Civil Rights Era and the Vietnam War

1954-1975

4 3 2 1

In addition to a 3 student

was be able to explain and

analyze the events that led

to the Civil Rights

Movement:

Student was able to explain

the events that led to the

Civil Rights Movement:

Student was able to identify

the events that led to the

Civil Rights Movement:

Student was able to partially

identify the events that led

to the Civil Rights

Movement:

Learning Goal 20: Students will be able to explain the events that led to the Civil Rights Movement:

- Nonviolent protests

- Jim Crow Laws – literacy test, poll taxes, Grandfather Clause

- Civil Rights Movement (i.e., Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks)

- Desegregation - military, schools, transportation, sports

- Plessy v. Ferguson

- Brown v. Board of Education

Scale:

Jim Crow EraCivil War Amendments furthered civil rights for African Americans.

13th- Ends Slavery

14th- Equal protection under the law, and citizenship for former slaves.

15th- African- American males receive the right to vote.

13th Amendment

Jim Crow EraJim Crow Laws- Laws meant to keep the races separate- segregation

laws. Blacks and whites attended separate schools, and had their

own sections in restaurants and public places.

The term Jim Crow is believed to have originated around 1830 when a white, minstrel show performer,

Thomas "Daddy" Rice, blackened his face with charcoal paste or burnt cork and danced a ridiculous

jig while singing the lyrics to the song, "Jump Jim Crow." Rice created this character after seeing

(while traveling in the South) a crippled, elderly black man (or some say a young black boy) dancing

and singing a song ending with these chorus words:

"Weel about and turn about and do jis so, Eb'ry time I weel about I jump Jim Crow."

Jim Crow EraThe primary purpose was to keep the races separated. Another

purpose was to intimidate African-Americans. This was especially

true in the area of voting. Many Jim Crow laws tried to prevent

African Americans from voting or registering to vote. Literacy tests

and poll taxes were common Jim Crow laws that were created to

stop African-Americans from voting.

Two women attempting to register during a voting rights drive in Selma, Alabama.

Jim Crow EraPlessy v. Ferguson- This case established the idea that segregation

was lawful. Established the doctrine of “separate but equal”. Public

facilitates would be the same quality for whites and blacks.

Marker placed at Press and Royal Streets on February 12, 2009 commemorating the planned arrest of Homer Plessy June 17, 1892 for violating the Louisiana 1890 Separate Car Act.

Jim Crow EraBlack Codes- A body of laws, statutes, and rules enacted by

southern states immediately after the Civil War to regain

control over the freed slaves, maintain white supremacy, and

ensure the continued supply of cheap labor.

Non-Violent Protest and Civil Disobedience

• Peaceful protesting. This goes along with the 1st

Amendment and a citizen’s right to peacefully protest the government. Examples- marches, strikes, petitions…

• Civil Disobedience is a protest strategy where you purposely break a law that you feel is unfair, and allow yourself to be arrested/ punished as a way to draw public attention to that law.

Gandhi used non-violent protest and civil disobedience during India’s struggle for freedom from Great Britain

Dr. Rev. Martin Luther King was inspired by Gandhi’s efforts and started to use his tactics to protest here un the U.S.

Brown v. Board of EducationWhat policy did Brown v. Board of Education (1954) overturn?This case overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and the doctrine of “separate but equal”. This case allowed for the integration of public schools. NAACP lawyer and future associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, Thurgood Marshall argued the case.

“We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of “separate but equal” has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”-Chief Justice Earl Warren

Chief Justice Earl WarrenAssociate Justice Thurgood Marshall

Brown v. Board of EducationThis case open the door to challenge all segregation laws. It help to foster the idea that all Americans are entitled to equal access to public facilities.

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott

She refused to give up her seat on a public bus to a white person in Montgomery, AL. As a result she was arrested. African-American churches, the NAACP, E.D. Nixon, local news media, and Dr. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. came to her defense. This began the Montgomery Bus Boycott. For over a year African-Americans refused to ride on the public buses, thus costing the bus company profits. Eventually, a federal court ruled the Alabama law allowing segregation on buses to be unconstitutional.

Dr. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.Dr. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. was the leader of theSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). He found this group during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This organization used civil disobedience (intentionally breaking laws and accepting the punishment to show others they are unfair) and non-violent protests as a way to draw attention to the plight of African-Americans.

Dr. Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.

4 3 2 1

In addition to a 3 student

was able to explain and

analyze civil rights

legislation and

organizations.

Student was able to explain

civil rights legislation and

organizations.

Student was able to identify

civil rights legislation and

organizations.

Student was able to partially

identify civil rights legislation

and organizations.

Learning Goal 21: Students will be able to explain civil rights legislation and organizations.

- Civil Rights Act of 1964

- Voting Rights Act of 1965

- Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968

- Americans with Disabilities Act

- United Farm Workers (i.e., César Chavez)

- National Organization for Women (Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem)

Scale:

Civil Rights Act of 1964March on Washington

After the brutal way non-violent protesters were treated by the police during the Birmingham protests many Americans thought it was time for new civil rights laws that protected all Americans. On August 28, 1963, about 250,000 people joined Dr. King on a march to Washington DC. As a result, the government started to create new civil rights laws. It was also during this march that Dr. King gave his “I Have a Dream” speech. This march put pressure on Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

In memory of President Kennedy legacy towards civil rights, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights of 1964 into law. It banned segregation in public places throughout the United States. It also made discrimination based on gender, race, religion and national origin against the law. It also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to prevent discrimination in the work place.

President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Stopped literacy tests and other laws that prevented people from registering to vote. It strengthened the 15th ( gave African American males the right to vote) and 24th Amendment,which outlawed poll taxes.

President Johnson’s “Great Society” program:

Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Johnson was able to get a series of other laws were passed with the intent of improving education, medical care, transportation and federal housing. He hoped to end poverty and racial injustice in America. However, America’s involvement in the Vietnam War will take priority during his presidency.

President Lyndon B. Johnson

American’s With Disability Act of 1990 (ADA)

Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in employment, transportation, public accommodation, communications, and governmental activities. It also applies to public education today.

Civil Rights For Other Minority GroupsLatinosCesar Chavez was a Mexican-American farm worker and organizer.

He used non-violent protest (similar to MLK) to attract the public and government’s attention to the working conditions of farm workers. In some parts of the country, Latinos faced segregation similar to what African-Americans faced in the South.

Cesar Chavez

1974- Chavez organized a strike by grape pickers. This event brought his struggle to get fair treatment for farm workers national attention

Civil Rights For Other Minority GroupsLatinos

Cesar Chavez along with Dolores Huerta founded the United FarmWorkers Organizing Committee (UFWOC). Their work inspired Latinos to work for better working conditions and civil Rights.

Dolores Huerta

Civil Rights For Other Minority GroupsNative AmericansAmerican Indian Movement (AIM)

AIM was founded in 1968. This organization demanded rights for people living on reservations and recognition of tribal laws. In 1968 the American Indian Civil Rights Act was passed. This law protected from any abuse of power by the tribal governments.

Civil Rights For Other Minority GroupsWomenNational Organization for Women (NOW) was founded by Betty Friedan

in 1966. This organization served as the focal point for the feminist movement. NOW worked to get women fair treatment and considerationfor women in the work place and in other parts of society.

Betty Friedan

Civil Rights For Other Minority GroupsWomenEqual Rights Amendment (ERA)- was a proposed amend to the U.S.

Constitution.Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States

or by any State on account of sex.

It protected women against discrimination and help them reach equality with men in education and employment.

Civil Rights For Other Minority GroupsWomen

Equal Rights Amendment

35 states have ratified. 38 are needed to add it as a new amendment to the Constitution. Many opponents feel that the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Higher Education Act of 1972 (Title IX), and the 14th

Amendment provide women with enough protection under the law.Others argued that the problems women face in society are not the government’s business, and that the amendment would destroy familiesby changing the traditional roles men and women have in society.

4 3 2 1

In addition to a 3 student was able to

explain and analyze how the Vietnam

War started.

Student was able to explain how the

Vietnam War started.

Student was able to identify how the

Vietnam War started.

Student was able to partially identify

how the Vietnam War started.

Learning Goal 22: Students will be able to explain how the Vietnam War started.

- Historical relationship of China and Vietnam

- French Indochina War

- Division of Vietnam

- Ho Chi Minh Trail

Scale:

Origins of the Vietnam War

French Indochina War (1945-1954)

The Vietnamese had been fighting against foreign rule for a long time. Vietnam was a part of the French colony of Indochina prior to WWII. The Vietnamese never accepted French rule. After WWII the Vietnamese had expected the French to give them their independence. Ho Chi Minh formed the Indochina Communist Party or Viet Minh to challenge French rule. The U.S. backed the French during this war.

Colonial Flag of French Indochina

Viet Minh FlagHo Chi Minh

Origins of the Vietnam WarGeneva Peace Accords

In 1954, the French were defeated by the Viet Minh. It was decided at the Geneva Peace Accords to divide the Vietnam at the 17th Parallel. North Vietnam would be Communist and South Vietnam would be non-Communist. The communist government in the North would be led by Ho Chi Minh. He was extremely popular in both the North and South (kind of like the George Washington of Vietnam). The South chose U.S. backed Ngo Dinh Diem to be their leader, who was not very popular with the people. He never established a democratic government in the South, and in fact set up a kind of dictatorship.

Ngo Dinh Diem-

Leader of South Vietnam

Flag of S. Vietnam

Origins of the Vietnam WarGeneva Peace Accords

The division was only to be temporary until elections could be held. The United States and the South Vietnamese government were afraid that they would lose to Ho Chi Minh in the election so they postponed it. As a result, Vietnam remained separated into two countries. At this point a new group called the Viet Cong (South Vietnamese communist)was created to oppose Diem’s government. North Vietnam started to support the Viet Cong and their fight against the South.

17th Parallel

America and the Vietnam War

Geneva Peace Accords

The Ho Chi Minh trail was a nickname for a series of trails that ran from North Vietnam to South Vietnam through the countries of Laos and Cambodia. The Geneva Accords forbid either side to cross the DMZ at the 17th parallel, so the North avoid breaking this rule by going around it. They were used by the Communists in the North to supply the Viet Cong in the South.

Vietnamese carrying supplies on the Ho Chi Minh Trail

Origins of the Vietnam War

After the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedy was reconsidering America’s involvement in Vietnam. He wanted to start scaling back the U.S.’s commitment to South Vietnam. After Kennedy’s death, President Johnson will start to increase American support for the Anti-communist in South Vietnam.

Cuban Missile Crisis

4 3 2 1

In addition to a 3 student was able to

explain and analyze the role of the

United States in the Vietnam War.

Student was able to explain the role of

the United States in the Vietnam War.

Student was able to identify the role of

the United States in the Vietnam War.

Student was able to partially identify

the role of the United States in the

Vietnam War.

Learning Goal 23: Students will be able to explain the role of the United States in the Vietnam War.

- Containment of Communism, Domino Theory, Cuban Missile Crisis

- Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

- Tet Offensive

- Anti-war protests

- Vietnam Peace Accords and the legacy of the war (26th Amendment, War Powers Act)

Scale:

America and the Vietnam War

Containment/ Domino Theory

The U.S. saw communism spreading around the world after WWII. As

more countries turned to communism the government’s plan to contain

communism seemed to be not working. When the French asked the

U.S. for help in their war against the communists in Vietnam the U.S.

agreed to help with money and military equipment/training. Under

President Eisenhower a new theory emerged called the Domino

Theory. This was the idea that if one country in a region fell to

communism so would the surround countries.

America and the Vietnam War

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The United States claimed that two U.S. Navy warships had been attacked by North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin. President Lyndon Johnson used this as a reason to ask Congress to give him permission to use greater force in Vietnam. The Congress agreed, and by doing so essentially gave Johnson a “blank check” to fight the war any way he saw fit. This resolution led to an escalation in the number of U.S. forces in Vietnam.

USS Maddox fires upon three North Vietnamese torpedo boats

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

America and the Vietnam War

Tet Offensive

America found itself fighting a guerrilla style of war. The jungle terrain of Vietnam was difficult to fight in for soldiers. Most U.S. soldiers were young and inexperienced. U.S. soldiers only served for a short time then went back home. They were going up against the Viet Cong and NVA (North Vietnamese Army) who were used to war. The local people did not support the U.S.

U.S. Troops on patrol Viet Cong tunnel complexViet Cong Soldier

Tet Offensive

On January 30, 1968, Communist forces launched an

offensive on the Vietnamese holiday of Tet. The offensive

was stopped, but afterwards public opinion in America started

to turn against the war. Many Americans realized that the

government reports stating that America was winning the war were

not accurate.

U.S. Marines advance past a tank during the battle for Hue

America and the Vietnam War

Vietnam Divides AmericaAnti-War Movement:

Why some Americans opposed the Vietnam War

Some Americans felt the U.S. had no business becoming

involved in another country’s civil war, and that the fight methods used

were immoral. Others thought the cost of the war was too high, and that

the draft was unfair because it singled out the poor and minorities.

Hawks and Doves

The war gave rise to the counter-culture movement of the 1960s and

1970s. Young people (Hippies) started to reject the middle- class

lifestyle of their parents. The war further divided the country between

those who supported the war, Hawks, and those opposed to it, Doves.

Hawk=War Dove=Peace

Vietnam Divides AmericaAnti-War Movement:

Peace Agreement and the Legacy of the War:

Peace with Honor

Nixon’s administration developed a strategy to withdraw America from the Vietnam War. The basic idea was to turn the war over to South Vietnam (Vietnamization). The U.S. started to bomb and invade Cambodia as part of this new strategy, with the hope of weakening the Viet Cong before America’s withdrawal. This invasion touched off a series of anti-war protest, including the shootings at Kent State University

Peace Agreement and the Legacy of the War:

Cease-fire in Vietnam

January 27, 1973 the U.S. and South Vietnam signed a cease-fire

agreement with the North Vietnam and the Viet Cong. It was agreed that

the U.S. would withdraw all of its combat forces out of Vietnam.

The war ends in 1975 with North Vietnam taking over South Vietnam.

Vietnam was unified into one Communist controlled country. Saigon(Ho

Chi Minh City), the capital of South Vietnam was the last non-

Communist strong hold to fall to the Communists. The United States

tried to evacuate as many South Vietnamese as possible before the

Communists took the city.

Vietnamese civilians boarding an America Helicopter during the fall of Saigon.

Vietnam War Memorial, Washington DC

Peace Agreement and the Legacy of the War:

Peace Agreement and the Legacy of the War:After America’s involvement in Vietnam ends, Congress

passes the War Powers Act (1973) limiting a President’s

ability to use military force. The President has 48 hours to

report to Congress any time they send soldiers into combat.

The soldiers can’t stay longer than 90 days unless the

president gets approval from Congress. 26th Amendment

gave lowered the voting age to 18. The war cost over 1.5

million Vietnamese their lives and over 58,000 Americans

are killed. Use of “Agent Orange” caused long term health

problems for soldiers and the people of Vietnam