the crystal chemistry of the amphiboles 337 · 2007-05-17 · the crystal chemistry of the...

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THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF THE AMPHIBOLES 337 composition (including Fe8" and HaO) with changing envir,onment provides much more information. Such investigations have already begun (Ungaretti et al. l98l) and promise to expand in the fufure, coupled with correspond- ing work on coexisting minerals. Thee studies will be expensive and will require a change in the general perception of the relationships between crystallography, mineralogy and petrol- ogy; the result will be a better characterization of petrologic processes. ACKNOWLEDCEMENTS The author thanks Roger G. Burns, Maryellen Cameron and David R. Veblen for their thorough reviews of this manuscript. This work has been done over the last 5 years with the encouragement of Dr. R. B. Ferguson. Financial assistance was provided by the National Re- search Council of Canada (grants to R. B. Ferguson and F. C. Hawthorne; research fellowship to F. C. Hawthorne). REFERENCES Aoevs,I., Tuouas,J.M. & Barcnorr, G.M. (1972): An ESCA study of silicate minerals. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 16.429-432. ADAMS, J.B. (1975): Interpretation of visible and near- infrared diffuse reflectance spectra of pyroxenes and otler rock-forming minerals. /z Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Lunar and Terrestrial Minerals (C. Karr, Jr., ed.). Academic Press,New York. Aoaus, L.H. & Wnueusou, E.D. (1923): Com- pressibility of minerals and rocks at high pressure. J. Franklin Inst. 195.475-529. AoorsoN, C.C., AoorsoN, W.E., Nrel, G.H. & SHanp, J.H. (1962a): Amphiboles. I. The oxidation of crocidolite. J. Chem. Soc. 1962, 1468-147 1. AoprsoN, W.E., Nrel, G.H. & Ssenp,J.H. (1962b): Amphiboles. II. The kinetics of the oxidation of crocidolite. J. Chem. Soc. 1962. 14'12-1475. & SHenp, J.H. (1962): Amphiboles. III. The reduction of crocidolite. J. Chem. Soc. 1962. 3693-3698. - & -(1968): Redox behaviour of amosite. Inlnt. Mineral. Assoc., Pap. Proc., Fifth Gen. Meet. (Cambridge, I 966). Mineralogical Society, London. - & WnrrE, A.D. (1968a):The oxidation of Boli- vian crocidolite. Mineral. Mag. 36,791-796. - & - (1968b): Spectroscopic evidence for the siting of lithium ions in a riebeckite. Mineral. Mag. 36,743-745. Alonrocr, L.P., TsE,J,S. & BeNcnorr, G.M. (1982): The identification of Fd+ in the M4 site of calcic amphiboles: discussion.Amer. Mineral. CI, 335-339. AlersaNpnov, K.S. & Ryzsova, T.V. (1961): The elastic properties of rock-forming minerals: pyrox- enesand amphiboles. Izv. Akad. Naak SSSR, Ser. Geofiz. No.9, 1339-1344 (in Russ.). Axosnseu, E,8., FrNcen, J. & Ross-HaNsrs, J, (1975): Determination of [Fe2+],/[Fe3+]-ratios in arfved- sonite by M6ssbauer spectroscopy, Lithos E, 237-246. ANupnsreN, H. (1968): A mineral chemical study of a metamorphosed iron formation in northern Sweden' Lithos l, 374-397. AppLsveno, E.C. (1975): Silica-poor hastingsitic am- phiboles from the metasomatic alkaline gneisses at Wolfe, eastern Ontario. Can. Mineral. 13,342-351. AvsstoN, J. (1969): The mechanical properties of asbestos. J. Mot. Sci. 4,625'633. BesesHrlN, A.M., PorHoror, K.V., Ensnove, 2.P., PBnRI'Ev,D. Yu., PornovsrII, I.B. & Kovltssenova, L.N. (197l) : Study of the distrib'ution of ions in the sublattices of some amphiboles and ferrites of spinel structure by the method of nuclear ?-resonance spec- troscopy. InProc. Conf. Appl. Mdssbauer Effect (Tihany, 1969; l. Dezsi, ed.). Akad. Kiado, Budapest. BnsrrNe, J., Bolre, J., Rrtrutnn, J.C. & Zartpp,C, (1968): Etude magn6tique de pyrox0nes et d'am- phiboles. 1r Int. Mineral. Assoc. Pap. Proc., Fifth Gen. Meet. (Cambridge, 1966).Mineralogical Soci- ety, London. BarcnrN,A.I. & VrNorunov, V.M. (1978): Exchange- coupled pairs of transition metal ions and their ef- fect on the optical absorption spectra of rock- forming silicates. Geochem. Int., 53-60. Bnuueusrx, C .J. (1962): Introduction to Ligand Field Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York. Baxcnorr, G.M. (1967): Quantitative estimatesof site populations in an amphibole by the Mdssbauer ef- fect- Phys. Lett, 264, 17-18, (1970): Quantitative site population in silicate minerals by the M6ssbauer effect. Chem.Geol.5, 255-258. (1973): Mdssbouer Spectroscopy. An Introduc- tion for Inorganic Chemists and Geochemists. McGraw-Hill, New York. & BnowN, J.R. (1975):A Mdssbauerstudy of coexisting hornblendes and biotites: quantitative Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios. Amer. Mineral. 60,265-272. & BunNs, R.G. (1967): Interpretation of the ronic soectraof iron in ovroxenes. Atner. electronic spectra of iron in pyroxenes. Amer. Mineral. 52. 1278-1287 . & -(1968): Applications of theMdssbauer effect to mineralogy. .Ir Int. Mineral. Assoc., Pap. Proc., Fifth Gen. Meet. (Cambridge, 1966). Mineralogical Society, London. & - (1969): M6ssbauer and absorption spectral study of alkali amphiboles. Mineral. Soc. Amer. Spec. Pap, 2, 137-148,

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Page 1: THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF THE AMPHIBOLES 337 · 2007-05-17 · THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF THE AMPHIBOLES 337 composition (including Fe8" and HaO) with changing envir,onment provides

THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF THE AMPHIBOLES 337

composition (including Fe8" and HaO) withchanging envir,onment provides much moreinformation. Such investigations have alreadybegun (Ungaretti et al. l98l) and promise toexpand in the fufure, coupled with correspond-ing work on coexisting minerals. Thee studieswill be expensive and will require a changein the general perception of the relationshipsbetween crystallography, mineralogy and petrol-ogy; the result will be a better characterizationof petrologic processes.

ACKNOWLEDCEMENTS

The author thanks Roger G. Burns, MaryellenCameron and David R. Veblen for theirthorough reviews of this manuscript. This workhas been done over the last 5 years with theencouragement of Dr. R. B. Ferguson. Financialassistance was provided by the National Re-search Council of Canada (grants to R. B.Ferguson and F. C. Hawthorne; researchfellowship to F. C. Hawthorne).

REFERENCES

Aoevs,I., Tuouas, J.M. & Barcnorr, G.M. (1972): AnESCA study of silicate minerals. Earth Planet. Sci.Lett. 16.429-432.

ADAMS, J.B. (1975): Interpretation of visible and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectra of pyroxenes andotler rock-forming minerals. /z Infrared and RamanSpectroscopy of Lunar and Terrestrial Minerals (C.Karr, Jr., ed.). Academic Press, New York.

Aoaus, L.H. & Wnueusou, E.D. (1923): Com-pressibility of minerals and rocks at high pressure.J. Franklin Inst. 195.475-529.

AoorsoN, C.C., AoorsoN, W.E., Nrel, G.H. & SHanp,J.H. (1962a): Amphiboles. I. The oxidation ofcrocidolite. J. Chem. Soc. 1962, 1468-147 1.

AoprsoN, W.E., Nrel, G.H. & Ssenp, J.H. (1962b):Amphiboles. II. The kinetics of the oxidation ofcrocidolite. J. Chem. Soc. 1962. 14'12-1475.

& SHenp, J.H. (1962): Amphiboles. III. Thereduction of crocidolite. J. Chem. Soc. 1962.3693-3698.

- & -(1968): Redox behaviour of amosite. Inlnt.Mineral. Assoc., Pap. Proc., Fifth Gen. Meet.(Cambridge, I 966). Mineralogical Society, London.

- & WnrrE, A.D. (1968a): The oxidation of Boli-vian crocidolite. Mineral. Mag. 36,791-796.

- & - (1968b): Spectroscopic evidence for thesiting of lithium ions in a riebeckite. Mineral. Mag.36,743-745.

Alonrocr, L.P., TsE, J,S. & BeNcnorr, G.M. (1982):The identification of Fd+ in the M4 site of calcicamphiboles: discussion. Amer. Mineral. CI, 335-339.

AlersaNpnov, K.S. & Ryzsova, T.V. (1961): Theelastic properties of rock-forming minerals: pyrox-enes and amphiboles. Izv. Akad. Naak SSSR, Ser.Geofiz. No.9, 1339-1344 (in Russ.).

Axosnseu, E,8., FrNcen, J. & Ross-HaNsrs, J, (1975):Determination of [Fe2+],/[Fe3+]-ratios in arfved-sonite by M6ssbauer spectroscopy, Lithos E,237-246.

ANupnsreN, H. (1968): A mineral chemical study of ametamorphosed iron formation in northern Sweden'Lithos l, 374-397.

AppLsveno, E.C. (1975): Silica-poor hastingsitic am-phiboles from the metasomatic alkaline gneisses atWolfe, eastern Ontario. Can. Mineral. 13,342-351.

AvsstoN, J. (1969): The mechanical properties ofasbestos. J. Mot. Sci. 4,625'633.

BesesHrlN, A.M., PorHoror, K.V., Ensnove, 2.P.,PBnRI'Ev, D. Yu., PornovsrII, I.B. & Kovltssenova,L.N. (1 97 l) : Study of the distrib'ution of ions in thesublattices of some amphiboles and ferrites of spinelstructure by the method of nuclear ?-resonance spec-troscopy. InProc. Conf. Appl. Mdssbauer Effect(Tihany, 1969; l. Dezsi, ed.). Akad. Kiado,Budapest.

BnsrrNe, J., Bolre, J., Rrtrutnn, J.C. & Zartpp,C,(1968): Etude magn6tique de pyrox0nes et d'am-phiboles. 1r Int. Mineral. Assoc. Pap. Proc., FifthGen. Meet. (Cambridge, 1966). Mineralogical Soci-ety, London.

BarcnrN, A.I. & VrNorunov, V.M. (1978): Exchange-coupled pairs of transition metal ions and their ef-fect on the optical absorption spectra of rock-forming silicates. Geochem. Int., 53-60.

Bnuueusrx, C .J. (1962): Introduction to Ligand FieldTheory. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Baxcnorr, G.M. (1967): Quantitative estimates of sitepopulations in an amphibole by the Mdssbauer ef-fect- Phys. Lett, 264, 17-18,

(1970): Quantitative site population in silicateminerals by the M6ssbauer effect. Chem. Geol. 5,255-258.

(1973): Mdssbouer Spectroscopy. An Introduc-tion for Inorganic Chemists and Geochemists.McGraw-Hill, New York.

& BnowN, J.R. (1975): A Mdssbauer study ofcoexisting hornblendes and biotites: quantitativeFe3+/Fe2+ ratios. Amer. Mineral. 60,265-272.

& BunNs, R.G. (1967): Interpretation of theronic soectra of iron in ovroxenes. Atner.electronic spectra of iron in pyroxenes. Amer.

Mineral. 52. 1278-1287 .

& -(1968): Applications of the Mdssbauereffect to mineralogy. .Ir Int. Mineral. Assoc., Pap.Proc., Fifth Gen. Meet. (Cambridge, 1966).Mineralogical Society, London.

& - (1969): M6ssbauer and absorptionspectral study of alkali amphiboles. Mineral. Soc.Amer. Spec. Pap, 2, 137-148,

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338 THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST

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THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY

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OF TIIE AMPHIBOLES 34s

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