Conclusion

Current & Future Trends

Working

Construction

Introduction

The Current & Future Trends on Ultra High Capacity Batteries &

Super Capacitors

BY:-CHANDAN KUMAR B . Tech EEE 3rd YEAR

Introduction

• An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.

• Each cell contains a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.

Types of batteries• Primary Batteries- (Nonrechargable)-These batteries have

applications such as wristwatches, remote controls, electric keys and children’s toys. Primary batteries also assist when charging is impractical or impossible, such as military combat, rescue missions and forest-fire services.

• . Most primary batteries are inexpensive, readily available and environmentally friendly.

• Secondary Batteries- (Rechargeable)-These batteries play an important role in our life and many daily chores would be unthinkable without the ability to recharge an empty battery.

• Points of interest are specific energy, years of service life, load characteristics, safety, price, self-discharge, environmental issues, maintenance requirements, and disposal.

Secondary Batteries• Lead Acid -One of the oldest rechargeable battery

systems; is rugged, forgiving if abused and economical in price; has a low specific energy and limited cycle life.

• Lead acid is used for wheelchairs, golf cars, personnel carriers, emergency lighting and uninterruptible power supply (UPS).

• Nickel-cadmium (NiCd) — Mature and well understood; is used where long service life, high discharge current, extreme temperatures and economical price are of importance.

• Due to environmental concerns, NiCd is being replaced with other chemistries. Main applications are power tools, two-way radios, aircraft and UPS.

Secondary Batteries Cont.…

• Nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) — A practical replacement for NiCd; has higher specific energy with fewer toxic metals.

• NiMH is used for medical instruments, hybrid cars and industrial applications. NiMH is available in AA and AAA cells for consumer use.

• Lithium-ion (Li‑ion) — Most promising battery systems; is used for portable consumer products as well as electric powertrains for vehicles; is more expensive than nickel- and lead acid systems and needs protection circuit for safety.

Principle Of Operation

Li-ion Battery

Construction• As with most batteries you have an outer case made of

metal. The use of metal is particularly important here because the battery is pressurized.

• . This metal case has some kind of pressure-sensitive vent hole. If the battery ever gets so hot that it risks exploding from over-pressure, this vent will release the extra pressure.

• A Positive electrode• A Negative electrode• A separator

Construction Explained

Charging & Discharging

Classification of Li-ion Battery

• The lithium battery for ESS for EVs can be divided into four kinds according to the anode materials. The comparisons of different anode materials are listed in Table

Current Status• The lead acid battery is the main type traction battery of ESS

for EV today. Most light EVs (over 98% LEV in China) are powered by lead acid battery.

• The E-Car exported to USA and the REVA sold in UK are mostly powered by lead acid battery. Anyway, the ones powered by lithium battery have emerged on market.

• There are several companies in China who are experts in lead acid battery

• Production such like Shanghai C&D Battery Co. Ltd., Tianhong Energy Technology, Dongbei Storage Battery, Beijing Powertronics Battery Co. Ltd., Zhejiang Tiannneg Battery Co. Ltd. and Shuangdeng Group Corporation. In Japan, GS-Yuasa has large

• Capacity lead acid battery for traction application.

Advantages

• High energy density:   • Self-discharge:   • No requirement for

priming:   • Low maintenance:   • Variety of types available:  

Disadvantages

• Protection required:   • Ageing :   • Transportation:   • Cost:   • Immature technology:  

Advantages & Disadvantages

Super Capacitors• Capacitors store electric charges.• They store their energy in electric fields, which are created by the

interaction between the capacitor's two conducting surfaces. • These surfaces have equal and opposite charges, with one surface

collecting positive charges and the other collecting negative charges.

• These two surfaces, which are usually plates called "electrodes," are always electrically separate from one another. The plates are separated by an insulator (also called a "dielectric"), which helps to give the capacitor its high capacitance because it polarizes the material's molecules.

• As the plates are conductors, the positive and negatives charges are stored on their surfaces; however, since they have equal and opposite charges, the capacitor's net charge is zero.

Plate Separation (d) Polarization

Capacitors

Capacitor Vs. Super capacitors

• The plates in Super capacitors are not separated by insulators in the same way as those of capacitors.

• Capacitors use dielectrics to increase their capacitance by allowing their plates to get very close to one another.

• However, the practical limitations on the surface area of the plates and the distance between the plates reduce capacitors' ability to have the same high levels of capacitance found in Super capacitors.

• Super capacitors solve this problem by using a new technology that allows them to have enormous surface area relative to the distance between the plates.

Future Trends

• Mobile technology hinges upon the availability of batteries to support it. This is something most of us know all too well, as we charge up our mobile devices every night.

• Lightweight, cost-effective, rechargeable, and providing higher energy density by far compared to the next commercial battery chemistry, Lithium (Li)-ion is the workhorse and standard for powering today’s mobile devices.

Some new Batteries

• Tin Nano crystal Li-Ion Batteries-• Metal-Air Batteries-• Liquid Metal Batteries

More New Battery Concepts

• Other new battery concepts including Li-sulpher, which has energy density that is 3 to 5X that of today’s Li-ion batteries, and sugar-powered bio batteries which offer green technology in addition to high energy density are among many new battery concepts in development for the next generation of electrochemical batteries. It’s a race to see which battery technology will succeed Li-ion, but no matter what, the consumer is sure to benefit.

Conclusion• Due to worldwide concerns about power issues there has been an

increased demand for ultra-power batteries with longer life and rechargeable facility.

• Lithium-ion is the battery of choice for consumer products, and no other systems threaten to interfere with its dominance at this time. The lead acid market is similar in size to Li-ion. Here the applications are divided into SLI (starter battery) for automotive, stationary for power backup, and deep-cycle for wheeled mobility such as golf cars, wheelchairs and scissor lifts.

• Lead acid holds a solid position, as it has done for the last hundred years. There are no other systems that threaten to unseat this forgiving and low-cost chemistry any time soon.

• The energy storage and power capabilities of the super capacitor will allow it to act as a bridge between battery and capacitor performance. This technology is very new and not mature, but it is expected to find wide application in its various forms.

Battery Reveal

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