The Chemistry of Life-Macromolecules

(Nutrients)

Molecules which contain both carbon and hydrogen, usually with a backbone of carbon.

Organic Compounds

Small subunits are joined together to make larger molecules. (This is similar to bricks creating a wall.) 

form monomers polymers

(small molecules) (large molecules)

These large molecules are called macromolecules or macronutrients. (e.g. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) 

Nutrients are needed by all organisms for

1. __________ and 2. ______________energy building blocks

carbohydrates proteins lipids (fats) water

vitamins minerals

There are two types of nutrients: macronutrients and micronutrients.

Nutrients

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

.

Carbohydrates1. Carbohydrates: Contain the elements _____, _____, _____

monomer = _______________ diagram:

(building block)

function: ______________

C H O

glucose ring or straight chain

energy

Carbohydrates

• sugars and starches are the main source, come from plants, and provide energy for animals

Simple Sugars (monosaccharides &disaccharides)

Complex Sugars (polysaccharides)

There are 2 types of carbohydrates:

Simple Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates)

Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose (fruits), galactose (milk)

• “saccharide” means sugar• prefix “mono” means one monosaccharides are

made of one sugar molecule

  e.g. glucose

straight chain ring form

Simple Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates)

Disaccharides: maltose (beer, 2 glucose), lactose (milk, glucose + galactose), sucrose (table sugar, glucose + fructose)

• prefix “di” means two, disaccharides are made of two sugars

• single sugars combine to form double sugars

.

Plants and animals cannot directly store glucose in their cells because __________________________________________.

Plants change glucose into ________ and use it for energy storage while animals store it as_________ in the liver. Plants also contain ________, a structural component of cell membranes.

All carbohydrates are digested (broken down) into _________________________ before entering the blood stream.

it is soluble & would diffuse (flow away out of cell)

starchglycogen

monosaccharides (like glucose)

Complex CarbohydratesPolysaccharides• prefix “poly” means many, polysaccharides have many sugars

cellulose

The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates I. Carbohydrates:

Types of Carbohydrates

Diagram and

Number of Units

Examples Food Source

Specific Function

Nutrient Test

1. monosaccharide 1 glucose honey • direct fuel for the mitochondria in cells

Benedict’s turns blue orange when heated

fructose fruit • same as above

The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates

Types of Carbohydrates

Diagram and

Number of Units

Examples Food Source

Function Nutrient Test

2. disaccharide 2 sucrose table sugar

• enzymes break disaccharides into monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Benedict’s turns blue orange/red when heated

lactose dairy products

• monosaccharides for energy

The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates

Types of Carbohydrates

Diagram and

Number of Units

Examples Food Source

Function Nutrient Test

3. polysaccharide

1000s starch grainspotatoes rice

• digested into 1000s of monosaccharides for energy• how plants store energy

iodine makes it turn dark blue(looks black)

glycogen livermuscle

• how animals store energy

cellulose cell wallscelery

• tough, insoluble• no enzyme to break it down• provides roughage to keep you regular....1

000’

s

.

Proteins 2. Proteins contain the elements ____, ____, ____, ____ ( ____)

monomer = _______________ Diagram:

(building block)

functions: - to build and repair cell structures - involved in chemical activities of the cell as enzymes

C H O

amino acids (a.a.)

N S

ProteinsStructure:• there are 20 amino acid building blocks

making up proteins polypeptides (long chains of amino acids)

• the order of the amino acid determines the type of protein

• this order is determined by the genes on your DNA

• the chains of amino acid are organized into folded arrangements or spirals, folded back on one another and also combined with other proteins

• each protein has a specific arrangement different from all other proteins

Levels of Protein Structure

http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Print_Version

• each amino acid has two special groups: an amino group and a carboxyl group

.

The Chemistry of Life - Proteins

Proteins:

All proteins are digested into ________________ before entering the blood stream.

Your body takes these building blocks and makes its own characteristic proteins. 20 different aa’s

essential a.a.’s = _______ ______ = non-essential a.a.’s

amino acids

Your body can’t make these so you must consume them in your food.

Your body can

make these.

contain all 8

essential a.a.’s

don’t contain

all 8 essential

a.a.’s

ex. animal proteins like meat, fish,

eggs

ex. plant proteins like nuts, seeds,

beans

8 12

Proteins

Denaturation:

• this denaturation causes the protein to uncoil or change shape which affects its function

• The change can be temporary or permanent

• the shape of a protein can be altered by heat, radiation or change in pH

The Chemistry of Life - Proteins II. Proteins:

Types of Proteins Examples Specific Function Nutrient Test

1. structural proteins

muscles, bone, hair, skin

insoluble proteins which make up all body parts

Biuretturquoise violet

• enzymes found in saliva, gastric juice

soluble proteins which speed up chemical reactions in your body

3. hormones testosteroneestrogeninsulinadrenaline

soluble proteins made in glands & carried by the blood to target cells regulate metabolism

.

Lipids (Fats) 3. Lipids (Fats) : Contain elements _____, _____, _____

monomers = _______________ & ___________________

functions: 1. energy: twice as much energy as carbohydrates

2. insulation: helps keep heat in & cold out

3. cushions: layer of fat around vital organs

4. storage: long term energy storage

5. cell membrane: major component

6. dissolves fat-soluble vitamins

diagram:

C H O

glycerol 3 fatty acids

The Chemistry of Life – Lipids (Fats)

Types of Lipids Characteristics Examples Dangers Nutrient Test

1. saturated solid at room temperature

animal fat i.e. bacon, butter

• cholesterol• arteriosclerosis (arteries harden)• atherosclerosis (arteries get clogged)

transluscence test

2. unsaturated liquid at room temperature

plant fate.x. olive oil

• obesity

• leads to heart attack

All fats are digested into _______________________ before they can enter the body.

glycerol & 3 fatty acids

III. Lipids (Fats):

Laboratory Experiment

Identifying Nutrients