the civil rights era
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Woolworth sit-In, North Carolina, 1960. Woolworth sit-In, Mississippi, 1963. The Civil Rights Era. Jim Crow Laws. Restricted marriage, voting, and working rights. Civil Rights under President Eisenhower. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Civil Rights EraWoolworth sit-In, North Carolina, 1960 Woolworth sit-In, Mississippi, 1963
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Jim Crow Laws
• Restricted marriage, voting, and working rights
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Civil Rights under President Eisenhower
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
“Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
--Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren
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Southern Reaction Against Brown v. Board of Education
• 80% of White southerners opposed ruling
• KKK Revival• De-segregation not
enforced
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Little Rock 9, 1957
• Central Rock High School, Little Rock, Arkansas
• Governor Faubus had National Guard block entrance
• Eisenhower sent 1,000 paratroopers to protect the 9 students
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Watch PBS documentary “Eyes on the Prize” from 5:52 – 30:00
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Montgomery Bus Boycott, Dec. 1955 – Dec. 1956
• 40,000 African American daily bus riders in Montgomery, Alabama
• Rosa Parks, NAACP member
• Dr. Martin Luther King led bus boycott
• Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation
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Civil Rights Under JFK
• Birmingham/ Bombingham, 1963• Police Commissioner
“Bull” Conner
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Dr. King’s March on Washington
• Intended to pressure JFK, 1963
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Civil Rights Under LBJ
• LBJ promoted the Civil Rights Act as a legacy to honor assassinated JFK
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Ended legal segregation
• Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
• Did not address voting rights
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The Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Ended literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses
• Registered black voters in the South increased by 2 million
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Civil Rights After 1964
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Black Power Movement • Rejected Dr. King’s slow-
paced nonviolence & rejected white cooperation
• Black Power philosophy influenced by Malcolm X
Stokely Carmichael
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Malcolm X• Converted to Nation of Islam
in jail• Based in the Northern U.S.• Broke with Elijah
Muhammad upon return from Mecca
• Killed on February 21, 1965
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Black Panthers
• Founded in California, 1966
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Dr. King’s Assassination
• Assassinated in Memphis, April 4, 1968
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Urban Riots, 1965 – 1970 • Civil Rights Movement in the
South raised expectations in Northern cities
• 1964 = Harlem, Rochester, Jersey City, Philadelphia
• 1965 = Watt’s Riot lasted 6 days, 34 dead, $40 million in damages
• 1966 = Chicago, Milwaukee, SF, Cleveland, Dayton
• TOTAL = 250 deaths, 10,000 injuries, 60,000 arrests
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Chicano Civil Rights Movement
• Cesar Chavez organized migrant farm workers into unions
• 5 million migrant farm workers in U.S. in 1960s
• National Labor Relations Act of 1935 did not allow farm workers to join labor unions
• No minimum wage, no Social Security benefits
• Chavez used King and Gandhi’s strategy of nonviolence
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Grape Boycott • 1962: Chavez formed National Farm
Workers/United Farm Workers
• 1965: First boycott of California’s grapes gained national attention to poor living conditions
• Chavez went on 25 day hunger strike
• 5 year boycott ended with U.F.W. contract in 1970
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The Brown Berets• March 1968: 10,000 students
walked out of L.A high schools to protest poor education quality
• “Brown Berets” influenced Chicano Studies, Puerto Rican Studies departments in colleges
• Women discouraged from participating
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The American Indian Movement
• 1960s & 1970s = 70% of Indians located on reservations
• 1968 = (AIM) American Indian Movement founded to create economic opportunities on reservations & stop police harassment
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Capture of Alcatraz Island, 1969
• 1969 = 78 AIM members captured former federal prison Alcatraz Island
• Treaty stated abandoned federal land belonged to American Indians
• Occupation lasted 1.5 years until 1971