Eukaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell structurestructure

The Cell factoryThe Cell factory OrganellesOrganelles

Highly specialized structures within the cellHighly specialized structures within the cell Little organsLittle organs

2 major divisions of the eukaryotic cell2 major divisions of the eukaryotic cell Nucleus Nucleus

The “brain”The “brain” DNADNA

CytoplasmCytoplasm Portion outside the nucleus but inside the cell membranePortion outside the nucleus but inside the cell membrane

2 types of Eukaryotic 2 types of Eukaryotic cellscells Plant cellsPlant cells

Animal cellsAnimal cells What are the differences? (write them down!!!)What are the differences? (write them down!!!)

NucleusNucleus

Brain of the cellBrain of the cell Office of the factoryOffice of the factory Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and

with it the coded instructions for making with it the coded instructions for making PROTEINS and other important PROTEINS and other important moleculesmolecules

Nuclear envelopeNuclear envelope Surrounds nucleusSurrounds nucleus Made of 2 membranesMade of 2 membranes Dotted with thousands of nuclear poresDotted with thousands of nuclear pores

How do we get messages, instructions and How do we get messages, instructions and blueprints out of the office?blueprints out of the office?

Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and other moleculesother molecules

Inside the nucleus we Inside the nucleus we see…see…

Contain a granular material called…Contain a granular material called… CHROMATINCHROMATIN

Chromatin= DNA + proteinChromatin= DNA + protein Usually spread out in nucleusUsually spread out in nucleus During cell division, chromatin clumps During cell division, chromatin clumps

together or condenses…we call this….together or condenses…we call this…. CHROMOSOMES CHROMOSOMES

ChromosomesChromosomes

Threadlike structures that contain genetic Threadlike structures that contain genetic information that is passed on from one information that is passed on from one generation to the nextgeneration to the next

NucleolusNucleolus

Small dense region inside the nucleusSmall dense region inside the nucleus Function: assembly of ribosomes begin…Function: assembly of ribosomes begin…

RibosomesRibosomes Most important function of cell is…Most important function of cell is…

Making proteinsMaking proteins Proteins regulate a zillion different thingsProteins regulate a zillion different things Like…Like…

Proteins are assembled ON RibosomesProteins are assembled ON Ribosomes Ribosomes are small particles of protein & Ribosomes are small particles of protein &

RNA (what’s RNA?)RNA (what’s RNA?) They follow instructions from the nucleus to They follow instructions from the nucleus to

make proteins…follow the orders from the make proteins…follow the orders from the “head haunchos” in the main office“head haunchos” in the main office

Scattered throughout the cell Scattered throughout the cell They are like little factoriesThey are like little factories If a cell’s main function is making proteins, how If a cell’s main function is making proteins, how

many ribosomes are you going to have?many ribosomes are you going to have?

Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(ER)

Internal membrane systemInternal membrane system The site where the lipid components of The site where the lipid components of

the cell membrane are assembled, along the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials with proteins and other materials exported from the cellexported from the cell

2 types2 types Smooth ERSmooth ER Rough ERRough ER

Rough ERRough ER Involved in protein making (synthesis)Involved in protein making (synthesis) So what are we going to see on it?So what are we going to see on it?

ribosomesribosomes Once a protein is made, it leaves the Once a protein is made, it leaves the

ribosome and goes into the Rough ERribosome and goes into the Rough ER The rough ER then modifies the proteinThe rough ER then modifies the protein All proteins that are exported by the cell All proteins that are exported by the cell

are made on the RERare made on the RER Membrane proteins are made on the Membrane proteins are made on the

RER tooRER too

Smooth ERSmooth ER NO ribosomes on itNO ribosomes on it Looks smoothLooks smooth Contains collections of ENZYMES that have Contains collections of ENZYMES that have

specialized tasksspecialized tasks What do enzymes do?What do enzymes do?

Tasks include:Tasks include: Synthesis of membrane lipidsSynthesis of membrane lipids Detoxification of drugsDetoxification of drugs Liver cellsLiver cells

Big in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a Big in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a lot of?lot of?

Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus Discovered by Italian scientist Camillo GolgiDiscovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi Once proteins are done being “modified” in the Once proteins are done being “modified” in the

RER, they move onto the Golgi apparatusRER, they move onto the Golgi apparatus Looks like a stack of pancakesLooks like a stack of pancakes Function: Function: modifymodify, , sortsort, and , and packagepackage proteins proteins

and other materials from the ER for STORAGE and other materials from the ER for STORAGE or SECRETION outside the cellor SECRETION outside the cell Proteins are “shipped” to final destinationProteins are “shipped” to final destination

They are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOPThey are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOP Finishing touches on proteins before they leave Finishing touches on proteins before they leave

factoryfactory

LysosomesLysosomes (Lie-so-soh-mz)(Lie-so-soh-mz) The factory’s clean-up crewThe factory’s clean-up crew It’s an Organelle filled with It’s an Organelle filled with

enzymesenzymes Function: Digestion (break Function: Digestion (break

down) of lipids, down) of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules that into smaller molecules that can be used by the cellcan be used by the cell

Also digest organelles that Also digest organelles that have outlived their have outlived their usefulnessusefulness

What do you think happens What do you think happens if lysosomes malfunction? if lysosomes malfunction?

A bunch of “junk” build up in the cellA bunch of “junk” build up in the cell Is this good?Is this good? Many human diseases result from Many human diseases result from

malfunction of lysosomemalfunction of lysosome Tay-Sachs diseaseTay-Sachs disease

VacuolesVacuoles The factory’s storage placeThe factory’s storage place Only in certain cellsOnly in certain cells Sac-like organellesSac-like organelles Function: stores material such as water, Function: stores material such as water,

salts, proteins, and carbohydratessalts, proteins, and carbohydrates Plant cells have a single, large central Plant cells have a single, large central

vacuolevacuole Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to

support heavy structuressupport heavy structures

Single-celled organisms and Single-celled organisms and some animals also have some animals also have vacuoles…vacuoles…

ParameciumParamecium Contractile vacuoleContractile vacuole Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water

out…this maintains what? out…this maintains what? homeostasishomeostasis

What is the one thing What is the one thing all living things need all living things need to eat, breath, to eat, breath, reproduce, move and reproduce, move and much more?much more?

ENERGY!!!!ENERGY!!!!

Two ways cells get Two ways cells get energy…energy…

From food moleculesFrom food molecules From the sunFrom the sun

MithochondriaMithochondria

Convert chemical energy stored in food Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convienent into compounds that are more convienent for the cell to usefor the cell to use

Has 2 membranesHas 2 membranes Inner membraneInner membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane

Nearly all come from the ovumNearly all come from the ovum You get your mitochondria from your mom!You get your mitochondria from your mom!

ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Capture energy from the sunlight and Capture energy from the sunlight and convert it into chemical energy…what is convert it into chemical energy…what is this process called?this process called? PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

Like solar power for plantsLike solar power for plants 2 membranes2 membranes Inside: large stacks of other membranes Inside: large stacks of other membranes

that contain chlorphyll that contain chlorphyll

Organelle DNAOrganelle DNA

Chloroplasts and Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain mitochondria contain their own genetic infotheir own genetic info In form of small DNA In form of small DNA

moleculesmolecules

Lynn MargulisLynn Margulis

American biologistAmerican biologist Chloroplasts and Chloroplasts and

mitochondria are mitochondria are descendents of descendents of prokaryotesprokaryotes

She said…She said… Ancient Prokaryotes from wayyyyy back in the Ancient Prokaryotes from wayyyyy back in the

day had a symbiotic relationship with the day had a symbiotic relationship with the ancient eukaryotesancient eukaryotes What is symbiotic? (review ecology!!!)What is symbiotic? (review ecology!!!)

The prokaryotes lived inside the eukaryotesThe prokaryotes lived inside the eukaryotes There were prokaryotes that used oxygen to There were prokaryotes that used oxygen to

make energy (ATP)make energy (ATP) MitochondriaMitochondria

There were prokaryotes that used There were prokaryotes that used photosynthesis to get energyphotosynthesis to get energy ChloroplastsChloroplasts

Endosymbiotic TheoryEndosymbiotic Theory

Idea that Idea that mitochondria and mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotesfrom prokaryotes

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Supporting structure and Supporting structure and transportation systemtransportation system Network of protein filaments that helps Network of protein filaments that helps

the cell to maintain its shape and to help the cell to maintain its shape and to help the cell movethe cell move

2 main type of filaments2 main type of filaments MicrotubulesMicrotubules MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments

MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments

Threadlike structuresThreadlike structures Made of protein called ACTINMade of protein called ACTIN Extensive networksExtensive networks Tough, flexible frameworkTough, flexible framework Help cells moveHelp cells move Assembly and disassembly helps cells Assembly and disassembly helps cells

move (like amoebas)move (like amoebas)

MicrotubulesMicrotubules

Hollow structuresHollow structures Made of proteins called TUBULINSMade of proteins called TUBULINS Maintain cell’s shapeMaintain cell’s shape Important in cell divisionImportant in cell division

Make mitotic spindle (separates Make mitotic spindle (separates chromosomes)chromosomes)

Help build projections from cell surface…Help build projections from cell surface…

Cilia and FlagellaCilia and Flagella

Plural: cilium and flagellumPlural: cilium and flagellum Enable cells to swim rapidly through liquidEnable cells to swim rapidly through liquid Like oars of a boatLike oars of a boat

CentriolesCentrioles

Only animal cellsOnly animal cells Made of protein Made of protein

TUBULINTUBULIN What else is made of What else is made of

tubulin?tubulin?

Near nucleusNear nucleus Help organize cell Help organize cell

divisiondivision

Antwon van LeeuwenhookAntwon van Leeuwenhook Robert HookRobert Hook Cell TheoryCell Theory Electron microscopeElectron microscope ProkaryoteProkaryote EukaryoteEukaryote OrganellesOrganelles CytoplasmCytoplasm Nuclear envelopeNuclear envelope ChromatinChromatin NucleusNucleus RibosomeRibosome Smooth Endoplasmic reticulumSmooth Endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulumRough endoplasmic reticulum Course adjustment knobCourse adjustment knob Fine adjustment knobFine adjustment knob ProteinsProteins DNADNA Contractile vacuoleContractile vacuole Central VacuoleCentral Vacuole

Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus LysosomeLysosome VacuoleVacuole MitochondrianMitochondrian ChloroplastChloroplast CytoskeletonCytoskeleton CentrioleCentriole MictrotubuleMictrotubule MicrofilamentMicrofilament Theodor SchwannTheodor Schwann Matthias SchleidenMatthias Schleiden Rudolph VirchowRudolph Virchow Lynn MargulisLynn Margulis Endosymbiotic TheoryEndosymbiotic Theory CiliaCilia FlagellaFlagella PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Tay-Sachs diseaseTay-Sachs disease