cuestionario de craving en alcohol

7/28/2019 Cuestionario de Craving en Alcohol

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Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (ACQ-NOW):

Background, Scoring, and Administration


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ALCOHOL CRAVING QUESTIONNAIRE (ACQ-NOW)

BACKGROUND

The Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (ACQ-NOW: Singleton et al., 1995) contains 47-items developedto assess the multidimensional aspects of craving for alcohol among current users (Anton, 1999;Drobes et al., 1999; Singleton et al., 1998). Forty-five items (45) were adapted from the 45-item

Cocaine Craving Questionnaire (CCQ-NOW: Tiffany, Singleton, Henningfield, & Haertzen, 1993).Each item is related to one of five domains that are considered relevant to alcohol craving: (1) urgesand desires to drink alcohol, (2) intent to use alcohol, (3) anticipation of positive outcome, (4)anticipation of relief from withdrawal and negative outcome, and (5) lack of control over use. A sixthcategory has been added comprising 2-new-items which where intended as a consistency checkwhen with compared to items 4 and 11. The consistency check scores have not been analyzed. Theitems and respective categories follow:

CATEGORY/ITEMS ON THE ACQ-NOW

I. URGES AND DESIRES TO USE ALCOHOL (9-items): 7, 11a, 17, 21, 24, 36*, 38*, 44, 47.

II. INTENT TO USE ALCOHOL (9-items): 4a, 6*, 8, 12*, 19, 23, 33, 37, 45.

III. ANTICIPATION OF POSITIVE OUTCOME (9-items): 2*, 5, 10, 18, 20, 27*, 29*, 32, 41*.

IV. ANTICIPATION OF RELIEF FROM WITHDRAWAL AND NEGATIVE OUTCOME (9-items):3, 9, 13, 14, 22, 28, 34, 39, 46.

V. LACK OF CONTROL OVER USE (9-items): 1, 15, 16, 25, 26*, 31, 35*, 42*, 43*.

VI. FILLER (2-items): 30 a, 40*a.

LEGEND:

* Indicates reverse-keyed items.

a Indicates items formerly comprising a planned consistency check, which has not been validated.

ITEMS BY CATEGORY

I. URGES AND DESIRES TO USE ALCOHOL.

7. Right now, I miss drinking.11. I have an urge to drink now.a

17. I want to drink so bad I can almost taste it.21. I want to use alcohol right now.24. All I want to do right now is drink.36. I do not need to use alcohol now.*38. I have no desire to drink right now.*44. I crave alcohol right now.47. My desire to drink seems overpowering.

II. INTENT TO USE ALCOHOL


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4. If I had the chance to use alcohol, I think I would drink.a

6. Even if it were possible, I probably wouldn't drink right now.*8. I am going to drink as soon as I possibly can.12. Right now, I am not making any plans to drink.*19. I would do almost anything for a drink.23. I am thinking of ways to get alcohol.33. If I had some alcohol right now, I would probably drink it.

37. I will drink as soon as I get the chance.45. If I were offered some alcohol, I would drink it right away.

III. ANTICIPATION OF POSITIVE OUTCOME

2. Drinking alcohol would not be pleasant right now.*5. Drinking would be wonderful.10. Drinking would make things seem just perfect.18. Nothing would be better than drinking right now.20. Having a drink would be ideal.27. Drinking would not be very satisfying right now.*29. I would not enjoy drinking right now.*32. It would be great to use alcohol now.41. Drinking would not make me content.*

IV. ANTICIPATION OF RELIEF FROM WITHDRAWAL OR NEGATIVEOUTCOME

3. I would feel better if I could drink.9. I would feel less jittery if I used alcohol right now.13. I would feel more in control of things right now if I could drink.14. Drinking would make me feel less jittery.22. I would feel less irritable now if I used alcohol.

28. If I used alcohol right now, I would feel less tense.34. I would feel less restless if I drank alcohol now.39. If I were using alcohol now, I would feel less nervous.46. Drinking would put me in a better mood.

V. LACK OF CONTROL OVER USE

1. If there was alcohol right here in front of me, it would be hard not touse it.

15. I could not stop myself from drinking if I had some alcohol here.16. If I drank a little alcohol right now, I would not be able to stop using it.

25. It would be difficult to turn down a drink right this minute.26. Starting now, I could go without drinking for a long time.*31. I would not be able to control how much alcohol I drank if I had some here.35. I could easily limit how much alcohol I drank right now.*42. I think I could resist using alcohol right now.*43. It would be easy to pass up the chance to use alcohol.*


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VI. FILLER

30. If I had the chance to use alcohol, I think I would drink.a

40. I have no urge to drink now.*a

NOTE:

* Indicates reverse-keyed items.a

Indicates items formerly comprising a planned consistency check, which has not been validated.


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ALCOHOL CRAVING QUESTIONNAIRE (ACQ-NOW)

SCORING KEY

RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY: Items were administered to 219 subjects who had used alcohol atleast once in the last 30 days (Singleton et al., 1995). Following procedures in Tiffany et al. (1993),responses (with reverse-keyed items inverted) were subjected to separate exploratory factoranalyses using principle-axis extraction for factor determination with squared multiple correlations as

communality estimates. Both SAS and SPSS FACTOR procedures were used for these analyses.The number of factors extracted from each questionnaire was determined on the basis of threecriteria: eigenvalues greater than I, the results of scree tests, and the clarity of the simple structure.Given that the factors within each questionnaire were likely to be intercorrelated, the factors wererotated to simple structure using oblique procedures and principal components analyses. Theseprocedures yielded four factors with eigenvalues of 18.62, 3.73, 2.03, and 1.42 accounting for 41.4%,8.3%, 4.5%, and 3.1%, respectively, of the common factor variance. Subscales for the first-orderfactors were estimated from the assignment of unit weights (0 or I ) to items on the basis of loadings(correlations) derived from the reference vector structure matrix. Only items with factor loadingsexceeding .30 on both procedures were retained.

Factor naming was based on visual examination of item content and concurrent positive relationshipsfor compulsivity, expectancy, purposefulness, and expectancy with lack of confidence in ability to quitor control use, expectations of positive outcomes from of drinking, desire and intent to drink, andnegative affect, respectively (Singleton, 1997). Secondary studies indicated that there was a positiverelationship between purposefulness and the number of drinking days in the last month (Singleton etal., 1999), and that the general factor was significantly correlated with subclinical general cognitiveimpairment; prior neurological insult; deficits in memory, attention, and concentration; a history ofacademic problems and learning deficiencies; and anger, frustration, and temper (Douglas et al.,1995). Three of the four factors have been replicated and were correlated with the Desires for

Alcohol Questionnaire (DAQ: Love et al., 1998). Preuss and colleagues (1998a) reported significantand moderate correlations between compulsivity, expectancy, and purposefulness with theObsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS: Anton, et al., 1995) and the personality traits,

extraversion, openness, neuroticism, and agreeableness. Declines in expectancy, purposefulness,and expectancy and a significant increase in compulsivity have been found in an inpatient sampleduring a one week assessment period subsequent to detoxification from alcohol (Preuss et al.,1998b).

The following item sets provide subscales that approximate each factor by first performing thecalculation: (8 - reverse-keyed raw score = raw score) for reverse-keyed items marked with an *.Next, sum the raw scores for each factor then divide by the total number of items for that factor. Ageneral craving index may be derived by summing all items (total ACQ score) and dividing by 31 (thenumber of items with significant loadings).


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FACTOR 1

Compulsivity (COMP), urges and desires in anticipation of loss of control over drinking - 13 ITEMS

ITEM NUMBER (Factor loading): 9 (.43), 10 (.47), 13 (.50), 15 (.46), 16 (.64), 17 (.63), 18 (.54), 19(.64), 22 (.51), 23 (.45), 24 (.58), 31 (.55), 47 (.47)

RELIABILITYa: .94

FACTOR 2

Expectancy (XPCT), urges and desires to drink in anticipation ofthe positive benefits of drinking - 7ITEMS

ITEM NUMBER (Factor loading): 3 (.56), 4 (.69), 5 (.50), 7 (.37), 8 (.48), 33 (.44), 46 (.43)

RELIABILITY: .88

FACTOR 3

Purposefulness (PURP), urges and desires coupled with intent and planning to drink - 8 ITEMS

ITEM NUMBER (Factor loading): 2* (.46), 6* (.61), 12* (.57), 27* (.68), 29* (.66), 36* (.66), 38* (.53)43* (.68)

RELIABILITY: .85

FACTOR 4

Emotionality (EMOT), urges and desires to drink in anticipation of relief from withdrawal/negativeaffect - 3 ITEMS

ITEM NUMBER (Factor loading): 28 (.41), 34 (.47), 39 (.45)

RELIABILITY: .86

a Reliability value is standardized alpha coefficient.


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GENERAL DIRECTIONS: ON THE FIRST PAGE OF THE ACQHISTORY WE ASK SOMEGENERAL QUESTIONS ABOUT YOU LIKE YOUR SEX, YOUR AGE, AND SO ON. THEN WESTART ASKING SOME MORE SPECIFIC QUESTIONS ABOUT ALCOHOL, LIKE WHEN YOU LASTDRANK, ABOUT HOW MUCH YOU ARE USING THESE DAYS, AND SIMILAR QUESTIONS.THESE QUESTIONS GO ON FOR A FEW PAGES AND ARE FOLLOWED BY THE ALCOHOLCRAVING QUESTIONNAIRE. WHEN YOU GET TO THAT PAGE IT IS IMPORTANT THAT YOUREAD THE INSTRUCTIONS ON THE TOP OF THE PAGE VERY CAREFULLY. THEY WILL TELLHOW TO FILL OUT THIS QUESTIONNAIRE. IN THE ALCOHOL CRAVING QUESTIONNAIRE

(ACQ-NOW) WE ARE INTERESTED IN WHAT YOU ARE THINKING OR FEELING ABOUTALCOHOL RIGHT NOW AS YOU COMPLETE THE QUESTIONNAIRE. THAT IS, WE WANT TOKNOW WHAT YOUR CRAVINGS ARE LIKE RIGHT AT THIS MOMENT. THEY MAY BESOMEWHAT MILD, OR THEY MAY BE STRONGER, OR THEY MAY DIFFER DEPENDING ONHOW YOU GET A CHANCE TO DESCRIBE THEM. IN ORDER TO DESCRIBE WHAT YOU ARETHINKING OR FEELING ABOUT ALCOHOL, WE WOULD LIKE YOU TO RATE EACH OF THEFOLLOWING SENTENCES. READ EACH SENTENCE AND THEN PUT A CHECKMARK IN ONEOF THE SPACES BETWEEN STRONGLY DISAGREE AND STRONGLY AGREE THAT TELLS USHOW MUCH YOU AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE SENTENCE AT THAT MOMENT. FOREXAMPLE, USE THE MIDDLE SPACE LIKE THIS,

STRONGLY DISAGREE ___:___:___:_x_:___:___:___: STRONGLY AGREE

TO SHOW THAT YOU DON'T REALLY AGREE OR DISAGREE WITH THE SENTENCE; YOU FEELKIND OF NEUTRAL ABOUT IT. IF YOU AGREE A LITTLE WITH THE SENTENCE, YOU CANMOVE YOUR CHECK ONE OVER TO THE "AGREE" SIDE LIKE THIS,

STRONGLY DISAGREE ___:___:___:___:_x_:___:___: STRONGLY AGREE

OR IF YOU FEEL THAT YOU STRONGLY DISAGREE WITH THE SENTENCE, THEN CHECK THISSPACE HERE LIKE THIS,

STRONGLY DISAGREE _x_:___:___:___:___:___:___: STRONGLY AGREE

THE IMPORTANT THING WITH THIS QUESTIONNAIRE IS THAT YOU DON'T HAVE TO CHECK"STRONGLY AGREE' OR STRONGLY DISAGREE' ON EVERY SENTENCE, UNLESS YOU FEELTHAT WAY. WE ARE GIVING YOU A CHANCE TO TELL US YOUR LEVEL OF AGREEMENT ORDISAGREEMENT WITH EACH SENTENCE. TRY THE PRACTICE SHEET ON THE NEXT PAGETO MAKE SURE YOU UNDERSTAND HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS. PLEASE READEACH QUESTION CAREFULLY. YOU NEED TO PAY CLOSE ATTENTION BECAUSE SOME OFTHE SENTENCES MIGHT BE TURNED AROUND. FOR EXAMPLE, NUMBER 2 SAYS, "DRINKING

ALCOHOL WOULD NOT BE PLEASANT RIGHT NOW." IT DOESN'T SAY THAT YOU THINKDRINKING WOULD BE PLEASANT NOW, BUT THAT YOU THINK DRINKING WOULDN'T BEPLEASANT. ALL YOU HAVE TO DO IS READ EACH SENTENCE CAREFULLY AND MAKE SURE

YOU UNDERSTAND WHAT IT IS SAYING BEFORE YOU TELL US HOW MUCH YOU AGREE ORDISAGREE WITH IT. AFTER YOU FINISH THE PRACTICE QUESTIONS, TURN TO THE TOP OFTHE NEXT PAGE AND BEGIN.


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PRACTICE SHEET

PRACTICE SHEET INSTRUCTIONS: Please practice indicating how much you agree or disagreewith each of the following statements by placing a single checkmark (like this: __X__ ) along each linebetween STRONGLY DISAGREE and STRONGLY AGREE. The closer you place your checkmarkto one end or the other indicates the strength of your disagreement or agreement. Please completeevery item. We are interested in how you are thinking or feeling right now as you are filling out thequestionnaire.

RIGHT NOW

1. If there was alcohol right here in front of me, it would be hard not to drink it.

STRONGLY DISAGREE ___:___:___:___:___:___:___: STRONGLY AGREE

2. Drinking alcohol would not be pleasant right now.


3. I would feel better if I could drink alcohol.


4. If I had the chance to drink alcohol, I think I would use it.


5. Drinking alcohol would be wonderful.


6. Even if it were possible, I probably would not drink alcohol right now.


7. Right now, I miss drinking alcohol.


8. I am going to drink alcohol as soon as I possibly can.


THE PRACTICE IS OVER!

NOW TURN TO THE TOP OF THE NEXT PAGE AND BEGIN


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ACQHISTORY

FIRST, WE NEED TO GET SOME GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT YOU. PLEASE ANSWERTHE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. Your sex: (Circle the number of your answer)

1. MALE

2. FEMALE

2. Your present age: _____ ____ Years

3. Are you presently: (circle all numbers that apply)

1. EMPLOYED FULL- TIME2. EMPLOYED PART - TIME3. UNEMPLOYED4. RETIRED5. FULL - TIME HOMEMAKER6. STUDENT

4. What is the highest level of education you have completed?

1. NO FORMAL EDUCATION2. SOME GRADE SCHOOL3. COMPLETED GRADE SCHOOL4. SOME HIGH SCHOOL5. COMPLETED HIGH SCHOOL6. SOME COLLEGE7. COMPLETED COLLEGE8. SOME GRADUATE WORK

9. A GRADUATE DEGREE

5. What is your race/ethnicity? (circle one number)

1. WHITE, NOT OF HISPANIC ORIGIN2. BLACK, NOT OF HISPANIC ORIGIN3. HISPANIC/LATINO/LATINA4. ASIAN5. AMERICAN INDIAN6. OTHER (please specify)_______________________

NOW TURN TO THE TOP OF THE NEXT PAGE


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6. Are you: (circle one number)

1. SINGLE2. MARRIED3. DIVORCED OR SEPARATED

NEXT, WE NEED TO GET SOME INFORMATION ABOUT YOUR EXPERIENCES WITH ALCOHOL.

PLEASE ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

7. When did you last drink an alcoholic beverage? (circle one number)

1. TODAY2. YESTERDAY3. WITHIN THE LAST TWO DAYS4. WITHIN THE LAST FOUR DAYS5. WITHIN THE LAST WEEK6. WITHIN THE LAST TWO WEEKS7. WITHIN THE LAST MONTH8. WITHIN THE LAST TWO MONTH9. WITHIN THE LAST THREE MONTHS10. WITHIN THE LAST FOUR MONTHS

IF TODAY:

A. WHAT TIME?___ ___ : ___ ___ B. WHEN (circle one number)

1. AM (morning)2. PM (afternoon or evening)

8. About how old were you when you first drank an alcoholic beverage?

AGE:____ _____

9. About how many times in your life have you consumed alcohol? (circle one)

1. 1 OR 2 TIMES2. 3 TO 5 TIMES3. 6 TO 10 TIMES4. 11 TO 49 TIMES5. 50 TO 99 TIMES6. MORE THAN 99 TIMES



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10. During the past 30 days, on about how many days did you drink alcohol?

NUMBER OF DAYS: ____ ____

11. On the average. how often in the last six months did you drink alcohol?(circle one number)

1. MORE THAN ONCE EACH DAY

2. ONCE A DAY3. FOUR TO SIX DAYS A WEEK4. TWO OR THREE DAYS A WEEK5. ONCE A WEEK6. TWO OR THREE DAYS A MONTH7. ONCE A MONTH8. SEVERAL TIMES, BUT LESS THAN ONCE A MONTH9. ONCE OR TWICE

12. Now tell us the different types of alcoholic beverages you have ever consumed.(circle all the numbers that apply).

1. BEER2. WINE OR WINE COOLERS3. HARD LIQUOR4. OTHER (please specify)__________________

13. What type of alcoholic beverages did you generally drink over the last six months?(circle one number)

1. BEER2. WINE OR WINE COOLERS3. HARD LIQUOR

4. OTHER (please specify)___________________

14. How many drinks do you typically have at one time ?

A. Beer (12 oz. can, bottle) B. Wine (glass or bottle)1. None 1. None2. __ __ Drinks 2. __ __ Drinks

C. Liquor (1oz., shot, drink) D. Other (specify) _______________

1. None 1. None

2. __ __ Drinks 2. __ __ Drinks



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15. How many drinks do you typically have in one day (a 24-hour period) ?

A. Beer (12 oz. can, bottle) B. Wine (glass or bottle)1. None 1. None2. __ __ Drinks 2. __ __ Drinks

C. Liquor (1oz., shot, drink) D. Other (specify) _______________

1. None 1. None2. __ __ Drinks 2. __ __ Drinks

16. Which sentence best describes what you mean by "craving for alcohol?(circle ONLY one number)

1. A CRAVING FOR ALCOHOL IS ONLY A STRONG URGE OR DESIRE TO DRINKALCOHOL

2. A CRAVING FOR ALCOHOL IS ANY URGE OR DESIRE TO DRINK ALCOHOL, EVEN

A WEAK ONE

17. On a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not at all, and 10 is the most imaginable, how much do youcrave an alcoholic beverage when you've gone without a drink for 1-2 days?

____ ____ craving

18. On a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 is not at all, and 10 is the most imaginable, how much do youcrave an alcoholic beverage right now?

____ ____ craving

19 On the line below, please make a mark between "NOT AT ALL" and " A GREAT DEAL" to

indicate HOW STRONG, on the average, your craving for alcohol has been DURINGTHE PAST WEEK.

INTENSITY - HOW STRONG HAS AN AVERAGE URGE BEEN?:

NONE/ A GREATNOT AT ALL____!_____!____!_____!_____!_____!_____DEAL



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20. On the average, HOW FREQUENTLY (how many times a day) have youexperienced craving for alcohol DURING THE PAST WEEK.

FREQUENCY - HOW MANY TIMES PER DAY: (Circle one number)

1. NONE2. 13. 2

4. 3-55. 6-106. 11-207. More than 20

21. On the average, How LONG has the craving for alcohol lasted DURING THE PAST WEEK?

DURATION - HOW LONG DOES AN AVERAGE URGE LAST: (Circle one number)

1. Less than one Minute2. 1-5 Minutes3. 6-10 Minutes4. 11-15 Minutes5. 15-30 Minutes6. 31-45 Minutes7. 46-60 Minutes8. 1-2 Hours9. More than 2 Hours.

22. Have you ever tried to quit drinking? (circle one number)

1. NO2. YES IF YES: A. How many times have you tried to quit?

_____ ______ _____TIMES

B. What is the longest period of time thatyou've been able to quit? ______________ days

23. Number of previous Inpatient treatments for alcohol (Circle one Number)

1. No previous inpatient treatment2. 13. 2

4. 3-55. 6 or more



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24. Number of previous outpatient treatments for alcohol (Circle one number)

1. No previous outpatient treatment2. 13. 24. 3-55. 6 or more

25. Age at which drinking first became a problem

1. Never been a problem2. (Age): _____ ______

26. If you would try to quit drinking now, how confident are you that you could go for one yearwithout drinking? (circle one number)

1. NOT CONFIDENT2. A LITTLE CONFIDENT3. MODERATELY CONFIDENT4. VERY CONFIDENT5. EXTREMELY CONFIDENT



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ACQ-NOW

INSTRUCTIONS: Indicate how much you agree or disagree with each of the following statements byplacing a single checkmark (like this: X ) along each line between STRONGLY DISAGREE andSTRONGLY AGREE. The closer you place your checkmark to one end or the other indicates thestrength of your disagreement or agreement. Please complete every item. We are interested in howyou are thinking or feeling right now as you are filling out the questionnaire.

RIGHT NOW

1. If there was alcohol right here in front of me, it would be hard not to use it.

STRONGLY DISAGREE___:___:___:___:___:___:___STRONGLY AGREE

2. Drinking alcohol would not be pleasant right now.


3. I would feel better if I could drink.


4. If I had the chance to use alcohol, I think I would drink.


5. Drinking would be wonderful.


6. Even if it were possible, I probably wouldn't drink right now.


7. Right now, I miss drinking.


8. I am going to drink as soon as I possibly can.


9. I would feel less jittery if I used alcohol right now.


GO TO NEXT PAGE


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RIGHT NOW

10. Drinking would make things seem just perfect.


11. I have an urge to drink now.


12. Right now, I am not making any plans to drink.


13. I would feel more in control of things right now if I could drink.


14. Drinking would make me feel less jittery.


15. I could not stop myself from drinking if I had some alcohol here.


16. If I drank a little alcohol right now, I would not be able to stop using it.


17. I want to drink so bad I can almost taste it.


18. Nothing would be better than drinking right now.


19. I would do almost anything for a drink.


GO TO NEXT PAGE


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RIGHT NOW

20. Having a drink would be ideal.


21. I want to use alcohol right now.


22. I would feel less irritable if I used alcohol now.


23. I am thinking of ways to get alcohol.


24. All I want to do right now is drink.


25. It would be difficult to turn down a drink right this minute.


26. Starting now, I could go without drinking for a long time.


27. Drinking would not be very satisfying right now.


28. If I used alcohol right now, I would feel less tense.


29. I would not enjoy drinking right now.


GO TO NEXT PAGE


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RIGHT NOW

30. If I had the chance to use alcohol, I think I would drink.


31. I would not be able to control how much alcohol I drank if I had some here.


32. It would be great to use alcohol now.


33. If I had some alcohol right now, I would probably drink it.


34. I would feel less restless if I drank alcohol now.


35. I could easily limit how much alcohol I drank right now.


36. I do not need to use alcohol now.


37. I will drink as soon as I get the chance.


38. I have no desire to drink right now.


39. If I were using alcohol now, I would feel less nervous.


GO TO NEXT PAGE


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RIGHT NOW

40. I have no urge to drink now.


41. Drinking would not make me content.


42. I think I could resist using alcohol right now.


43. It would be easy to pass up the chance to use alcohol.


44. I crave alcohol right now.


45. If I were offered some alcohol, I would drink it right away.


46. Drinking would put me in a better mood.


47. My desire to drink seems overpowering.


END


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ALCOHOL CRAVING QUESTIONNAIRE-SHORT FORM-REVISED

(ACQ-SF-R)

TURN TO THE TOP OF THE NEXT PAGE


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ALCOHOL CRAVING QUESTIONNAIRE-SHORT FORM-REVISED (ACQ-SF-R)

INSTRUCTIONS: Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with each of the following statements by placing asingle checkmark (like this: _X__) along each line between STRONGLY DISAGREE and STRONGLY AGREE. Thecloser you place your checkmark to one end or the other indicates the strength of your disagreement or agreement. Weare interested in how you are thinking or feeling right now as you are filling out this questionnaire. Please complete everyitem.

RIGHT NOW

1. If I had some alcohol, I would probably drink it.


2. I miss drinking.


3. I am not making any plans to drink.


4. I could not stop myself from drinking if I had some alcohol here.


5. I want to drink so bad I can almost taste it.


6. I would feel less irritable if I used alcohol now.


7. If I used alcohol, I would feel less tense.


8. Drinking would not be very satisfying.


9. I would feel less restless if I drank alcohol.


10. If I were using alcohol, I would feel less nervous.


11. It would be easy to pass up the chance to use alcohol.


12. Drinking would put me in a better mood.



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ALCOHOL CRAVING QUESTIONNAIRE-SHORT FORM-REVISED (ACQ-SF-R)

SCORING KEY

CONTENT VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY: The Alcohol Craving Questionnaire-Short Form (ACQ-SF-R: Singleton, 1997) contains 12-items from the 47-item Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (ACQ-NOW)developed to assess craving for alcohol among alcohol users in the current context (right now). Items

were derived from the initial validation study (Singleton et al., 1996) of the ACQ-NOW administeredto 219 subjects who had used alcohol at least once in the last 30 days. The ACQSF-R contains 12items strongly correlated with the four subscales and total ACQ (Singleton, 1999; Tiffany et al.,2000).

Factor naming is consistent with the ACQ-NOW (Drobes et al., 1999; Potgeiter et al., 1999; Singletonet al., 1998). The following item sets provide subscales that approximate each factor. Each item hasseven compartments that are checked-off and are scored in the fashion of 1 - 7 to yield an item rawscore. Then perform the operation (8 - reverse-keyed item raw score = raw score) for reverse-keyeditems (marked with an *). Then sum the raw scores for each factor and divide by three (3) to yield afactor-based score. A general craving index may be derived by summing all items (total ACQ score)and dividing by 12 (the number of items with significant loadings).

FACTOR 1

Compulsivity (COMP), urges and desires in anticipation of loss of control over drinking - 3 ITEMS


RELIABILITYa: .79

FACTOR 2

Expectancy (XPCT), urges and desires to drink in anticipation ofthe positive benefits of drinking -3 ITEMS


RELIABILITY: .77


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FACTOR 3

Purposefulness (PURP), urges and desires coupled with intent and planning to drink - 3 ITEMS

ITEM NUMBER (Factor loading): 3* (.57), 8* (.68), 11* (.68)

RELIABILITY: .77

FACTOR 4

Emotionality (EMOT), urges and desires to drink in anticipation of relief from withdrawal/negativeaffect - 3 ITEMS


RELIABILITY: .86

a Reliability value is estimated standardized alpha coefficient.


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APPENDIX


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ACQ-NOW AND ACQ-SF-R

FACTOR MEANS AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Confid. Confid. StandardFactor Mean -95.000% +95.000% Std.Dev. Error

ACQ-NOWCOMP 2.550059 2.358081 2.742036 1.441472 .097406XPCT 3.443464 3.228409 3.658519 1.614752 .109115PURP 3.829845 3.619391 4.040299 1.580205 .106780EMOT 3.251142 2.998851 3.503433 1.894340 .128008

ACQ-SF-RCOMP_SFR 2.622226 2.406279 2.838174 1.621456 .109568XPCT_SFR 3.545983 3.382864 3.709103 1.224791 .082764PURP_SFR 3.859695 3.618971 4.100419 1.807488 .122139EMOT_SFR 3.754779 3.586491 3.923067 1.263598 .085386

Adapted from Singleton et al., 1995; 1999.

ACQ-NOW AND ACQ-SF-R INTER-FACTOR CORRELATIONS

Factor COMP XPCT PURP EMOT COMP XPCT PURP EMOT_SFR _SFR _SFR _SFR

COMP 1.00 0.74 * 0.43 * 0.67 * 0.93 * 0.51 * 0.41 * 0.49 *XPCT 0.74 * 1.00 0.37 * 0.66 * 0.69 * 0.69 * 0.33 * 0.61 *PURP 0.43 * 0.37 * 1.00 0.41 * 0.40 * -.00 0.92 * -.01EMOT 0.67 * 0.66 * 0.41 * 1.00 0.61 * 0.45 * 0.38 * 0.62 *COMP_SFR 0.93 * 0.69 * 0.40 * 0.61 * 1.00 0.49 * 0.38 * 0.46 *XPCT_SFR 0.51 * 0.69 * -.00 0.45 * 0.49 * 1.00 0.06 0.56 *PURP_SFR 0.41 * 0.33 * 0.92 * 0.38 * 0.38 * 0.06 1.00 0.06EMOT_SFR 0.49 * 0.61 * -.01 0.62 * 0.46 * 0.56 * 0.06 1.00

*Marked correlations are significant at p < .05

Adapted from Singleton et al., 1995; 1999.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This research was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)intramural funds, a minority supplement (to EGS) to grant P50-DA09258 (to Maxine Stitzer), andpersonal funds (EGS). We wish to express appreciation to Charles Haertzen, Stephen Heishman,Jared Kass, and Kenzie Preston for their consultation, and Daniel Ward, Thomas Douglas, LaurieFields, Angela Ross, and Toya Sherrill for administrative and research assistance.

REFERENCES:

Anton, R.F. What is craving? Models and implications for treatment. Alcohol Research & Health,23:165-173, 1999.

Anton, R.F.; Moak, D.H.; and Latham, P. The Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale: A self-ratedinstrument for the quantification of thoughts about alcohol and drinking behavior. Alcoholism: Clinicaland Experimental Research 19: 92-99, 1995.

Douglas, T.E.; Singleton, E.G. ; and Henningfield, J.E. (1995). The relationship between craving andneuropsychological functioning. Problems of Drug Dependence, 1994: Proceedings of the 56th

Annual Meeting, The College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc. Volume II: Abstracts. NIDAResearch Monograph 153. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1995. p. 289.

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Preuss, U. W., Schutz, C. G., Koch, J., & Soyka, M. Evaluating two craving-questionnaires (ACQ-NOW and OCDS) in a German inpatient sample. Poster session presented at the Scientific Meetingof the Research Society on Alcoholism (RSA), Hilton Head Island, SC, 1998a, June.

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Singleton, E.G. A brief version of the Alcohol Craving Questionnaire (ACQ-NOW)? Problems of DrugDependence, 1994: Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting, The College on Problems of Drug

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Singleton, E.G.; and Gorelick, D.A. Mechanisms of alcohol craving and their clinical implications.In: Galanter, M., ed. Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Volume 14. The Consequences of

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Singleton, E.G.; Heishman, S.J.; and Henningfield, J.E. Cognitive features of human drug craving.Problems of Drug Dependence, 1996: Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting, The College onProblems of Drug Dependence, Inc. Abstracts. NIDA Research Monograph, 174. Rockville,Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1997. p. 185.

Singleton, E.G.; Tiffany, S.T.; and Henningfield, J.E. Development and validation of a newquestionnaire to assess craving for alcohol. Problems of Drug Dependence, 1994: Proceedings ofthe 56th Annual Meeting, The College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc. Volume II: Abstracts.

NIDA Research Monograph 153. Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1995. p.289.

Tiffany, S.T.; Singleton, E.G.; Henningfield, J.E.; and Haertzen, C.A. The development of a cocainecraving questionnaire. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 34: 19-28, 1993.

Tiffany, S.T.; Carter, B.L.; and Singleton, E.G. Challenges in the manipulation, assessment andinterpretation of craving relevant variables. Addiction 95 (Supplement 2): S177-S187, 2000.

This manual is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special permission.Manual, in whole or in part, is available in hardcopy or as MS Word E-mail attachment from theprimary author: Edward Singleton, [email protected] . The authors also appreciate citation as tosource of the information contained in this manual, and the suggested format is provided below:

Citation for the manual:

Singleton, E. G., Tiffany, S. T., & Henningfield, J. E. (2004). Manual. Alcohol Craving Questionnaire(ACQ-Now): Background, Scoring, and Administration. Unpublished manuscript, Division ofIntramural Research, NIDA, NIH, Baltimore, MD, 1994, June (revised 1995, October; 1999, May;2001, August; 2004, November), p. 1-28.Citation for the ACQ-NOW:

Singleton, E. G., Tiffany, S. T., & Henningfield, J. E. (2003). The Alcohol Craving Questionnaire(ACQ-Now). In J. P. Allen & V. B. Wilson (Eds.), Assessing Alcohol Problems: A Guide for Cliniciansand Researchers (2nd ed.; pp. 271-281). NIH Publication No. 033745. Bethesda, MD: NationalInstitute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

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