the chronology of deviance hi266 deviance and non-conformity naomi pullin [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
Structure
1. Medieval and Early Modern Europe – some key changes
2. Medieval and Early Modern Europe – case-studies (religious and sexual deviants)
3. Conclusion – A pre-modern society?
Aims of today
• Understanding ‘pre-modern’ as a conceptual term
• Understanding pre-modern periodization –the key changes and their impact on deviant groups
• Also looking at the continuities in the treatment of specific groups of deviants
Pre-modern society
Key periods:
Medieval (c.500-1500)
Early Modern (1500-c.1800)
Other important sub-periods:
Moore thesis (c.1050-1300)
Renaissance (1300-1650 (?) depending on location and context)
Enlightenment (c.1650-1800)
Module website - chronology of Deviance
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/deviance/chronology/
Part 1
The key changes of our period
Can we make a distinction between the treatment of deviant groups in these different periods?
Moore’s Persecuting Society
• Gregorian reform movement of the 11th century
• Development of canon law (church laws and regulations)
• Papal court (dignitaries assisting the Pope in carrying out ceremonies)
• Approved the establishment of groups of monks/friars (the Franciscans)
The Fourth Lateran Council (1215)
• Regulated relations with Jews, Muslims, Lepers etc.
• The Crusades (1095 – 1291)
• Gregory IX established the Inquisition in 1233
Pope Innocent III (1161-1216)
Cathars
• Prominent in S France and N Italy
• Reform movement seeking to assert the purity of the Church
• Persecuted heavily during the Albigensian (Cathar) Crusade (1209-1229)
“persecution had become habitual. That is not simply to say that individuals were subject to violence, but that deliberate and socially sanctioned violence began to be directed, through established governmental, judicial and social institutions”
Consequences of the C11th and C12th Reforms
R. I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society
Other important medieval changes
Consolidation of state power:
• France (12th century onwards)
• England (esp. 13th century)
• Spain (15th century)
12th Century France
• First Inquisition to combat ‘heresy’
• Cathars, Waldensians, Hussites, Franciscans etc.
Legal discrimination against the Jews in England – peaks in 13th century
• 1275 – forced to wear a marking badge and subject to high levels of taxation
• 1290 – Edict of ExpulsionEdward I of England (1272-1307)
13th Century England
15th Century Spain
1480 - Expulsion of the Muslims from Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella’s reforms
Key changes in the Early Modern Period
• Huge consolidation of state power > closer regulation of society
• Early Modern period = often seen as highly intolerant of marginal groups
Key changes in the Early Modern Period
The Reformation 16th century
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Luther’s reforms:
Sola fide – faith alone (the individual not the church determining salvation)
Ninety-Five Theses – WürttembergCathedral (1517)
Consequences of the Reformation
• Rise of nation-states independent of Rome > new groups of ‘deviants’ depending on national religion
• New religious groups (e.g. Calvinists, Zwinglians, Anabatists)
• The Church of England – following Henry VIII’s divorce to Catherine of Aragon
• The Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) following Council of Trent between 1545 and 1563
Consequences of the Reformation
The Anabaptists siege Münster 1534
Bernard Knipperdolling (c.1495-1536)John of Leiden (c.1509-1536)
Consequences of the Reformation
Religious Conflict:• French Wars of Religion (1562 and
1598)• Persecutions of Protestants in
England during reign of Mary I (1555-1558)
• Thirty Years War (1618-1648) – affects the whole of Europe
Consequences of the Reformation17th century ‘witchcraze’
Other Early Modern changes
Poverty and vagrancy:• Overpopulation > English
population doubles from 2.3 million to 5 million
• Increasing fear of mobility• Elizabethan Vagrancy Acts (1601)
- Idle poor and vagrants sent to a House of Correction or prison
Laursen and NedermanBeyond the Persecuting Society
Early modern period not a time of increasing persecution
BUT a period of increasing tolerance
Part 2
Moving beyond periodization to a ‘pre-modern’ society
1. Religious deviants (Jews)
2. Sexual deviants (Prostitutes)
Pre-modern Jews
Black Death (1348-1350)
Accusations of Jews (and Muslims and
lepers) poisoning wells and spreading disease
Pestis manufactura (disease made by
human agents)
Strasbourg Massacre of the Jews(1349)
Early Modern anti-semitism
Martin Luther:• On the Jews and their
Lies (1543)• Admonition (1546)
Accuses the Jews of ritual murder, black magic and
well-poisoning
Pre-modern JewsAnon., The Quaker
Turn’d Jew (1675 )
Quakers:• Believe in universal
‘inner light’• Permit female
preachers• Many very wealthy
merchants
Pre-modern Prostitutes• Attitudes towards prostitutes determined by
attitudes towards women (remains the same for most of the period)
Control of behaviour:• Toulouse 1201 – forcible removal of
prostitutes from city walls• Late-medieval and early modern ‘Sumptuary
Laws’ (regulating what prostitutes could wear)
Pre-modern Prostitutes
‘The lesser evil’
Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
• Municipal brothels: Venice 1360
• ‘Office of Decency’ (Onesta) in Florence
Pre-modern Prostitutes
Expert witnesses
Key debates/ideas
Michel FoucaultDiscipline and
Punish
Conclusions
Significant moments of change that make the medieval and early modern periods distinguishable
Early Modern period = much more state driven > new groups of deviants
Conclusions
Not a clear-cut process – more helpful to view ‘pre-modern’ society as a whole
Case-studies show us not only marginalization, but also acceptance