MACROMOLECULES

Of LIFE

You are what you You are what you eat!eat!

Why Do We Eat?Why Do We Eat?

For energy For energy For nutrientsFor nutrients For pleasure?For pleasure?

NUTRIENTS: needed by all organisms for 1. __________ and 2. __________________energy building

blocks

6 Types of Nutrients:6 Types of Nutrients:

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Fats (Lipids)Fats (Lipids) ProteinsProteins VitaminsVitamins MineralsMinerals WaterWater

WHAT DO WE EAT?.

ORGANIC VS. INORGANIC a) Fill in the type of nutrient for each category.

MACRONUTRIENT(need to consume

______)

ORGANIC (made by living

things)

1.

2.

3.

INORGANIC 1.

MICRONUTRIENT(need to consume

______)

ORGANIC 1.

INORGANIC 1.

carbohydrates

proteins

lipids (fats)

water

vitamins

minerals

lots

little

CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES ““CARB” is not a four-letter word!CARB” is not a four-letter word! Refers to the “sugar” familyRefers to the “sugar” family Contain the Contain the elements C, H, & O C, H, & O Examples:Examples:

Glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, etc.

Starch, cellulose,etc.

Simple Carbs:Simple Carbs: Monomer:Monomer:

one building block of a larger molecule

Simple carbohydrates “SUGAR” Monosaccharide (e.g. 1 glucose)

glucose, fructose (fruits) Disaccharides

Disaccharides: maltose (beer), sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk)

= 6 carbon

ring

.

CARBOHYDRATES

I. CARBOHYDRATES : Contain elements _____, _____, _____

Monomer = _______________ Diagram:

General function: ______________

C H O

glucose ring

energy

.

CARBOHYDRATES

TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES

No. of Units

DiagramEXAMPLES

FOOD SOURCE SPECIFIC FUNCTION NUTRIENT TEST

1.mono- saccharide

1 1.glucose honey direct fuel for

mitochondria

Benedict’s blue orange (when heated)

2.fructose fruit

2.di-saccharide

2 1.sucrose

table sugar

enzymes break disaccharides into monosaccharides for energy none

2.lactose

dairy products

Complex Carbs

Polysaccharide:Polysaccharide:3 or more sugars linked together in chainsE.g. Starch & Cellulose in plantsE.g. Glycogen in animals

.

CARBOHYDRATES

TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES

No. of Units

DiagramEXAMPLES

FOOD SOURCE

SPECIFIC FUNCTION NUTRIENT TEST

3.poly-saccharide

1. starch

grains potatoesrice

1.Digested into 1000’s of monosaccharides for energy2.how plants store energy

iodine yellow dark blue (looks black)

2. glycogen

muscleliver

how animals store energy

3. cellulose

cell walls (celery)

-tough, insoluble-no enzyme to break it down-provides roughage to help keep you regular

....1000’s

.

CARBOHYDRATES

Plants and animals cannot directly store glucose in their cells because __________________________________________.

Plants change glucose into ___________________ while animals store it as_____________________.

All carbohydrates are digested into _____________________ before entering the blood stream.

it is soluble & would diffuse (flow) away (out of cell)

starch

glycogen

monosaccharides (like glucose)

Why CARBs?Why CARBs?

CHO’s provide the body with immediate energy CHO’s provide the body with immediate energy needsneeds

Should be 50 – 55% of your calories Should be 50 – 55% of your calories 4 calories per gram of CHO4 calories per gram of CHO Sources:Sources:

Fruits, vegetables, grains, breads, pasta, cereals, etc.

Low CARB Diets???Low CARB Diets???

The The End!!!End!!!

PROTEIN:PROTEIN:

The The building building blocks of blocks of

life!life!

PROTEIN:PROTEIN:

Used to make and repair many of the Used to make and repair many of the structures of our bodystructures of our body

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked Proteins are chains of amino acids linked togethertogether

.

PROTEINS II. Proteins : Contain elements ____, ____, ____, ____ ( ____)

Monomer = _______________

Diagram:

C H O

amino acids (a.a.)

N S

= amino acids (aa)

20 different kinds

.

PROTEINS

TYPES OF PROTEINS

SPECIFIC FUNCTION EXAMPLES NUTRIENT TEST

1. structural proteins

insoluble proteins which make up all body parts

muscles, bone, hair, skin

Biuretturqoise violet

2. enzymes soluble proteins which speed up chemical reactions in your body

found in saliva, gastric juice

3. hormones

soluble proteins made in glands & carried by the blood to target cells regulate metabolism

testosteroneestrogeninsulinadrenalin

.

PROTEINS

All proteins are digested into ________________ before entering the blood stream.

Your body takes these building blocks and makes its own characteristic proteins.

20 different aa’s

essential a.a.’s = _______ ______ = non-essential a.a.’s

complete proteins incomplete proteins

amino acids

Your body can’t make these so you must consume them in your food

Your body can

make these

contain all 8

essential a.a.’s

don’t contain

all 8 essential

a.a.’s

ex. animal proteins like meat, fish,

eggs

ex. plant proteins like nuts, seeds,

beans

8 12

Amino Acids:Amino Acids:

All AA’s have the same general structure, but All AA’s have the same general structure, but one portion of the molecule varies (“R group”)one portion of the molecule varies (“R group”)

PROTEIN:PROTEIN:

Should be 15 – 20 % of our calories.Should be 15 – 20 % of our calories. Sources:Sources:

Meat, fish, cheese, eggs, beans, etc.

PROTEIN… PROTEIN… Can There Be Too Much of a Good Thing?Can There Be Too Much of a Good Thing?

Recommended intake Recommended intake is around 1 g per kg of is around 1 g per kg of body weight (more for body weight (more for children and extreme children and extreme athletes)athletes)

Most North Americans Most North Americans take in around twice take in around twice the RDA!the RDA!

FATS (LIPIDS)FATS (LIPIDS)

You are what you eat???You are what you eat???

FATSFATS

Fats are a necessary evil… they are a Fats are a necessary evil… they are a tremendous source of energy!tremendous source of energy!

9 calories per gram9 calories per gram Should be 30% of calories Should be 30% of calories 4 “fat-soluble” vitamins (D, E, A, K)4 “fat-soluble” vitamins (D, E, A, K)

FATSFATS

Are made up of chains of C & H called Are made up of chains of C & H called fatty acidsfatty acids

Triglyceride:Triglyceride: a glycerol molecule linking 3 fatty acids

.

LIPIDS (FATS) III. LIPIDS (FATS) : Contain elements _____, _____, _____

Monomers = _______________ & ___________________

General functions: 1. energy: twice as much energy as carbohydrates

2. insulation: helps keep heat in & cold out

3. cushions: layer of fat around vital organs

4. storage: long term energy storage

5. cell membrane: major component

6. dissolves fat-soluble vitamins

Diagram:

C H O

glycerol 3 fatty acids

Types of FatTypes of Fat

Saturated Fats:Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature found in butter, meat, etc. (animal fats) all carbons are “saturated” with hydrogen

Types of FatTypes of Fat

Unsaturated fats:Unsaturated fats: Liquid at room temperature, usually called oils Plant Fats: canola oil, olive oil, corn oil, etc. Fatty acids contain double bonds (missing H’s)

.

LIPIDS III. LIPIDS (FATS) :

TYPES OF LIPIDS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES DANGERS NUTRIENT TEST

1. SATURATED

solid at room temperature

animal fat i.e. bacon, butter

•cholesterol•arteriosclerosis (arteries harden)•atherosclerosis (arteries get clogged

Trans-luscent stain test

2. UNSATURATED

liquid at room temperature

plant fati.e. olive oil

obesity

heart attack

All fats are digested into _______________________

before they can enter the body.

glycerol & 3 fatty acids

FATTY ISSUES!FATTY ISSUES!

High fat = high High fat = high calorie!calorie!

High fat = High fat = increase health increase health problems problems (diabetes, CHD, (diabetes, CHD, stroke, etc.)stroke, etc.)

The End!!!The End!!!

Homework

Page 35 # 1, 3 – 5, 15 (a, b)

.

MONOMERS

= 6 glycerol

= fatty acid (FA)

= amino acids (aa)

20 different kinds

b) Use the simplified images of the monomers shown below to draw a sketch of each of the following tables.

MONOMER: