the chinese revolution when japan invaded china in 1937, a civil war was being fought between the...
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The Chinese Revolution• When Japan invaded China in 1937, a
civil war was being fought between the Nationalists & Communists
• During WWII, the groups put their differences aside to be a part of the victorious Allies over Japan
• With war’s end, the Communists & Nationalists resumed fighting
• Mao Zedong, leader of the Communists, controlled the northwestern part of China
• During WWII, he organized peasants to fight against the Japanese
• His efforts to teach literacy & improve food production won the loyalty of the peasants over the Nationalists
• By 1945, Mao’s Red Army controlled most of Northern China
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Nationalists• Meanwhile, the Nationalists forces
under Jiang Jieshi dominated southwest China
• Mountains protected Jiang Jieshi & the Nationalists from the Japanese during the war
• Jiang gathered an army of 2.5 million & the U.S. sent $1.5 billion in aid to fight the Japanese
• Much of the $ went to a few corrupt officers
• Jiang’s army didn’t fight many battles against Japan
• He wanted to rest up for coming battle against Mao’s Red Army
• As soon as the Japanese surrendered, the Nationalists & Communists resumed their civil war
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Civil War Resumes• The renewed civil war lasted from 1946-49• At first, the Nationalists enjoyed a big
advantage• Their army outnumbered the Communists’
army by 3 to 1• They also received $2 billion from the U.S• The Nationalists did very little to win
popular support• With China’s economy collapsing
thousands of Nationalists switched over to the Communists
• By 1949, cities were falling to Mao’s Red Army
• Mao’s troops were well trained at guerilla warfare & were excited about the return of land to the peasants
• In October 1949, Mao took over the country as Jiang & the Nationalists fled to the island of Taiwan (Formosa)
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Soviet Union & China• Mao Zedong’s victory fueled U.S. anti-
communist feelings• Those feelings only grew after China &
Soviet Union signed a friendship treaty in 1950
• Many Americans saw it as another step in a Communist plan to take over the world
• China was split into two nations, the Peoples Republic of China & the Nationalists on the island of Taiwan
• The U.S. gave support to the Nationalists in Taiwan (Republic of China)
• The Soviets gave aid to the People’s Republic & they pledged to defend each other
• The U.S. & Soviets set up their influence in Korea as well
• In the early years Mao’s troops expanded into Mongolia, Tibet, & India
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Mao’s Changes• Mao wanted to restore China as a
powerful nation• He rapidly moved to strengthen his rule
over the 550 million Chinese• Communists claimed to have “Mandate of
Heaven”• Mao re-shaped the economy based on
Marx socialism• 80% of the population lived in rural areas,
but most didn’t own land• 10% of the population controlled 70% of
the land• Under the Agrarian Reform Law of 1950
Mao seized the land from the landlords• Mao’s forces killed over a million landlords • From 1953-57 Mao forced peasants to
work collective farms• He made women more equal & instituted
govt. sponsored health care
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Mao’s Economic Changes• Mao’s changes also transformed
business & industry• The govt. brought all private
companies under private ownership (nationalized)
• In 1953 Mao launched a Soviet style five year plan that set high targets for industry
• By 1957, China’s coal, electricity, & cement doubled while steel production quadrupled
• Sparked by this success, Mao started the “Great Leap Forward” in 1958
• It was a program to make even larger collective farms or communes
• The original communes were 200-300 households
• The new ones were 15,000 acres & supported 25,000 people
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The Great Leap Forward• In the strictly controlled life in communes,
peasants organized into “production battalions”
• Under the leadership of company and squad leaders, they worked the land together
• They ate in communal dining rooms, slept in communal dorms, & raised children in communal nurseries. They owned nothing
• The peasants had no incentive to work hard when only the state (govt.) profited
• Most hated living in the large communes• Great Leap Forward proved to be a leap
backward• It was poorly planned and some operated
their own private backyard industries• Worst of all, crop failures between 1958-61
unleashed famine that killed 20 million• The govt. ended the program in 1961
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China & Soviet Split• In the 1960s things got worse as
China and the Soviet Union ended their alliance
• Mao reduced his role in govt. • Farmers were able to work small
private farms• Factory workers could compete for
promotions & wage increases• Mao disapproved of the new
economic policy b/c it went against the Communist philosophy of equality
• Determined to revive the revolution he launched a new campaign in 1966
• He urged millions of China’s young people to lead the revolution
• They left their classrooms and formed military units called Red Guards
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The Cultural Revolution• The Red Guards led a major uprising
known as the Cultural Revolution• The goal was to establish equality for
peasants & workers• The hero was the peasant who worked
with his hands• The villain was an artists or intellectual• The Red Guards shut down schools • They lashed out at professors, govt.
officials, factory owners & even parents• Exiled intellectuals had to purify
themselves by doing hard labor in fields
• The chaos threatened factories & farm production
• Civil war seemed possible & by 1976 even Mao admitted the Cultural Revolution had to stop
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China Opens Up• Instead of saving radical
communism, Mao’s Cultural Revolution turned many people against it
• In the early 1970s, China entered a less extreme under Zhou Enlai
• Zhou had been premiere since 1949
• During the Cultural Revolution, he tried to restrain the radicals
• China’s isolation worried him• In 1971, Zhou shocked the world
by inviting American table tennis players to China
• Nixon visited & met with Mao & Zhou
• They agreed to limited open trade• In 1979 the U.S. & China opened
to formal diplomatic relations
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Four Modernizations• Both Mao & Zhou died in 1976• In 1980, Deng Xiaoping emerged as the
new powerful leader• Although he was a lifelong Communist,
Deng supported modern economic policy• Unlike Mao, he was willing to use capitalist
ideas to support the economy• He embraced a new set of goals known as
the Four Modernizations• These called for progress in agriculture,
industry, defense & science/technology• It was called the Second Revolution• He allowed farmers to grow a portion of
private crops & allowed private businesses• Food production increased 50% from
1978-84• His policies changed daily life, as Chinese
bought appliances & even participated in western fads
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Tiananmen Square• Deng’s economic policies provided unexpected
problems• Living standards improved, but there was
corruption & a large gap between rich & poor• Some Chinese students were studying in western
schools & brought back the ideas of democracy• In 1989 students sparked a political uprising• In April more than 100,000 students gathered in
Tiananmen Square in Beijing• The students mounted a protest for democracy• 1 million gathered in support & called for Deng to
resign• Deng responded by sending troops• About 3000 remained & made their own 33 foot
statue resemble the Statue of Liberty• On 6/4/1989 armed soldiers stormed Tiananmen
Square w/ tanks & opened fire• Hundreds died, but Deng claimed the group was
plotting against the govt.• However, Television news stations around the
world showed the truth