the ''classical era'' in the...

Name ___________________ Date _______ _

THE ''CLASSICAL ERA'' IN THE EAST

• History 1(8) Identify major causes and describe the major effects of the following events from 500 B.C. to A.D. 600 B.C.: India (Maurya and Gupta), China (Zhou, Qin, and Han), and the development of major world religions.

• History 3 {A) Describe the major political, religious/ philosophical, and cultural influences of India and China ...

• History 3(C) Compare the factors that led to the collapse of the Roman Empire and Han China.

• Culture 23 {A) Describe the historical origins, central ideas, and spread of major religious and philosophical traditions, including Buddhism, Confucianism, and Hinduism ...

• Culture 24{A) Describe the changing roles of women, children, and families during major eras of world history.

•Culture 25{A) Summarize the fundamental ideas and institutions of Eastern civilizations that originated in China and India.

•Culture 26{C) Identify examples of art, music, and literature that transcend the cultures in which they were created and convey universal themes.

In the centuries when Persia, Greece and Rome dominated the West, a different series of empires and dynasties flourished in the east. India witnessed a flowering of Hindu and Buddhist cultures, influencing all of South and Southeast Asia. China saw the emergence of great philosophers, who set the tone for much of Chinese thought and tradition.

0- What were the major accomplishments of the civilizations of India and China during the "Classical Era"?

0- How did these civilizations compare with the civilizations of the West?

0- What factors contributed to the rise and fall of empires and dynasties in the East?

SOCIAL STUDIES TERMINOLO&Y IN THIS CHAPTER

• Aryat1s • Et1tperor Asoka • Cot1fucius • Hit1duistM • Mauryat1 Et1tpire • Qit1 Pyt1asty • Reit1carnatiot1 • C.upta Et1tpire • Shih Huat1g~ti • Caste SystetM • Zhou Pyt1asty • C.reat Wall of Chit1a • Juddha • Mat1date of Heavet1 • Hat1 Pyt1asty

UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY 81

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82 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY

- IMPORTANT IDEAS -A. The Aryans introduced Hinduism and the caste system to India, creating

hereditary social classes.

B. Although Buddhism began in India, it spread rapidly throughout South, Central Southeast, and East Asia. Asoka, a Mauryan ruler, adopted Buddhism.

C. The Gupta Empire was marked by a "Golden Age of Hindu Culture," which saw growth in learning, the arts, literature, the sciences, and mathematics.

D. China was ruled by a series of dynasties (ruling families).

E. Confucianism became China's dominant belief system. Based on the teachings of Confucius, it stressed kindness and following traditional ways to achieve peace and harmony.

F. The Qin Emperor, Shih Huang-ti, united distant parts of China and built the Great Wall to protect China from foreign invaders.

G. The fall of the Han Dynasty in the East had some similarities to the fall of the Roman Empire in the West.

THE EMPIRES OF INDIA THE ARYAN INVASION

In the last chapter, you learned how an early river valley civilization arose along the Indus River and then suddenly collapsed. The Dravidian people living in this region were then conquered by the Aryans. Many his- MOUNTAIN BARRIERS PROTECT NORTHWEST INDIA torians believe that the Aryans came N

from Central Asia, crossed the moun- w k E

tain passes through the Himalayas, V and arrived in India about 1,500 B.C. C? s

Other historians believe that Aryan ° culture developed locally.

The Aryans were nomadic peoples who lived by herding cattle and by fighting. They developed iron weapons and horse-drawn chariots which enabled them to conquer their neighbors. Over the next several centuries, Aryan tribes moved into the Ganges River valley, pushing the Dravidian people farther south.

Arabian Sea

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IND I A

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UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 7: The "Classical Era" in the East 83

By 900 B.C., the Aryans had formed city-states in the major river valleys. Each citystate was ruled by its own ruler. The Aryans developed their own form of writing, known as Sanskrit. Knowledge of Sanskrit became a sign of education and wealth since it was only taught to members of the higher castes.

HINDUISM The Aryans also brought a new religion to India, known as Hinduism.

Gods. Hindus believe that there are many gods and goddesses. Each of these gods, however, is a manifestation (form) of one Supreme Being.

Reincarnation. Hindus believe that at death, a person's soul is reborn as another living thing. This creates an endless cycle of rebirth for each soul.

I MAJOR BELIEFS OF HINDUISM I Karma. Karma refers to a person's behavior in life, which Hindus believe determines that person's form in the next life. People who live a good life will be reborn in a higher caste. Those who do not are reborn in a lower caste.

Sacred Objects. Hindus believe the Ganges River is sacred and has the power to wash away sin and evil. The cow is also considered sacred, and religious Hindus do not eat beef.

Like many religions, Hinduism provided its believers with an entire way of life. It served as a guide, explaining everything a person should do from birth to death. Hinduism had no single holy book, but various Hindu writings provided guidance. Two texts containing the major beliefs of Hinduism were the Upanishads and the Bhagavad-Gita.

THE CASTE SYSTEM The mixing of Aryan and Dravidian peoples led to a new social order. To secure their status, the Aryans put into effect new social and religious rules. These rules allowed only Aryans to occupy the higher social classes - such as priests, warriors and landowners. Under this system, people were divided into five hereditary classes, known as castes, shown in the triangle to the right.

Caste lines were rigid and based on birth. Under the caste system, people lacked all social mobility (the ability to change social classes). People were not permitted to marry outside their caste. Untouchables performed the lowliest tasks, such as handling dead bodies or sweeping streets. They were completely outside the social order.

MAIN CASTE DIVISIONS IN INDIA

Warriors

Landowners

Peasants

Untouchables

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84 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED How was the hereditary caste system closely connected to Hindu beliefs m reincarnation?

BUDDHISM The religion of Buddhism began in India around 500 B.C. Siddhartha Gautama (563-487 B.C.) lived his youth in comfort and luxury as a wealthy prince in Nepal. One day, he looked beyond the palace walls and was shocked by all the human suffering he saw around him. This prompted him to leave his wealth, his wife, and his two children to set out in search of truth.

After six years of searching, he realized in a flash of insight that all suffering was caused by selfish human desires. To end this suffering, a person must come to accept the world as it is and to block out his or her own selfish desires. Gautama became known as the "Buddha" or "Enlightened One."

The "Buddha" or "Enlightened One."

Basic Philosophy. Buddhism is based on a philosophy of self-denial and meditation. Buddhists also believe in reincarnation.

Gods and Holy Books. Buddhists do not believe in a single Supreme Being (God). They also do not have a primary holy book. Their basic beliefs are found in books called Sutras.

Four Noble Truths. These truths explain life's meaning. They explain that pain and suffering is caused by human desi res, such as the desi re for material wealth and selfish pleasures. Only by giving up wrongful desires can a person find peace and harmony.

MAJOR BELIEFS OF BUDDHISM I Eightfold Path. To give up selfish human desires, Buddhists believe one should follow this path: have the right goals, have the right perspectives, be aware, act in a worthy manner, speak truthfully, live righteously, respect all living things, and meditate.

Nirvana. By following the Eightfold Path, an individual can escape the soul's endless reincarnations and achieve nirvana - a state of eternal peace and bliss.

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••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACflNO. AS AN AMAfEUR HISfORIAN The main ideas of Buddhism are summarized in the "Four Noble Truths."

1. All life is suffering. 2. Suffering is caused by our craving (or wanting things). 3. Suffering can only be stopped by ending our craving.

• 4. Only a carefully disciplined and moral life, such as a life of concentration and meditation, can end our craving.

According to the "Four Noble Truths," how can we end our suffering?

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THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM Buddhism quickly attracted many followers. Missionaries helped spread Buddhist beliefs throughout all of India. Buddhism began to spread southwards from Northern India to Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, Indochina, and other Southeast Asian countries. It moved northwards into the Himalayan kingdoms of Bhutan and Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia and other parts of Central Asia. Buddhism also spread into China, Korea, and Japan. It was popular among many groups because it rejected the caste system.

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A S I A

INDIAN OCEAN

0 Miles 1500

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

* What beliefs did Buddhism borrow from Hinduism?

* How did the spread of Buddhism in the East compare to the spread of Christianity in the West?

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86 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY

THE MAURYAN EMPIRE (321 B.c.-232 C.E.) Shortly after Alexander the Great invaded northwestern India saw the rise of one of the greatest Hindu empires. King Chandragupta challenged the Greeks and established the powerful Mauryan Empire in India, which stretched from Afghanistan to the Ganges. His grandson Asoka (269 B.c.-232 B.C.) was the next great ruler of India.

Asoka began his reign by fighting a series of wars to enlarge his empire. After eight years of nearly constant warfare, Asoka grew horrified by the bloodshed of battle. This prompted him to renounce violence and to convert to Buddhism.

Asoka decided to win his people's loyalty by acts of kindness and by promoting their welfare and happiness. He decreed that people of all religions should live peacefully with one another. He improved roads, built hospitals, and sent teachers throughout the empire to encourage education. To promote Buddhism, he built Buddhist shrines throughout India and sent missionaries to other lands. Despite his successes, after Asoka's death the Mauryan Empire began to fall apart.

Emperor Asoka

THE GUPTA EMPIRE (320 A.D.-535 A.D.) In 320 A.D., a new ruling family, the Gupta, emerged. They united the territory around the Ganges River. Gupta emperors encouraged peace, prosperity, and trade with foreign lands, especially China.

The two centuries of Gupta rule are sometimes referred to as the "Golden Age of Hindu Culture." A "golden age" is a period marked by peace and stability accompanied by strides in the arts and literature. Gupta emperors built universities and supported learning, the arts, and literature. Gupta artists painted colorful murals, while writers composed poems and plays written in Sanskrit.

PERSIAN EMPIRE

ARABIAN SEA BAY OF BENGAL

O Miles 500

Indian scholars excelled at the sciences and mathematics. Gupta mathematicians developed the concept of zero, the idea of infinity, and the decimal system. Arabic numerals, used throughout the world today, were first developed in India during this period. Gupta astronomers put forward the idea that the Earth was not flat, but round and rotated on its own axis. These astronomers calculated the solar year and the shape and movement of bodies in space with remarkable accuracy. In the field of medicine, Gupta physicians set bones and performed minor skin grafts. This prosperous period drew to a close around 500 A.D. The Huns, a warlike tribe from Central Asia, invaded northeastern India, causing the Gupta Empire to disintegrate into smaller states.

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* How did Buddhist beliefs affect the policies of King Asoka?

* What were some of the important cultural contributions of the Gupta Empire?

THE DYNASTIES OF CHINA Like the flowering of Greek and Roman culture in the West, China also witnessed some of its greatest cultural achievements in these centuries. Chinese history is generally divided into periods based upon the dynasty (ruling f amity) that governed China at that time. From 1027 B.C. to 220 A.D., China was ruled by three main dynasties.

ZHOU DYNASTY (1027 B.C.-221 B.c.) In 1027 B.C., the Shang were conquered, marking the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty.

The new Zhou ruler justified his rule as the Mandate of Heaven. The Chinese believed that their ruler was chosen to rule by heaven, and that heaven would also overthrow a bad ruler. Scholars taught that if a ruler became selfish and thought of himself first, before the people, then heaven would bring floods, riots, and revolts to end his reign. Then a new ruling family would emerge.

Later Chinese rulers continued to use this mandate as the basis for their authority to rule.

DYNASTIC CYCLE IN CHINA Strong dynasty establishes peace and prosperity; it is considered to

,/( have Mandate of Heaven. ~

The new dynasty gains In time, dynasty power, restores peace declines and and order, and claims becomes corrupt;

to have Mandate taxes are raised; of Heaven . power grows

t ROLE OF weaker. MANDATE OF J_

Dynasty is HEAVEN T overthrown Disasters such as

floods, fa mines, peasant revolts,

through rebellion and bloodshed; a new dynasty and invasions

emerges. occur.

' Old dynasty is seen as JI having lost Mandate of Heaven;

rebellion is justified.

UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY

Zhou rulers established a system in which land was given to nobles in exchange for military service. During succeeding centuries, Zhou rulers conquered neighboring peoples and made them a part of China. However, by the 6th century B.C., local nobles became too powerful for the Zhou rulers to control, and China was plunged into civil war. The greatest legacy of the Zhou dynasty was the work of two Chinese philosophers, Confucius and Lao Tzu (Laozi). These philosophers were deeply affected by the turmoil they lived through at the end of the Zhou dynasty. Confucius sought to bring order to China's social and political life, while Lao Tzu was more interested m peace and inner stability for individuals.

~~ .A: ... MONGOLIA

0 Extent of t he Zhou Empire

CONFUCIANISM Confucianism is named for its founder, Confucius, who lived during a time of great turmoil in China. Confucius established a philosophy based on what he believed was the basic order of the universe. He stressed following traditional ways, which had worked well in the past to achieve peace and harmony. Confucius taught that each person should live up to his or her name - that is, fulfill their social obligations.

Confucius placed great importance on traditional values such as obedience and order. He also stressed the importance of the family, where children should show devotion, known as filial piety, to their parents. For Confucius, the family served as a model for society, emphasizing duties, good deeds, and a civilized way of life.

South China Sea

Miles 500

East China Sea

Confucius (551-479 B.C.)

Natural Order. There is a natural order to the universe and to human relationships. Each person has a role in society, which reflects his or her position in the universe.

Role of Each Person. Each person's social role brings a number of obligations. If everyone fulfills these roles by meeting their obligations, people and society will be in harmony.

MAJOR BELIEFS OF CONFUCIANISM I Relationships. In each relationship, there is a superior and an inferior. The superior must show love and responsibility, while the inferior must show loyalty and obedience.

Mandate of Heaven. If the ruler benefits his people and provides them with food and protection, then the people will obey their ruler, who will continue to hold the Mandate of Heaven (the right to rule).

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UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY CHAPTER 7: The "Classical Era" in the East 89

DAO ISM Daoism (or Taoism) is a Chinese philosophy that began in the 5th century B.C., based on the teachings of Lao Tzu. Daoists believe that nature has a "way" (the Dao) in which it moves, and that people should accept the "way" of nature rather than to try to resist it. Daoists have a deep respect for nature and harmony, and accept things rather than trying to change them. If you fight against nature, Daoists believe your action may even have results opposite to what you intended. People can achieve enlightenment only by "non-striving," enjoying nature, and using contemplation to abandon earthly concerns.

APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED Compare Confucianism and Daoism by describing how they are similar and different.

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• : ACTIN& AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN

Eastern beliefs often seem different than Western religions. The teachings of Lao Tzu describe the mysterious "way" of the universe, known as the Dao. Daoists seek the underlying principle that explains how nature and the universe move. Just as some people see God behind all things, Daoists describe the "way:"

You look at it, but it is not to be seen, Its name is Formless. You listen to it, but it is not to be heard; Its name is Soundless. You grasp it, but it is not to be held; Its name is Bodiless.

* How does this description of the "way" compare to Western religious ideas about "God"?

* On page 85 you read about the Four Noble Truths. Based on that reading and this reading on Daoism, how do these religions or beliefs systems differ? How are they alike?

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Complete the graphic organizer below. For each religion, describe some of its beliefs.

Hinduism Buddhism Confucianism

Where It Began: __ _ Where It Began: __ _ Where It Began: __ _

Main Beliefs: ___ _ Main Beliefs: ___ _ Main Beliefs: ___ _

QIN DYNASTY (221 e.c.-206 e.c.) Shih Huang-ti, the lord of Qin (pronounced Chin), was a provin- -'+ cial ruler who unified all of China through conquest. He began ._ a new dynasty and became the first Chinese ruler to call himself .."Emperor." He felt that all power should rest in the hands of a sin- '*1 gle, absolute ruler. Shih believed that people were not necessarily iJ. good and that they needed a strong government to punish those who committed bad acts. His rule was very harsh. He rejected Confucianism, burnt Confucian books, and persecuted scholars.

Shih's Accomplishments. Shih Huang-ti centralized power by dividing China into districts, each with its own military and civil administrator. Construction of a network of roads and canals was begun to unite distant parts of China. Uniform systems of writing and measurements were established throughout the empire. Shih also joined together several existing protective walls to form the Great Wall of China, in order to protect his empire from nomadic peoples to the northwest. Stretching 1,500 miles, it stood 22 feet high and 15 feet thick, taking thousands of laborers many years to complete. Shih also had workers build an immense army of clay soldiers to surround him in his tomb. Although Shih 's rule was short, he had lasting effects in creating a unified and centralized China.

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••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACTING- AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Imagine your class is conducting a trial of Shih Huang-ti. Was he justified in his actions? The class should present arguments for and against the emperor. Look in your school or local library or on the Internet for more information. Then go ahead and conduct the trial. Use the space below for listing your main arguments .

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HAN DYNASTY (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Following the Qin emperor's death, the people rebelled against his harsh style of rule. After several years of civil war, a new dynasty emerged. The Han emperors kept China unified for over four hundred years.

The Han are credited with inventing paper and lead-glazed ceramics, and with advances in silk-weaving. In addition, the Han emperors established examinations to select candidates for imperial service. Candidates were tested on their knowledge of history and Confucian philosophy. This encouraged the spread of Confucian ideas. The examination system also strengthened the power of the emperor by weakening the independence of the nobles. They could no longer claim the high status and rewards of imperial service as a matter of right. Only those who passed these rigorous tests could assist the emperor in the government. Examinations provided a way for commoners to move up the social ladder. Confucian ideals came to unite all government officials and the Chinese upper classes as a whole.

The Han rulers established overland trade routes, such as the "Silk Road," which connected China to the Roman Empire and other regions. Merchants carried goods by camel caravan along this route through mountains, steppes, and deserts, with resting points in new towns along the way. Over these routes, China exported its silk, iron, and bronze in exchange for gold, linen cloth, glass, ivory, animal hides, horses, and cattle. India also introduced Buddhism, which became popular in China.

(]:::' ~ I THE SILK ROAD I

Ardbi1111 s...

I ND / A

BaJof lknga/

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CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN HAN CHINA Wealthy families in early Han China had many children so that their sons could serve in the government and their daughters could marry into other wealthy families. Marriages were arranged, and families prepared their daughters to serve their future husbands. Wealthy women were generally well-treated and influential. Under Confucian teachings, women were subordinate to men. In childhood, a woman obeyed her father; in adulthood, she obeyed her husband; and in old age, she obeyed her son. In Han China, a system of public schools, for boys only, developed. Confucian principles, such as respect for elders and looking after one's parents in old age, were taught.

THE FALL OF THE HAN DYNASTY The Han Dynasty ruled over an immense territory for 400 years - nearly twice as long as the history of the United States from its independence to the present. Towards the end of this period, the Han emperors were weakened by a series of rebellions against their authority. To crush these rebellions, the imperial government gave more power to provincial governors, including the ability to tax and raise their own local armies. Some governors used these newfound powers to become local warlords. Economic

Faced with constant uprisings, the last ce11t11ry of the Han Empire saw freq11e11t conflict.

hardship from population growth led to a rise in banditry in the countryside. In 221 A.O., the last Han emperor turned his power over to an independent warlord. Han China finally collapsed into a series of civil wars, and split apart into a series of separate states.

THE END OF EMPIRES Why do societies sometimes decline and fall? To find an answer, some scholars have compared the collapse of the Han Dynasty with that of Rome in the West. In both cases, an empire had gradually spread over a very large area, making it difficult to govern given the state of transportation and communication at that time. Both the Han and Roman Empires saw areas in their empire fall into the hands of generals and local warlords, weakening central control.

In both empires, early emperors were talented rulers but later emperors were not always equally capable. In each empire, later rulers were sometimes overthrown by their own generals or palace guards. Another similarity between the two empires was the spread of corruption, creating instability in the government and dissatisfaction with the unequal distribution of wealth. Vast differences existed between the richest and poorest social classes, leading to frequent peasant uprisings. Both empires faced growing discontent with high taxes to support the army. Finally, both empires faced the constant threat of invasion from outside "barbarian" tribes. The Huns of Central Asia pushed the Germanic tribes into the Roman Empire. The Huns also pushed eastward, causing neighboring nomatic tribes to press against China.

Name _____________________ Date _______ _



* In what other ways were the collapses of the Han and Roman Empires similar?

* Are there any lessons that can be learned by present-day world leaders from the factors that led to the fall of either of these two empires?

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ACTIN& AS AN AMATEUR HISTORIAN Using the Internet or your local library, find two works of art -such as sculpture, pottery, calligraphy, architecture, wood carvings, paintings - from India and China that were done during the Classical Era. Then complete the chart below:

Name of Date Material Description of the Artwork Artwork Created Used

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Complete the graphic organizer on the next page. For each ancient civilization mentioned, identify its primary location. Then describe a characteristic of that culture, such as its form of government or religious beliefs. Finally, list its accomplishments or cultural contributions.

Name _________________ Date ______ _


Mauryan Empire Gupta Empire

Location: ________ _ Location: ________ _

Characteristics: _______ _ Characteristics: _______ _

Achievements: _______ _ Achievements: _______ _

Zhou Dynasty Qin Dynasty Han Dynasty

Location: ____ _ Location: ____ _ Location: ____ _

Characteristics: __ _ Characteristics: __ _ Characteristics: __ _

Achievements: __ _ Achievements: __ _ Achievements: __ _

Name _____________ _________ Date ________ _


CHAPTER STUDY CARDS ------------------------------·------------------------------,

Empires of India

* Aryans came to India around 1500 B.C. • Created city-states in major river valleys. • Developed Sanskrit, a form of writing. • Introduced Hinduism to India. • New social order developed, known as the

caste system. * Mauryan Empire • Asoka allowed all religions in India. • Asoka built roads and hospitals. * Gupta Empire. They ushered in a "Golden Age of Hindu Culture." • Advanced concept of zero, decimal system. • Their system of numerals is used today.

Hindusim

* Hindus believe in many gods and goddesses - all are forms of one Supreme Being. * Reincarnation. We're reborn in a new form after we die, based on deeds in this life.

Buddhism

* Began in Indian around 500 B.C. * Siddhartha Gautama. Known as Buddha. • Rich prince who set off in search of truth. * Beliefs. Self-denial and meditation. • One must give up selfish desires to find

true peace and harmony: Eight-Fold Path. • Believe in reincarnation.

I I I I I I I

~

t------------------------------+------------------------------· Dynasties of China

China's history is divided into dynasties. * Zhou Dynasty. Believed their ruler was in power due to Mandate of Heaven. * Qin Dynasty. • Shi Huang-ti. First emperor of China. • Unified China under his rule. • Built Great Wall of China. * Han Dynasty. • Kept China unified over next 400 years. • Selected officials based on examinations. • Established trade alo ng Silk Road.

Confucianism

* Confucius established a philosophy followed in China for centuries. * This philosophy stressed kindness, peace, harmony, and following the natural order - each person's role in society is due to his or her position in the universe. * In every relationship there is a superior and an inferior. * A good ruler should govern justly and for the benefit of his subjects.

CHECKIN& YOUR UNDERSTANDIN& Directions: Put a circle around the letter that best answers the question.

Use the diagram and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

1 The diagram to the right shows the relationship between individuals in a society based on the ideas of -A Confucius ( cult 23(A) )

B Moses C Emperor Asoka D Siddhartha Gautama

Everyone had duties and responsibilities, depending on his or her position in a relationship.

Takes care of t f and sets good

example for

Owes loyalty and obedience to

Inferior subject, wife, son, younger brother

UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

First, .E,XAMINE the question. This question tests your ability to interpret a diagram. It shows the relationship between "superiors" and "inferiors" in a society. It asks who developed these ideas. _&ECALL what you know. You should recall that Confucius developed a philosophy based on each person fulfllling his position in society. APPLY what you know. Choice B, Choice C, and Choice D are t he names of rulers or thinkers who developed other philosophies. The best answer is Choice A, since the diagram illustrates one of the main points of Confucian teachings.

Now try answering some additional questions on your own.

2 Which type of geographic feature served as a barrier that protected ancient China but through which the Aryans found a route to ancient India? F deserts H mountains (Geog 16(8))

G nvers J plateaus

Use the map and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

3 Which statement can best be supported by the information on the map? A

B

c

D

By 260 B.C., the Mauryan Empire extended northward into Central China. The Mauryan Empire controlled more of the Indian subcontinent than the Gupta Empire. Most of the Gupta Empire was located on the Deccan Plateau. The economies of India 's early empires were mainly based on overland trade. (Geog 15(A))

ARABIAN SEA

~ Maximum extent of Mauryan Empire c. 260 B.C.

• Heartland of Gupta Empire

D Maximum extent of Gupta Empire c. A.O. 400

• City IND/AN OCEAN

TIBETAN PLATEAU

BAY OF BENGAL

4 Which belief is most closely associated with the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)? F People are born into a specific caste. ( Cult 23(A) )

G Believers must follow the Ten Commandments. H Followers must fast during Ramadan. J People can overcome their selfish desires by following the Eightfold Path.

Name ____________________ Date _______ _


S Which belief is shared by both Hindus and Buddhists? A Everyone should have the same social status. B People should pray five times a day. C The soul is reborn after death. D Material wealth is a sign of blessing from the gods.

( Cult 23 (A) )

6 One way in which Confucian teachings, the Ten Commandments, and the Eightfold Path in Buddhism were all similar was that they -F promoted polytheism ( Cult 23(A) )

G established equality between men and women H provided codes for moral behavior J affirmed belief in one God

Use the information in the box and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

+ Preserved Hindu traditions

+ Produced fine poems and drama

+ Made advances in mathematics, science, and medicine

7 These achievements refer to contributions of the -A Gupta Empire C Greek city-states ( Cult 25(A) )

B Persian Empire D Han dynasty

8 In China, the development of civil service examinations and a belief in filial piety reflect the influence of-F Shinto H Confucianism ( Cult 23(A) )

G Jainism J Buddhism

9 The caste system in India was characterized by -A toleration for various religious beliefs B equality between men and women C a lack of social mobility D the right of people to choose their occupations

( Cult 25(A) )

10 Which religion is most closely associated with sef-denial, meditation, the "Four Noble Truths," and nirvana? F Buddhism G Christianity

H J

Judaism Shinto

( Cult 23(A) )

11 Which accomplishments are most closely associated with the Gupta Empire? A adoption of democracy and construction of the Pantheon (.--H-ist_3_(-A).....,)

B defeat of the Roman Empire and adoption of Christianity C establishment of Pax Mongolia and founding of a Chinese dynasty D use of the Sanskrit language and development of the concept of zero

Name Date _______ _

98 MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY

Use the illustration to the right and your knowledge of social studies to answer questions 12 and 13.

12 Which concept is illustrated in the diagram? F the Mandate of Heaven (Cult 25(A) )

G the caste system H reincarnation J Confucian teachings on superior

inferior relationships

13 Which religion is most closely associated with the diagram? A Hinduism (Cult 23(A) )

C Christianity B Daoism D Confucianism

UNLAWFUL TO PHOTOCOPY

Kshatriyas warriors

D Aryans D Non-Aryans

Vaisyas herders, farmers, merchants,

craftspeople

Sudras farm workers, servants, laborers

14 How were the collapses of the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty similar? F Both emperors handed power to a warlord (~H-ist_3_(_C)~)

G Both societies faced pressure from outside invaders. H Christian teachings made both societies less warlike. J In both societies, city-dwellers relied extensively on slavery.

Use the photographs below and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.

15 These architectural achievements indicate that -A advanced building techniques existed in ancient civilizations ( STS 27(A) )

B religion was of little importance C entertainment was important to the cultures of most ancient societies D trade routes existed between China and Western Europe

16 The Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire were similar in that both -F developed extensive trade networks ( Hist t(B) )

G created classless societies H encouraged democratic ideals J established free-market economies

the ''classical era'' in the...

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