the cold war
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The Cold War. Chapter 26. 1945: A Critical Year. US & USSR cooperation during WWII was temporary Resentment over war time actions. Yalta Conference. February 1945 Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill Work out future of Germany and Poland USSR wanted $20 million in reparations - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Cold War
Chapter 26
1945: A Critical Year
US & USSR cooperation during WWII was temporary
Resentment over war time actions
Yalta Conference February 1945 Roosevelt, Stalin,
Churchill Work out future of
Germany and Poland
USSR wanted $20 million in reparations
Poland became difficult issue
Stalin agreed to elections but communist control
The United Nations International peacekeeping organization April 1945 – 50 Nations Peace, Justice, Cooperation General Assembly = all nations Security Council = US, USSR, England, France,
China + 6
Truman Takes Command
Roosevelt dies on April 12, 1945 VP Truman becomes President Only been VP for 3 months
Potsdam Conference Attlee, Truman,
Stalin Continuation of Yalta Truman tried to
scare Stalin with “secret weapon”
Stalin knew about atomic bomb due to spies
Post-War Goals America
o Wanted Poland to be Democratico Keep Europe and Asia capitalisto Would allow for large market for US made goods
Soviet Uniono Rebuild= 17 million dead, destruction of countryo Establish satellite nationso Satellite nation – Country subject to Soviet
dominationo Spread Communism
Soviets Tighten Their Hold: Satellites
Took countries they had freed from Nazis
Called Eastern Bloc Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia in 1948 Hungry & Romania in 1949 East Germany = German
Democratic Republic (1949) Only Finland & Yugoslavia
stood up to Stalin
Iron Curtain February 1946 Stalin predicts triumph of
communism Created Cominform = help
spread Communism March 1946 Churchill states Europe has
been divided by “Iron Curtain”
Set tone for the Cold War
Cold War 1946 – 1991 US vs. USSR Political &
Economic conflict with military tensions
No direct military engagement = “Cold”
Containment Policy by US Long term, patient vigilance Containment – resist growth of communism Some said it was too moderate
Truman Doctrine US would help any nation fight back Communism Turkey and Greece Given lots of aid to help maintain democratic
governments Doctrine would last 40 years
Marshall Plan Secretary of State George
Marshall June 1947 US & Europe: rebuild to pre-
war state USSR invited, said No Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov
= US “buying its way in” 17 countries gave $$$$$ US = $13 billion Gained trade partners
Berlin Airlift By 1948, knew Stalin wouldn’t reunite Germany Allies merged = Federal Republic of Germany Capitalist W.B. vs. Communist E.B. Symbol of Cold War Struggle Stalin blocked all shipments to West 15 months airplanes dropped 13 tons of supplies Lifted May 1949
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization April 1949 Canada proposed “associates of peace-loving
states” 12 nations agreed to collective security Collective Security – mutual military assistance Soviets created Warsaw Pact to counteract
Soviet Atomic Threat September 1949 USSR tests Atomic bomb US Response = Hydrogen
Bomb (1952) Created Civil Defense
Administrationo Books and PSA’s on how to
survive nuke
China Falls to Communism
USSR & China had been struggling since 1920s 1949 – Mao Zedong’s army took Beijing Nationalist Chiang Kai-Shek took democratic
government to Taiwan
Cold War at Home: Communists Among Us
After Depression, many Americans became Commies
Left party when economy came back Red Scare caused past to haunt them
Loyalty Program Try to find Commies and spies 1947 – All federal employees subject to
investigation Any suspicion caused guilt Never could clear name 100s removed from jobs
HUAC House Un-American Activities Committee 1938 – Senator Joseph McCarthy of WI Find commies in Hollywood Films and TV contained communist ideas
Hollywood 10 Writers, directors, actors, producers Called to testify before Congress None spoke, 6 months to year in prison Blacklist – people who should not be hired Burle Ives, Danny Kaye, Orson Wells, Charlie
Chaplin
McCarran-Walter Act 1952 New immigration quotas Communist countries reduced to almost nothing Truman veto, Congress overturned
Spy Cases 1948: Alger Hiss
o High ranking State Department officialo Accused by Whittaker Chambers (former
Commie)o Hiss sued for slandero Case was too lateo Jailed 4 years for perjuryo Probably wasn’t a spy
Spy Cases 1950: Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
o Passed atomic secrets to the Sovietso Convicted of espionageo Executed by electric chairo Julius was spy, Ethel probably not
Korean WarDividing Korea
Pre-WWI – Japan annexed Korea Harsh rule 1945 – Japan lost WWII, lost Korea 38th Parallel – Soviet North, American South Koreans wanted unity
War Begins 1950 – Northern troops invade South US believes Soviets pushed them to invade
(wrong) Clear aggression met with force
UN Police Action Truman brought aggression to UN China left council so they could not veto US won action Truman sent US forces to Korea and Taiwan Didn’t get war declaration from Congress United Nations Command
o 16 Nations sent troopso US was 80%o Lead by Gen. Douglas MacArthur
Waging War MacArthur hit supply lines Left North without US pushed north to reunite China got scared of US being close Sent their troops to defend N. Korea US pushed back to 38th Parallel Stalemate developed
MacArthur’s Letters MacArthur wanted to break stalemate Truman told him to wait MacArthur sent letter to congressman, who
leaked it MacArthur is fired by Truman for insubordination
The End? Truman kept war limited Dragged for 2 years Eisenhower inherited Peace talks stalled Ike threatens to use nukes 1953 Truce – still there
Effects of the Korean War
Frustrated Americans 34,000 killed, 103,000 wounded No result, limited victory 1st war with racial integration Caused huge increase in military spending Created military-industrial complex
McCarthy Era – The Rise
WI Senator Joseph McCarthy
McCarthyism – smear tactics, baseless accusations
Being accused by him meant you lost everything
Went after everyone and anyone, feared
McCarthy Era – The Fall His Aide was drafted McCarthy claimed the army was run by commies Army claimed he wanted special treatment for his
aide April 1954 – Army-McCarthy Hearings on TV People watched in horror as McCarthy bullied Lost his credibility and power
Southeast Asia July 1953 – Ended Korean War US moved troops to Vietnam to help France keep
hold Vietnam became divided (N/S) Aided South Vietnam but resisted conflict (for
now)
The Middle East 1947 – UN created Israel Arab Palestine and Jewish
Israel Both saw same land as holy US backed Israel US tried to keep oil nations
from falling to communism
Suez Crisis 1956 Egypt’s ruler Nasser tried to get Soviet support US and UK cut off aid to Egypt Nasser seized UK’s Suez Canal French & British attacked Egypt to get canal back US convinced them to withdraw Egypt kept canal Eisenhower Doctrine
o US would use force to safeguard countries in Middle East against Soviet aggression
Latin America Suppress Communist here too US had control of 10 LA countries economies Invaded, helped put US-friendly leaders in place 1948 – OAS = Organization of American States 1954 – CIA overthrows government of Guatemala Restore American property
Arms Race: Growth of Nuclear Arsenals
1953 – US tests Hydrogen Bomb 1954 – USSR tests Hydrogen Bomb Deterrence – making the military power of US so
strong that no enemy would dare attack US conducted 19 tests in the Pacific One burned fishermen 90 miles away
Brinkmanship US used fear of nuclear war for Cold War
objectives Brinkmanship – ability to get to the verge without
getting into war Most Americans saw this as “playing Russian
roulette with the life of our nation”
Cold War in the Skies US used planes to drop bombs USSR used ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic
missiles) 1957 – USSR launches Sputnik May 1960 – Soviets shot down US U-2 spy plane US claimed it wasn’t spy plane USSR held pilot hostage US was embarrassed