the copenhagen accord contents

Valentino PianaRome, 23nd March 2010

The contents of the Copenhagen AccordThe contents of the Copenhagen Accord

on climate changeon climate change

www.economicswebinstitute.orgCutting-edge research & implementation consulting

Contents

4. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

5. Finance

1. The climate debate

2. The Copenhagen Accord: the components and the positive elements

3. Adaptation to climate change - the African NAPAs

6. Next steps


1. The climate debate

Development

Climate change

Sustainability

World financial

architectureFood

security


2. The Copenhagen Accord: the components

The Accord is constituted by:1. The list of countries that associate themselves with it2. Twelve articles about

* A shared vision of the future* Adaptation* Annex I countries commitments about reduction of greenhouse gases

emissions* Non-Annex I countries Nationally appropriate mitigation actions* Deforestation and forest degradation actions* Incentives to low emitting economies* New and additional, predictable and adequated funding with improved

access* A High Level Panel to study the sources of funds* The Copenhagen Green Climate Fund* A country-driven Technology Mechanism* The next steps, including the assessment of the implementation of the

Accord3. An appendix containing the commitments of Annex I countries4. An appendix containing the mitigation actions by non-Annex I countries5. A Registry of the mitigation actions seeking international support

107 until now, of which 28 African countries

Below +2o Degrees

Mostly deve-loped coun-tries (e.g. EU,

USA, Japan,

…)

Mostly developing countries


2. The Copenhagen Accord: the positive elements

2. “Operational immediately”

3. 30 billion dollars committed by developed countries for the first three years (of which 2.4 billion euros committed by EU countries yearly 2010-2012) 4. A steep rising pathway of funding up to 100 US billions in 2020, where the sources will be studied by a High Level Panel (co-chairs and members already chosen)

1. All major GHG emitting countries involved, generating specific pledges from 73 countries that together account for more than 80 per cent of global emissions from energy use

5. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions by non-Annex I countries both unilateral and conditional on obtaining international support in terms of technology, funding and capacity-building (art. 5)6. Technology Mechanism selected, linked to NAMAs (art. 11)

The Accord will test the effectiveness of an approach focused on immediate actions and verification of commitments, through alternative moves from all countries (bottom-up approach). It can fail and under-deliver but it is worth trying. In particular, CA is characterized by the following elements:

7. Annex I Kyoto Protocol parties “further strengthen” their commitments (art. 4)


Art. 3 of the Copenhagen Accord:“Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change and the

potential impacts of response measures is a challenge faced by all countries.

Enhanced action and international cooperation on adaptation is urgently required to ensure the implementation of the [UNFCCC] Convention by enabling and supporting the implementation of adaptation actions aimed at reducing vulnerability and building resilience in developing countries, especially in those that are particularly vulnerable, especially least developed countries, small island developing States and Africa.

We agree that developed countries shall provide adequate, predictable and sustainable financial resources, technology and capacity-building to support the implementation of adaptation action in developing countries.”



Well in advance to Copenhagen conference, most Least Developed Countries prepared programs for adaptation, the so-called National Adaptation Programmes of Actions.

Their cumulative cost is about 1 .7 billion US dollars. 32 African countries have so far presented NAPAs, for a total of

about1.350 billion US dollars (about the 80% of the total).

The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) required long procedures to access the funds as well as large co-financing.

Until recently, GEF has disboursed only about 60 millions dollars.



4. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs): an overview

NAMAs are schematic texts submitted to UNFCCC Secretariat by national focal points, to be collected in Appendix II of CA and in a special Registry (if looking for support).

The 32 countries that have presented official NAMAs before 7th March 2010 have interpreted “Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions” in a wide range of ways:

* carbon-neutrality declaration;* economy-wide commitments of reducing

emissions in percentage with respect to a baseline of Business-as-Usual trajectory;

* absolute reductions of CO2-eq emissions; * sectoral preferential directions of

development; * specific goals and actions; * localized projects with specified technical

parametres.



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

N. countries

Africa

Asia

Latin America

Europe

Oceania

The geographical distribution of NAMAs



0

5

10

15

20

25

N. countries

Forestry

Transport

Renewableenergies

Agriculture

Waste

Building

The sectoral distribution of NAMAs


4. NAMAs in national planning

UNFCCC, MEF/G8/G20

Low-emission development strategy (art.2 CA)

Climate Action Plans (BAP six pillars: Shared Vision, Mitigation, Adaptation,Technology, Finance, Capacity building), e.g. National

Adaptation StrategyNAMAs NAPAs

LocalAdaptationPlans

….


4. The process of devising NAMAs and obtaining international support

Submission of NAMAs to UNFCCC

Submission of NAMAs to UNFCCC

Existing fundsExisting funds

Copenhagen Green Climate Fund

Copenhagen Green Climate Fund

Private investorsPrivate investors

Technology / Solution providersTechnology / Solution providers

Research centresResearch centres

NGOsNGOs

Matching mechanism,

dynamics and events

Matching mechanism,

dynamics and events

National stakeholders

National stakeholders

Local stakeholdersLocal stakeholders Localisation and implementationLocalisation and implementation

In the country International interface Abroad

Analysis of existing and forthcoming

laws and policies

Analysis of existing and forthcoming

laws and policies

Mitigation potential and international

best practices

Mitigation potential and international

best practices

Economic mechanisms of

activation

Economic mechanisms of

activationDetail design of measures

Detail design of measures

Inter-governmental organizations

Inter-governmental organizations


4. An evaluation of the existing NAMAs

Wide varietyUsually reflecting the

national circumstances, existing laws and policies

Fairly aware of international best practices

Many sectors mentioned (e.g. energy, transport, building, agriculture, forestry, tourism,…)

Concise documentsBetter than CDM as for

broader transformational potential

Wide varietyUsually reflecting the

national circumstances, existing laws and policies

Fairly aware of international best practices

Many sectors mentioned (e.g. energy, transport, building, agriculture, forestry, tourism,…)

Concise documentsBetter than CDM as for

broader transformational potential

Positive features Not clear the kind and features of the international support looked for

No economic mechanism of activation

Not mobilizing the private investors

No legal guarantees for investors

No appeal to research centres and NGOs

Unexplored connection with the Technology Mechanism

Often lacking CO2 reduction quantification

Always lacking estimated costs, thus also the cost per avoided ton of CO2eq

Transformational effects (e.g. green jobs, competitiveness, tax revenue,...) not expressed

Not clear the kind and features of the international support looked for

No economic mechanism of activation

Not mobilizing the private investors

No legal guarantees for investors

No appeal to research centres and NGOs

Unexplored connection with the Technology Mechanism

Often lacking CO2 reduction quantification

Always lacking estimated costs, thus also the cost per avoided ton of CO2eq

Transformational effects (e.g. green jobs, competitiveness, tax revenue,...) not expressed

Negative features


5. Finance

Who pays and by which source

How and who managethe funds

What to fund

How muchis raised

High level panel will make a proposal

10 billions a year in 2010-2012

up to 100 billions in 2020

Balanced allocation between adaptation

and mitigation(for the first 30

billions)

Existing institutions +Copenhagen Green

Climate Fund


6. Next steps

High Level panel on finance -first meeting29th March

UNFCCCsession on 9th-11thApril (Bonn)

UNFCCCsession inMay-June(Bonn)

G8/G20 in Toronto - launch of the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund?

UNFCCCsession inSept/Oct ?

G8/G20 inKorea(November)

COP16in Cancún(Mexico)

Further NAMAs and NAPAs submissions, updated communications, matching

events

Raising the international support ofinter-governmental organizations, multilateral and bilateral donors,

research centres, NGOs, etc.

UNECA jointsession withfinance ministriesin Malawi

the copenhagen accord contents

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