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The context of ECD provisioning in South Africa David Harrison 24 October 2014

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Page 1: The context of ECD provisioning in South Africa Murray Trust - Context... · The context of ECD provisioning in South ... • Social protection ... LAW State responsibility and accountabilityfor

The context of ECD provisioning in South Africa

David Harrison24 October 2014

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Three questions

What are the ‘game‐changers’ for ECD in 

South Africa?

What are the big gaps in provisioning for 

ECD?

What if ECD did work?

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Question 1

What are the ‘game‐changers’ for ECD in 

South Africa?

What are the big gaps in provisioning for 

ECD?

What if ECD did work?

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Attainment of human potential

Age

0 5 10 15 20 25‐9 mo

The individual impact of early childhood development

• Opportunity for early learning• Effective parenting & family 

support• Health care • Nutrition• Social protection (e.g. CSG) 

HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT

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Greater equality

One of the most powerful 

instruments for redistribution

Investment in early childhood development is the most powerful investment in human capital that a country can make ‐ with compounding returns

Engle P, Fernald L, Alderman H, Behrman J, O’Gara C, Yousafazi A, de Mello M, Hidrobo M, Ulkuer N, Ertem I, and the Global Child Development Steering Group (2011). Strategies for reducing inequalities and improving developmental outcomes for young children in low‐income and middle‐income countries  The Lancet 378:1339‐1359

Better education

Higher cognitive scores & better 

learning outcomes

Better health Tackles risk‐taking behaviour & adult chronic disease at 

its roots 

Stronger economy

The most efficient strategy for building 

SA’s workforce

Better societyLess crime and public violence, greater social cohesion

The national impact of early childhood development

INDEPENDENT PREDICTORS• Opportunity for early learning• Effective parenting & family support• Health care • Nutrition• Social protection (e.g. Child Support Grant) 

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Question 2

What are the ‘game‐changers’ for ECD in 

South Africa?

What are the big gaps in provisioning for 

ECD?

What if ECD did work?

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Age

0 5 10 15 20 25‐9 mo.

The life trajectories of two children born in Johannesburg on 24 October 2014

Attainment of human potential

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The big gaps in an ‘essential package’ of ECD?

NUTRITION1

Normal (84.6%) Stunted (15.4%)

0 – 14 yrs

0 – 3 yrs Normal (73.6%) Stunted (26.4%)

FIRST THOUSAND DAYS

Facility‐based

1. The South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES‐1), HSRC 20132. National Income Dynamic Survey, 2008

Mainly health care for mother & child Missedopportunity,  

↓quality, ↓access

Home ‐based

Vulnerable children who do not receive continuing support and follow‐up

EARLY LEARNING OPPORTUNITY 

3‐4 yr olds who attend anypreschool or crèche (~50%)2

Participation in home visiting or community playgroups (0‐4 yrs)2

Community‐based

No exposure to early learning opportunity outside the home (0‐4 yr olds)

Centre‐based

3‐4 yr olds who do not attend any preschool or crèche (~50%)

Support for pregnant women &  vulnerable children

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Stunting at 2 years of age: The strongest predictor of adult human capital

Source: Victora C et al (2008) Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. The Lancet 371(9609): 340‐357

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The ABC’s of Nutrition Support are missing 

C

B

A

NO EFFECTIVE SYSTEM OF FOOD SUPPORT WHEN INDICATED FOR FAILURE TO THRIVE 

NO NATIONAL NUTRITION STRATEGY FOR UNDER FIVES

KEY FOCUS IS MISSING:IT SHOULD BE SUPPORT FOR NUTRITION IN THE HOME

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Child development is shaped in ‘the first 1000 days’ –professional support is there for 2% of that time

Visit to a health centre

Visit to social development service

At home

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Source: Nelson C (2000). In Shonkoff J & Phillips D (eds).  From Neurons to Neighbourhoods. National Academies Press

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Early learning: You can’t retrofit the brain 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2 ‐ 3 year olds 3 ‐ 4 year olds 5 years olds (Grade R)

Percen

tParticipation in out‐of‐home early learning opportunity

Adapted from: Richter L, Biersteker L, Burns J, Desmond C, Feza N, Harrison D, Martin P, Saloojee H & Slemming W (2012) Diagnostic Review of Early Childhood Development. Pretoria: Department of Performance, Monitoring and Evaluation & Inter‐Departmental Steering Committee on ECD

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PRESCHOOL SCHOOL POST‐SCHOOL

Preschool programmes

Schooling

Job training

Rate of return to investment in human capital

Rate of economic return to human capital investment, initially setting investment to be equal at all ages 

Opportunity cost of funds

Source: Heckman & Carneiro (2003). Human Capital Policy. http://nber.org/papers/w9495

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Expenditure per child/student enrolled in education as a percentage of GDP per capita

Source: Richter L, Biersteker L, Burns J, Desmond C, Feza N, Harrison D, Martin P, Saloojee H & Slemming W (2012) Diagnostic Review of Early Childhood Development. Pretoria: Department of Performance, Monitoring and Evaluation & Inter‐Departmental Steering Committee on ECD

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Resource training organisation

Individual ECD facility

Community‐ and home‐visiting programme

Current scattershot organisation of ECD provision in SA

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Formal ECD provision: How are we funding it?

UNREGISTERED

REGISTERED, NO SUBSIDY

REGISTERED, WITH SUBSIDY

PUBLIC FUNDS DONOR FUNDSUSER FEES

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A new framework for provision of early childhood development services in South Africa

Nutrition support for mother & child

Good antenatal, perinatal and post‐natal care

Parenting support to enable 

children to thrive

Early childhood education  to maximise potential

Transition to Gr R

Health services

Social development services

Education services

FOCUS ON EARLY LIFE

NUTRITION

OPPORTUNITY FOR EARLY LEARNING 

Home‐, community‐ and facility‐based services

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Question 3

What are the ‘game‐changers’ for ECD in 

South Africa?

What are the big gaps in provisioning for 

ECD?

What if ECD did work?

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The real game‐changers

1. LAW State responsibility and accountability for an essential package of ECD services

2. LEADERSHIP National agency for ECD responsible for key ECD functions, working together with Departments responsible for other core aspects of ECD

3. NATIONAL PROGRAMME

Integrated, branded national programme for ECD (like SureStart [UK] or Educa a Tu Hijo[Cuba])

4. PLANNING Population‐based planning to achieve universal coverage of appropriate programmes from mother’s pregnancy to school‐going age, by 2020

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The real game‐changers

5. PRIORITIES Nutrition, first thousand days, early learning opportunity

6. FINANCING Per capita allocation extended to different modes of early learning programme + separate funding for programme management

7. HUMAN RESOURCES

Boosted capacity at FET colleges and universities, supported by Resource & Training Organisations.

New cadre of maternal & child care worker

8. PUBLIC DEMAND National communication strategy for ECDSocial franchise to build demand and rapid scale‐up

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National ‘performance’ of ECD

Year

2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025

Marginal changes won’t give the expected returns

50%

40%

30%

For illustration only

Range of public demand

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National ‘performance’ of ECD

Year

2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

Adapted from Christensen C (2002).  The Innovator’s Dilemma. Harper Business Essentials, New York

Range of public demand

Fundamental change in approach to ECD is needed

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