the changing higher education environment: some implications for university libraries
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The changing higher education environment: some implications for university libraries. Antony Melck October 2005. International Trends. Globalisation. Internationalisation Globalisation The flow of technology, economic activity, knowledge, people, values, ideas … across borders - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The changing higher education environment: some implications
for university libraries
Antony MelckAntony Melck
October 2005October 2005
International Trends
Globalisation
InternationalisationInternationalisation GlobalisationGlobalisation The flow of technology, economic activity, The flow of technology, economic activity,
knowledge, people, values, ideas … across knowledge, people, values, ideas … across bordersborders
The contemporary world orderThe contemporary world order
Globalisation 2
Integration of the worldIntegration of the world Global …Global …
Cultural valuesCultural values ProductsProducts Financial marketsFinancial markets Labour marketsLabour markets LanguageLanguage
The Knowledge Society
ICT revolution and its impact on the ICT revolution and its impact on the production, dissemination and use of production, dissemination and use of knowledgeknowledge
InternetInternet Almost infinite amounts of knowledge Almost infinite amounts of knowledge
available available Knowledge knows no frontiersKnowledge knows no frontiers GATS – borderless educationGATS – borderless education
New Ways of Teaching
Resource-rich environmentResource-rich environment Use of technologiesUse of technologies
Open and distance learningOpen and distance learning Web-based learningWeb-based learning Virtual universitiesVirtual universities
Lecture time no longer devoted to Lecture time no longer devoted to transferring informationtransferring information
Knowledge Production: Research
Mode 1 – discipline based knowledge Mode 1 – discipline based knowledge production in universitiesproduction in universities
Mode 2 – Interdisciplinary knowledge Mode 2 – Interdisciplinary knowledge production in teams, often outside of HEproduction in teams, often outside of HE
Increasing importance of applied research - Increasing importance of applied research - impact on fundamental disciplinesimpact on fundamental disciplines
Knowledge management
A continuum ofA continuum of Electronic Academic Information Services, Electronic Academic Information Services,
traditional library, telematic education traditional library, telematic education (WebCT), traditional classroom(WebCT), traditional classroom
Knowledge management (through knowledge Knowledge management (through knowledge objects/granules)objects/granules)
Broad band / wide pipe IT facilitiesBroad band / wide pipe IT facilities Cooperation between institutions, e.g. academic Cooperation between institutions, e.g. academic
librarieslibraries
Cooperation and Standardisation
NetworkingNetworking Institutions – cooperation agreements; Institutions – cooperation agreements;
e.g. Universitas 21in Australiae.g. Universitas 21in Australia COSALC, GAELICCOSALC, GAELIC
Bologna process in EuropeBologna process in Europe International norms and evaluationInternational norms and evaluation League tablesLeague tables
Output orientated learning
Move from supplier driven to demand Move from supplier driven to demand driven programmesdriven programmes
Increasing importance of:Increasing importance of: Application of learningApplication of learning Employability of graduatesEmployability of graduates
Performance related - productivityPerformance related - productivity Outcomes based approachOutcomes based approach
Competition in the provision of Higher Education
Borderless education – foreign marketsBorderless education – foreign markets Commercialisation and ManagerialsmCommercialisation and Managerialsm Revision of funding regimes by governmentsRevision of funding regimes by governments
who demand more control for less subsidieswho demand more control for less subsidies and ‘accountability’ to societyand ‘accountability’ to society
International league tables – Shanghai; Times International league tables – Shanghai; Times Higher Education SupplementHigher Education Supplement
Ethical considerations
Importance of ethics in evaluating science, Importance of ethics in evaluating science, particularly in the biological sciences, e.g.particularly in the biological sciences, e.g. CloningCloning Stem cell research from embryos created Stem cell research from embryos created
by in vitrio fertilisationby in vitrio fertilisation Plagiarism (in e-environment)Plagiarism (in e-environment) Fraudulent degreesFraudulent degrees
Funding and accountability
Democratisation of HE and pressures on public Democratisation of HE and pressures on public fundingfunding Student (top up) feesStudent (top up) fees ‘‘Third stream’ incomeThird stream’ income Spin-off companies to exploit Intellectual PropertySpin-off companies to exploit Intellectual Property
Emphasis on accountabilityEmphasis on accountability External quality controlExternal quality control Assessment of outputs – Research Assessment Assessment of outputs – Research Assessment
Exercise Exercise
South African Higher Education
Transformation
Increased access to HE, and higher participation Increased access to HE, and higher participation rates of the relevant cohortsrates of the relevant cohorts
Equity; both for students and for staffEquity; both for students and for staff Education that meets the needs of the economyEducation that meets the needs of the economy Efficiency in the delivery of education, including Efficiency in the delivery of education, including
improved success and graduation ratesimproved success and graduation rates Research that complies with international normsResearch that complies with international norms The development of inclusive institutional The development of inclusive institutional
culturescultures
Eliminating the Apartheid landscape National Plan on Higher EducationNational Plan on Higher Education Mergers of institutions (including colleges)Mergers of institutions (including colleges) 36 institutions become 2236 institutions become 22
UniversitiesUniversities ComprehensivesComprehensives Univ’s of TechnologyUniv’s of Technology
Mergers consume enormous energyMergers consume enormous energy Elevation of technikons to universitiesElevation of technikons to universities
Governance
Higher Education Act & elimination of Higher Education Act & elimination of separate university actsseparate university acts
Establishment of the Council on HE (CHE)Establishment of the Council on HE (CHE) Intensified state ‘steering’Intensified state ‘steering’
Autonomy reducedAutonomy reduced Increased ‘accountability’ to societyIncreased ‘accountability’ to society King recommendationsKing recommendations
Funding
Main state steering mechanismMain state steering mechanism New mechanism = mixture of redress, New mechanism = mixture of redress,
carrots, and sticks; a system of handicapscarrots, and sticks; a system of handicaps Benefits the weaker institutions Benefits the weaker institutions Danger of creating uniform mediocrityDanger of creating uniform mediocrity Minister has prerogative to change Minister has prerogative to change
parametersparameters
therefore complicates planningtherefore complicates planning
Growth and Funding State’s MTEF projections only provide for State’s MTEF projections only provide for
about 2% growth in total student enrolmentsabout 2% growth in total student enrolments Actual growth higher; therefore, Actual growth higher; therefore, per capitaper capita
funding will decreasefunding will decrease DoE solution: cap enrolment growth, but DoE solution: cap enrolment growth, but No adequate Human Resource Planning, No adequate Human Resource Planning,
e.g.e.g. Impact of HIV-AIDS?Impact of HIV-AIDS?
Programme & Qualification Mix
PQM = second steering mechanismPQM = second steering mechanism Only funding for approved programmesOnly funding for approved programmes Regional programme review processRegional programme review process
uncertainty about process uncertainty about process Complexity underestimatedComplexity underestimated Role of regional bodies uncertainRole of regional bodies uncertain
Distance Education in the new landscape
DE encouraged in 90’s to deal with DE encouraged in 90’s to deal with massificationmassification
Massification did not occur; therefore Massification did not occur; therefore attempts to restrict DE in ‘contact’ attempts to restrict DE in ‘contact’ institutionsinstitutions
Contradicts international trends; definitions Contradicts international trends; definitions impossible; telematic educationimpossible; telematic education
SAQA and the NQF
SAQA = statutory authority for administering the SAQA = statutory authority for administering the NQFNQF
Long debate on the nature of NQF – levels and Long debate on the nature of NQF – levels and tracks (e.g. general, vocational, tracks (e.g. general, vocational, trade/occupational/ professional) – “New trade/occupational/ professional) – “New Academic Policy”Academic Policy”
Tussle between DoE and DoL (Education vs Tussle between DoE and DoL (Education vs Training)Training)
Latest document = HE Qualifications Framework, Latest document = HE Qualifications Framework, released by the DoEreleased by the DoE
HE Quality Committee (HEQC)
HEQC = committee of the CHEHEQC = committee of the CHE Deemed to be the ETQA of SAQADeemed to be the ETQA of SAQA All institutions to be audited on rotational All institutions to be audited on rotational
basisbasis Fitness of purpose Fitness of purpose (meeting national goals)(meeting national goals)
Fitness for purpose Fitness for purpose (efficient application of mission)(efficient application of mission)
Professional councils - in some facultiesProfessional councils - in some faculties
Further Education and Training Certificate (FETC)
Existing Matric being phased outExisting Matric being phased out To be replaced by the FETCTo be replaced by the FETC
No standard/higher gradesNo standard/higher grades Either Maths or Maths Literacy compulsoryEither Maths or Maths Literacy compulsory
Suitable for admitting students? Science faculties?Suitable for admitting students? Science faculties? Universities to institute own process? System of Universities to institute own process? System of
benchmarking?benchmarking?
National HE Information and Applications Service (NHEIAS) Envisaged that all first-time entering students will Envisaged that all first-time entering students will
apply to the NHEIASapply to the NHEIAS Two possibilities:-Two possibilities:-
NHEIAS will administer criteria supplied by NHEIAS will administer criteria supplied by the institutions, ORthe institutions, OR
NHEIAS will allocate students in terms of its NHEIAS will allocate students in terms of its own criteria?own criteria?
Administrative bottleneck?Administrative bottleneck? Still to be implemented?Still to be implemented?
Research and Innovation
HE institutionsHE institutions Research CouncilsResearch Councils National Research Foundation (NRF)National Research Foundation (NRF) THRIPTHRIP National Advisory Council on Innovation (NACI)National Advisory Council on Innovation (NACI) Government Departments e.g. of Science and Government Departments e.g. of Science and
TechnologyTechnology Greater ‘responsiveness’, but ‘development Greater ‘responsiveness’, but ‘development
grants’ to under-performing HE institutionsgrants’ to under-performing HE institutions
Efficiency of the HE Sector
Throughput in HE institutions poorThroughput in HE institutions poor Graduation rates below the norm,Graduation rates below the norm, High dropout ratesHigh dropout rates ““non-marketable education”non-marketable education”
Poor inputs from secondary school systemPoor inputs from secondary school system Need for “foundation programmes”Need for “foundation programmes”
Future academics/research
Current academics dominated by white men Current academics dominated by white men older than fiftyolder than fifty
Retention of young (black) academics Retention of young (black) academics difficultdifficult
Remuneration inadequateRemuneration inadequate Potential loss of research capacityPotential loss of research capacity Aging research equipment – national Aging research equipment – national
expenditure on research infrastructure expenditure on research infrastructure inadequateinadequate
Future landscape
Merger of SAUVCA and CTP into new Merger of SAUVCA and CTP into new HigherEducation:SA (HESA)HigherEducation:SA (HESA)
Nevertheless, competitive relationshipsNevertheless, competitive relationships Development of southern African Development of southern African
associationassociation SARUASARUA
National Student Financial Aid
NSFASNSFAS Students currently poor, but will be the Students currently poor, but will be the
future richfuture rich Timing mismatch between capital Timing mismatch between capital
investment and income flowsinvestment and income flows NSFAS loans bridge the gapNSFAS loans bridge the gap
Designed to provide incentives to passDesigned to provide incentives to pass More funding neededMore funding needed
Presidential Committee
President has chaired a committee of ministers to President has chaired a committee of ministers to investigate problems in HEinvestigate problems in HE
Importance of HE in achieving society’s goals, Importance of HE in achieving society’s goals, e.g. socio-political, economice.g. socio-political, economic
11stst Paper: SA HE system is inefficient, not dealing Paper: SA HE system is inefficient, not dealing with the important issues, e.g.with the important issues, e.g. UN Millennium Development Goals, NEPADUN Millennium Development Goals, NEPAD
therefore additional funding not warrantedtherefore additional funding not warranted
Some implications for university libraries
Importance of academic libraries
University libraries central to knowledge University libraries central to knowledge managementmanagement
Shift from storing to managing informationShift from storing to managing information Academic information servicesAcademic information services E-learningE-learning E-researchE-research
Link between (academic) computing and Link between (academic) computing and HE core functions – overlaps and synergiesHE core functions – overlaps and synergies
Resource constraints
Pressure on funding while demands are Pressure on funding while demands are changing and increasingchanging and increasing Mushrooming informationMushrooming information New e-systemsNew e-systems Access for increasing student numbersAccess for increasing student numbers
Therefore collaboration and sharing Therefore collaboration and sharing necessary, despite competition: e.g. SASLInecessary, despite competition: e.g. SASLI
Digitisation E-journalsE-journals Open access movement Open access movement Google Print Project with Oxford, Harvard, Google Print Project with Oxford, Harvard,
Stanford, Michigan, New York Public Lib.Stanford, Michigan, New York Public Lib. E-research E-research
Handling large data setsHandling large data sets Digital curation of scientific dataDigital curation of scientific data
Digitising and disseminating own research (e.g. Digitising and disseminating own research (e.g. PhD theses.PhD theses.
Virtual libraries (AVLIN in Africa)Virtual libraries (AVLIN in Africa)
Ethical problems in a digital age
Copy right protectionCopy right protection PlagiarismPlagiarism Protection of the integrity of data Protection of the integrity of data
collectionscollections Control of the quality of data available Control of the quality of data available
Libraries and HE competition
As collaboration is increasing, so is HE As collaboration is increasing, so is HE competitioncompetition
International league tables dominated by International league tables dominated by US; other countries differentiating their HE US; other countries differentiating their HE systems, e.g. Germanysystems, e.g. Germany
Knowledge use and creation is central to Knowledge use and creation is central to this process, thereforethis process, therefore
university libraries have a pivotal roleuniversity libraries have a pivotal role
Finis