Europe in 1812Europe in 1812

The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)The Congress of Vienna

(September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

Main ObjectivesMain Objectives

e It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:

V Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.

V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.

e Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

e It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:

V Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.

V Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.

e Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

Key Players at Vienna

Key Players at Vienna

The “Host”Prince Klemens von Metternich

(Aus.)

Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh

(Br.)

Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)

King Frederick William III (Prus.)

Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Key Principles Established at Vienna

Key Principles Established at Vienna

V Balance of Power: No state should be able to dominate Europe

V Legitimacy: Traditional Monarchies should be respected and protected against the threat of revolution.

V Respect for Sovereignty: No state should intervene in the internal affairs of another state unless internal instability threatens other states

V Compensation: compensation was granted to states, which had lost territories in the process of reshaping the map of Europe. The principle provided one more means for preserving the balance of power in Europe

V Balance of Power: No state should be able to dominate Europe

V Legitimacy: Traditional Monarchies should be respected and protected against the threat of revolution.

V Respect for Sovereignty: No state should intervene in the internal affairs of another state unless internal instability threatens other states

V Compensation: compensation was granted to states, which had lost territories in the process of reshaping the map of Europe. The principle provided one more means for preserving the balance of power in Europe

V France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon.

V Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland). The rest of Poland remained partitoned between Russia, Austria, and Prussia

V Italy was divided into 10 states , undoing most of Napoleon’s territorial changes

V Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories.

V A Germanic Confederation of 30+ states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule. This was the only instance in which the principles of the Legitimacy and Sovereignty were not respected

V Russia, Austria, and Prussia form the Holy Alliance . The purpose of the alliance is to prevent other revolutions from happening

Changes Made at ViennaChanges Made at Vienna

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

An Evaluation of the Congress of Vienna

An Evaluation of the Congress of Vienna

Congress of Vienna was criticized for ignoring the liberal & nationalist aspirations of so many peoples.

The leading statesmen at Vienna underestimated the new nationalism and liberalism generated by the French Revolution.

Not until the unification of Germany in 1870-71 was the balance of power upset.

Not until World War I did Europe have another general war.

Challengesto the

“Concert” System:

The 1820s-1830

Revolutions

Challengesto the

“Concert” System:

The 1820s-1830

RevolutionsMs. Susan M. Pojer

Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYMs. Susan M. Pojer

Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Independence

Movements

in the Balkans

Independence

Movements

in the Balkans

Wallachia & MoldaviaWallachia & Moldavia

Greek IndependenceGreek Independence

Hetairia Philike a secret society that inspired an uprising against the Turks in 1821.

1828 Russia declared war on the Ottomans.

1829 Treaty of Adrianople

1830 Greece declared an independent nation [Treaty of London].

Greece on the Ruins of Missilonghi by Delacroix, 1827

The 1830 RevolutionsThe 1830 Revolutions

Charles X

• Although the Charter of 184 was still in effect, Charles governed with the help of ultra-royalist ministers

• In 1830 the because of elections to parliament returned many deputies who opposed him

• Charles dismisses parliament

1830 France goes to the Barricades Revolution,

Again!!

1830 France goes to the Barricades Revolution,

Again!!

Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic!

Louis Philippe The “Citizen King”

Louis Philippe The “Citizen King” The Duke of Orleans.

Relative of the Bourbons,

Lead a thoroughly bourgeois life.

His Program: Property qualifications reduced

enough to double eligible voters.

Press censorship abolished.

The King ruled by the will of the people, not by the will of God.

The Fr Revolution’s tricolor replaced the Bourbon flag.

The government was now under the control of the wealthy middle class.

(r. 1830-1848)