1830-1848

CH . 13 - AGE OF EXPANSION

Sec. I MOVEMENT TO THE FAR WEST

A. TEXAS REVOLT1. 1821 – Mexico independent from Spain, econ & polit probs2. Moses Austin lead Americans into N. MX 3. Mx offer- cheap land & 4 yrs tax exemption if:

a. Mexican citizens b. Convert to Catholicism c. Follow MX law – no slavery4. 300 families, Stephen Austin to TX5. Problems – Americans! Did not follow laws, & smuggled in American goods w/o paying tariffs

TEXAS5. 1832 Texans unhappy – wanted rep in MX leg 7000 Texans (2x # of MX in TX)6. Santa Anna became dictator of MX & limited power of the states, inc. TX 7. Austin writes letter demanding more authority in

TX, arrested; rumors that Americans will be expelled leads to

sporadic fighting.8. June 1835 Travis and settlers captured Fort

Anahuac, fighting breaks out in Gonzales & San Antonio

TEXAS REVOLT

B. REPUBLIC OF TEXAS1. March 1836 – convention -Texas independent2. March 6 – Battle at the Alamo – 200 Texans fought 3000 Mexican troops; survivors executed, inc. D. Crocket,

Bowie J. Bowie & W.

3. Late March, Mexicans killed 350 Texans at Goliad4. April – Gen. Sam Houston led TX troops to San Jacinto & Captured Gen. Santa Anna- signed treaties giving up

land north to Rio Grande. Call: “Remember the Alamo!!”

TEXAS5. Sam Houston elected 1st pres of Republic of

Texas, vp MX6. Sent delegation to DC, requested annexation 7. Pres. Jackson refused – feared war w/MX,

imbalance of slave states to free states.8. Texas became the Lone Star Republic; offered

free land9. Population 140,000 by 1845

C. TRAILS OF TRADE & SETTLEMENT

1. 1821 – Santa Fe Trail – W. Becknell – household goods to MX for leather & silver goods, furs & mules

2. 1830s mountain men headed into Rockies - beaver skin

3. 1840 – Oregon Trail – missionaries Marcus & Narcissa Whitman moved to Oregon Country to convert natives

4. 1840 California Trail – Independence, MO jumping off place, traded for oxen, supplies for 6 month journey, headed west through Great Plains, deserts and mts to Sutter’s Fort – needed to travel after rains and before snow; most walked

2000 miles to the West

WESTWARD MIGRATION

THOMAS HART BENTON, artist

OPENING OF THE WEST

D. MORMONS

1. 1821 founder Joseph Smith had vision, God wanted him to restore pure religion by creating a new Zion in the West

2. Moved multiple times – OH; IN, MO; Nauvoo, IL – revelations & practices caused persecution

3. Smith killed by mob in jail in 1844.4. Brigham Young led Mormons west, Utah5. Deseret – communal living 6. Congress sent troops to force UT to follow federal law after US gained UT after MX – Amer War6. Statehood withheld until 1896

SEC. II MAINIFEST DESTINY & WAR W/MX

A. TYLER & TEXAS1. 1841 Tyler becomes president; pro-slavery

Virginian, & supporter of annexation; Whig party did not

2. Tyler favors annexation as issue to get him elected pres in 1844; adm spreads rumor that Brit will financially aid TX in return for end of slavery in TX

3. Sen Calhoun writes a treaty & begins debate in the Senate, northern Whigs denounce treaty as pro-slavery plot & treaty does not pass (35 to 16).

B. POLK & ANNEXATION

1. 1844 -Tyler fails to win nomination of either party2. Democ did not nominate Van Buren – opposed annex,

same as when he was Pres in 18363. Election of 1844 : Dem: Polk 170

WHIG: CLAY 105 LIBERTY: BIRNEY 0

4. BEFORE LEAVING OFFICE,

TYLER ENCOURAGES CONG

TO ANNEX TX

C. MANIFEST DESTINY

1. 1845 - O’Sullivan – ed. US Magazine & Democratic Review

a. God on side of American expansion b. Democracy will follow expansion c. Population growth in US required expansion d. Access to Pacific & land2. Southerners agreed w/ expansion; Northerners

opposed a. Problem?

MANIFEST DESTINY

D. POLK AND OREGON COUNTRY

1. Orig claimed by US, BR, SP & Russia; in 1845 just US & BR2. Pres Polk wanted boundary at 49th parallel (excluding Vancouver Island); but publicly demanded boundary at 54th Parallel, part of 1844 pres. campaign3. Britain refused; requested int’l arbitration, Polk ignored- a show of power to the British4. US public cried - “54’ 40’ or fight!” – US didn’t want to

fight –problems with MX. 5. Brit diplomatically agreed to 49th parallel, so Treaty of

Oregon agreed to by Sen in June 1846, est. 49th parallel

TREATY OF OREGON 1846

E. WAR WITH MEXICO

1. Tensions with MX increase after US annexed Texas a. Broke diplomatic relations w/ US b. Dispute over border w/ Texas – US – Rio Grande,

but MX – Nueces River2. Pres. Polk sent troops to border to guard land between

rivers & Rep Slidell to negotiate purchase of CA & NM (US troops in CA instructed to seize Pacific ports if war broke out)3. Mexico angry, refused Slidell’s offer & orders MX troops across Nueces.

WAR WITH MEXICO 1846

4. May 13, 1846 Congress voted for war (Sen 40-2; House 174-14) a. Col. Kearny captured Santa Fe, then CA b. Capt. Fremont lead Bear Flag Revolt in CA c. Gen. Taylor took Monterrey, advanced to MxCity d. Gen. Scott captured Tampico, Veracruz, then MxCity

DIPLOMACY WITH MEXICO

9. Diplomat Nicholas Trist sent to negotiate – Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Feb. 1848 (Senate

vote 38 – 14) a. Mex ceded CA and NM b. Agreed on Rio Grande as border c. US to pay $15 million to Mexico, & any American

claims .10. Wilmot Proviso – addition to prohibit slavery in

Mexican Cession; passed House, not Senate11.Gadsden Purchase 1853 – US paid $10 million for

southern AZ & NM; wanted RR to San Diego

SEC. III INTERNAL EXPANSION

A. GROWTH OF RAILROAD1. 1830 – RR lines developed powered by steam

(from Britain)2. Expensive, so most freight still carried by canal.3. 3. 1860 - 30,000 miles of track; ownership by

corporations that could sell stock to raise capital to develop routes

& federal loans

B. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1. 1840s new industrial method a. larger workforce b. Payment of wages c. Interchangeable parts d. Continuous manufacturing2. Transported goods North to South, East to West a. Produced farm equipment – threshers, reapers,

plows b. Machine parts – lathes, calipers

C. MASS IMMIGRATION

1. Population rising 1790- 4 million, 1830 – 13 million a. Birth rate b. Better health2. After 1840 – immigration a major factor a. Reduced transportation costs b. Job opportunities 3. Most immigrants moved to NE cities a. Irish came due to potato famine – Boston, NY, Phil b. Germans came due to political issues - $$ for

Midwest land

D. NEW WORKING CLASS

1. Cheap labor promoted industrialization a. 1820 Lowell Mills hired young single women b. 1860 61% of labor force were immigrants2. Work conditions worsened as managers replaced owners a. 12-14 hr days, wages cut, production demands higher b. Workers resisted – unused to factory work3. 1834 Factory Girls Assoc – union a. 1834 – strike against 25% wage cut b. 1836 – strike against increase dorm rent – both failed4. 1842 – Female Labor Reform Assoc- Sarah Bagley a. 10 hour day & better conditions

External expansion leads to more controversy over slavery

Internal expansion leads to growth of industrialization and the problems associated with it:

child labor, inequality of income, labor discontent, environmental abuse…