficking combating mechanism in the Maldives
To understand and determine the extent of the problem of human trafficking in Maldives
To study the international efforts on combating human trafficking in national, regional and global level
Purpose of the Study
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Study Focus on Forced Labour In Human Trafficking
Study Reviewed The Existing Literatures on Human Trafficking
Evaluate The Existing Policies, Legal Frameworks
TODAY IN THE MALDIVES:TODAY IN THE MALDIVES:SITUATION IN MALDIVES AND THE WORLD
For The Purpose
What is Human Trafficking
An Act Recruiting
TransportingTransferring
Harbouring orReceiving A Person
Through use of Force
Coercion orOther Means
Exploiting ThemThe Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The
Possible Solutions
What is Human Trafficking
Fastest Growing Criminal Industry
Labour Exploitation
Source Transit Destination
Men Women Children
Sexual Exploitation
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Victims of Forced Labour, Bonded Labour and Commercial Sexual Servitude
Exploited By Private Agents
Forced Labour As A Result of Human Trafficking
Forced Commercial Sexual Exploitation
Forced Economic Exploitation of Women/GirlsThe Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The
Possible Solutions
12.3Millio
n
9.8Millio
n
2.4Millio
n
11Perce
nt
56Perce
nt
Total Market Value US$32 billion
US$10 billion Initial "sale" of Individuals
Profi
t - Asi
a an
d
Paci
fic R
egio
n
Pro
fits Fro
m T
he
Activ
ities o
r Goods
Pro
duce
d
30.6 %
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Where Does Maldives Stands?
Maldives at Tier 2 watch-list
Trafficking in Person Report
Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the Trafficking Victim Protection Act of minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Maldives Population
Maldivians Expatriate
Maldives Population
Maldivians Expatriate
Subjected To Face Conditions Indicative Of Forced Labour
Fraudulent Recruitment
Confiscation of Identity / Travel DocumentsWithholding or Non-payment of wages,
More than half of the migrant workers as illegal expatriate workers
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Agriculture
Tourism
FishingHuman Trafficking
Agriculture
Fishing
US$ 123 million
Recruiting Agents Operate Bogus, Paper Companies
Illegally Obtain Work Permit - Non-existing Projects
Passports Seized and Offered Low Paid Job / Abandoned
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Bangladeshi’s vulnerable to labour trafficking
Half of the Bangladeshi Workers arrived illegally US$1000 and US$4000 in ‘Recruitment Fees’
Recruitment Fraud
Collude Employers / Agents in the Maldives - Facilitate Fraudulent Recruitment / Forced Labour of Migrant Workers
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Move Abroad For Better Living Conditions, To Escape Poverty / Send Money Back Home
Bangladeshi Diaspora
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Bangladesh
India Others0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Less Skilled /Semi Skilled
Domestic House Helper
Construction Industry
Abandoned or Exploited
Migrant Workers
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Case Study : Bangladeshi Carpenter
33 year old Bangladeshi worker Paid about US$ 1000 for the arrangementPassport Confiscated By The Company
Offered to Work in a Small Restaurant
18 hours or more each day
Not Receive Salary on time – Salary Received 6 months Ago
Not Free To Terminate Work
2008 in Maldives
borrowed from uncle
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
No Proper Food / Health Care
Case Study : Abandoned Bangladeshi
35 year old Bangladeshi worker Paid about US$ 1500 for the arrangementPassport Confiscated By The Agent
No Work / No Accommodation Offered
Looking For Work In The Streets
No Option Going Back To Country
Cleaning Motor-Cycles
2009 in Maldives
borrowed from Bank
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Pay Back The Loan
Nepali Emigrants
Low S
kille
d
Sem
i-Ski
lled
Prof
ession
als
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Million
Monthly Wage = 125-175 US$ to 1000US$
Females As Domestic House Helper
Small Number of Fraudulent Entry Document
Forced To Work / Sexually ExploitedThe Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
28 year old Nepali Female
Paid About US$ 2000 for the arrangementApplied For Make-up Artist
Initially Offered To Work In A Small Café
Later Forced To Work as Therapist – 14 Hours a Day
No Other Choice Than Working – Being Exploited
Not Free To Terminate Work
Case Study : Nepali Make-up Artist
2008
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
COUNTER TRAFFICKING IN PERSON:COUNTER TRAFFICKING IN PERSON:INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL EFFORTS
Definition – Human Trafficking
World Nations Agree to United Nations Protocol Against Trafficking In Person
Article 3 of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children Supplementing United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of
the threat or use of force or other forms of
coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of
the abuse of power or of a position of
vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a
person having control over another person, for
the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall
include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the
prostitution of others or other forms of sexual
exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery
or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the
removal of organs
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Definition – Smuggling
The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or
indirectly, a financial or other material benefit,
of the illegal entry of a person into a State
Party of which the person is not a national or a
permanent resident.
Article 3 of the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime
Preventing and Combating The Smuggling of MigrantProtecting The Rights of Smuggled Migrants
Preventing The Worst Forms of Exploitation
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
International Legal Instruments
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR),
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW),
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitutionand Child Pornography
International Legal Instruments
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air,
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Forced Labour Convention, International Labour Organisation Convention No.29 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, International Labour Organisation Convention No.105
Minimum Age Convention, International Labour Organisation Convention No.138
International Legal Instruments
Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, International Labour Organisation Convention No.182
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
The Main International Instrument - Fight Against Transnational Organized Crime
Promoting Cooperation Between State Parties To Prevent And Combat Transnational Organized Crime
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
Recognition By Member States - Seriousness Of The Problems
The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and ChildrenThe Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air
The Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition
147 S
ign
ato
ries
/ 1
66 S
tate
P
art
ies
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children
117 S
ign
ato
ries
/ 1
47 S
tate
P
art
ies
First Global Legally Binding Instrument With An Agreed Definition On Trafficking In PersonsTo Prevent And Combat Trafficking in Persons
To Protect And Assist The Victims of Trafficking, With Full Respect For Their Human RightsTo Promote Cooperation Among States Parties In Order To Meet Those Objectives
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by
Land, Sea and Air
112 S
ign
ato
ries
/ 1
29 S
tate
P
art
ies
Deals with the growing problem of organized criminal groups who smuggle migrants, often at high risk to the migrants and at great profit for the offenders.Preventing and Combating Smuggling of Migrants
Promoting Cooperation Among States Parties
Protecting The Rights of Smuggled Migrants and Preventing The Worst Forms of Exploitation
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
South Asian Regional Instruments
SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating the Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution
Adopted Unanimously by Member States in 2002 at the Eleventh SAARC Summit,
First Regional Anti-trafficking Treaty To Emerge from the Asian continent
To Promote Cooperation Amongst Member States To Deal Effectively With Various Aspects of Prevention, Interdiction And Suppression of Trafficking in Women And Children With In South Asia
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
SAARC Convention on Regional Arrangement for the Promotion of Child Welfare in South Asia
Commitment To Enhance The Welfare of Children In The Region
To Envisage Facilitating The Development of Full Potential of The South Asian Child
To Ensure That There Are Appropriate Legal And Administrative Mechanisms And Social Safety Nets In Place To Protect Children From, Among Other Things, Trafficking
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Declarations
Declaration of the Eleventh SAARC Summit
Reaffirmed Commitment To Regional Cooperation Through SAARC
Welcomed Signing of The SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating the Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution
Addu Declaration
To Direct The Finalization of The Work On The Elaboration of The SAARC Regional Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution With A View To Its Adoption By The Eighteenth SAARC Summit
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Maldives in the International Arena
The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)
The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitutionand Child PornographyThe International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
Maldives, Not Ratified Any of The Eight Core ILO Labour Conventions.
Maldives in the International Arena
Government of Maldives Decision to Adopt United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime Maldives became 183rd State of the International Labour Organization
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Constitution of the Maldives, Article 25 (a)
Penalty For Labour Exploitation Offenses Is A Fine
National Legal Instruments
Constitution of The Republic of Maldives, 2008
No One Shall Be Held In Slavery Or Servitude, Or Be Required To Perform Forced Labour
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
No Person Shall Be Compelled Or Forced Into Employment
Any service or labour obtained from a person under threat of punishment, undue influence or intimidation, and does not include services or labour performed of his own volition by any
person
National Legal Instruments
Employment Act of 2008
The Power To Issue Orders Mandating Compliance With The Basic Principles Specified
To Issue An Order To Perform Or Cease Performance Of An ActTo Issue An Order To Restore A Benefit Or Advantage That Has Been Denied To A Person
To Issue An Order Providing For Compensation To The VictimThe Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The
Possible Solutions
NO HUMAN BEING IS ILLEGAL:NO HUMAN BEING IS ILLEGAL:THE CATEGORIZATION OF MIGRANTS
Migration through proper channel to abandonment of the migrant worker
Migration shifting from proper channel to improper channel
Classification
Law Abided Migration
Fraudulent Entry
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Action
Human Trafficking in Maldives
Recruitment
Transportation
Transfer
Harbouring
Receipt of
Persons
Means Purpose
The Threat
Use of Force
Other Forms of Coercion
Abduction
Fraud
Deception
Abuse of Power
Position of Vulnerability
Means
Giving / Receiving
Payments / Benefits
To Achieve Consent of A
Person
Control Over Another Person
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Sexual Exploitation
Forced Labour Forced ServiceSlavery
Practices Similar To Slavery
Servitude
Removal of Organs
People Migrant Hope of Better Working Conditions
Action
Hope For Better Life
Family’s Expectation Influence On Migration
Maldives Relatively Easier To Smuggle People
Price Range Relatively Lower
Migrants Recruited With Better Offer
Smuggled Into Maldives
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Individuals apply for advertised job
Means
Recruited By Fraud
Paying-up Arrangement Fees
Smuggle-in To Work In Entirely Different Area
Confiscation of Passport To Have Control Over The Person
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
The Fraud Begins At Recruitment And Forced To Work Under The Influence Of Coercion / Threat
Purpose
Smuggled Migrant - No Other Acceptable Options
Forced To Work For Long Hours Without Any Leisure
Forced To Work Migrants are not content with
Female Migrant Workers Forced To Exploited By Sexually
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
FREEZE HUMAN TRAFFICKING:FREEZE HUMAN TRAFFICKING:ACTION TO PREVENT
TRAFFICKING IN PERSON
Conclusion
Maldives In High Development Stages, Attracts Migrant Workers
Human Traffickers Find Maldives Relatively Easier to Smuggle
Paying-up Huge Amount As Arrangement Fees
End-up Doing Entirely Different Areas Not Free To Terminate Terms of Employment
Passport Confiscated By The Employer Migrant Workers Tied-up To Employer
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Conclusion
Subjected To More Than One Kind Of Exploitation
Forced To Work Without Pay
Physical Abuse
Forced To Work Long Hours Without Rest and Overtime Payment
Detention With Work
Force To Work For Sexual Exploitation
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Structural Exploitation Characterizes The Situation Of Migrant Workers In The Maldives
Exploitative Working Conditions Alone Do Not Amount To Trafficking
Conclusion
Action And Means Already Takes Place Most Of The Time Before Migrants Enter In To Maldives
No Clear Distinction Between Human Trafficking And Human Smuggling
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Conclusion
Local Enforcement Authorities Do Not Encourage Victims To Participate In The Investigation Or Prosecution Of Trafficking Offenders
No Victim Identification Procedures Implemented
Trafficked Victim Are Identified As Illegal Migrants
Deport Them As Unfortunate Victims Of Exploitation
Legalization Victimized Migrant’s Status Went In Vain
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Develop And Implement Systematic
Procedures Develop And Implement Screening
Procedure Provide Necessary Assistance To
Victims
Recommendations
Adoption of United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crimes and its Protocols
Draft And Enact Anti-trafficking Law
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Increase Efforts To Investigate And Prosecute
Increase Public Awareness
Ratification / Accession To International Labour Conventions
Take Steps Not To Abuse Labour
Recruitment
Recommendations
The Current Problem Of Human Trafficking In The Maldives: The Possible Solutions
Thank You