the cell as a factory 7.3 basic cell structures & what they do

The Cell as a FactoryThe Cell as a Factory

7.3 Basic Cell Structures & What They Do7.3 Basic Cell Structures & What They Do

DrillDrillDecember 4, 2008December 4, 2008

The CEO of a large corporation The CEO of a large corporation has hired you to manage one of has hired you to manage one of the company factories. Decide the company factories. Decide what things must be included in what things must be included in this factory in order for it to this factory in order for it to efficiently operate and efficiently operate and manufacture a product.manufacture a product.

Work with a partner to make a list of items in your Work with a partner to make a list of items in your notebook of things that you would include.notebook of things that you would include.

Rolf Eckrodt – President and CEO of Mitsubishi Motors

Objectives:Objectives:

At the conclusion of this three day lesson At the conclusion of this three day lesson you will be able to:you will be able to: Explain why a cell is like a tiny factory.Explain why a cell is like a tiny factory.

List, label, and describe the functions of the List, label, and describe the functions of the parts of a typical eukaryotic animal cell.parts of a typical eukaryotic animal cell.

Explain how a cell conducts all the processes Explain how a cell conducts all the processes of living things, just on a smaller scale.of living things, just on a smaller scale.

A Virtual Factory TourA Virtual Factory Tour

First, your factory needs a First, your factory needs a building..

What kind of building should you have?

Will all factory buildings be the same?

What features should your building have?

•Windows?

•Doors?

•Loading dock?

•Security?

What kind of building should you have?

Will all factory buildings be the same?

What features should your building have?

•Windows?

•Doors?

•Loading dock?

•Security?

Copyright 2002 JTC Corporation

This Building Needs StructureThis Building Needs Structure

Your factory has Your factory has supports and and internal framework that gives the building shape.

Kam Kiu factory photos

Controlling the FactoryControlling the Factory

Next, you need a Next, you need a control centercontrol center to to organize what organize what happens at your happens at your factory.factory. Where should the Where should the

control center be control center be located?located?

What things might be What things might be inside the control inside the control center?center? Asia Pulp & Paper Co. Ltd. Control Room Copyright

2004 SPG Media Limited a subsidiary of SPG Media Group PLC

What Are You Going to Make?What Are You Going to Make?

Your factory makes a Your factory makes a product. In order to product. In order to know how to make know how to make this product a set of this product a set of blueprintsblueprints are used. are used. Why do you need to Why do you need to

use blueprints?use blueprints? What kind of What kind of

information can be information can be found in blueprints?found in blueprints?

Blueprint rolls ©Copyright 1996 City of Simi Valley. ISS Hidalgo blueprints Copyright ©1977-2004 Far Future

Enterprises.

You Need POWER!You Need POWER!

Every factory needs a Every factory needs a power plantpower plant that that generates the energy generates the energy needed to run the needed to run the machinery.machinery. Where might a factory Where might a factory

get power?get power?

Why is it helpful for Why is it helpful for each factory to have each factory to have its own power plant its own power plant nearby?nearby?

What Are You Working With?What Are You Working With?

Every product is made from Every product is made from raw materialsraw materials..

Manufacturing Your ProductManufacturing Your Product

WorkersWorkers operate operate machinesmachines that that assemble your assemble your product.product.

Why would a factory Why would a factory need many machines need many machines and workers?and workers?

Does each machine Does each machine make the entire make the entire product or just a small product or just a small part?part?

© Elkhorn Everbrite Corporation

Putting the Pieces TogetherPutting the Pieces Together

Factories have Factories have assembly linesassembly lines where machines or where machines or workers put workers put together the parts together the parts of a product.of a product.

Some assembly Some assembly lines lines transporttransport products. Some products. Some package package products.products.

© Elkhorn Everbrite Corporation

National Automobile Dealers

Association

Getting The Product RightGetting The Product Right

Before they can be Before they can be shipped, products shipped, products must be must be sortedsorted modified,modified, packaged, packaged, and and distributeddistributed properly.properly. Why are these jobs Why are these jobs

important to our important to our factory?factory?

What might happen if What might happen if these jobs were done these jobs were done incorrectly?incorrectly?

packaging machine - © 1999-2004 Packexpo.com All rights reserved. Boxes © Chriscott Supply Co. Warehouse © WSL Corporation

PackingPacking

Products must be Products must be packedpacked in a box orin a box or containercontainer before they are shipped. before they are shipped.

ShippingShipping

Products must be Products must be shippedshipped from your from your factory to their destination.factory to their destination.

Where might Where might your products be your products be shipped?shipped?

How might your How might your products be products be shipped?shipped?

Waste DisposalWaste Disposal

Excess materials or Excess materials or damaged products damaged products must be discarded must be discarded into the into the waste waste disposaldisposal..

What would happen if What would happen if waste materials were waste materials were allowed to build up and allowed to build up and sit around the factory?sit around the factory?© Tom Mathews

What You Need To Run A FactoryWhat You Need To Run A Factory

buildingbuildingsupports/ internal frameworksupports/ internal frameworkcontrol centercontrol centerblueprintsblueprintspower plantpower plantraw materialsraw materialsmachines/ workersmachines/ workersassembly lineassembly linepacking centerspacking centerspacking/ boxespacking/ boxestrucks/ shipping vehiclestrucks/ shipping vehicleswaste disposalwaste disposal

HOMEWORKHOMEWORK

Draw a floorplan/ layout of your factory. Draw a floorplan/ layout of your factory. Include all of the essential items discussed Include all of the essential items discussed today in class from the list “What You today in class from the list “What You Need To Run A Factory.”Need To Run A Factory.”

Be creative, but accurate.Be creative, but accurate.

Use the entire 8 ½ x 11” piece of paper.Use the entire 8 ½ x 11” piece of paper.

Guidelines are in your homework packet.Guidelines are in your homework packet.


Take out the floor plan of Take out the floor plan of your factory. your factory.

Compare it with another Compare it with another student. student.

Make sure that you have Make sure that you have included all items from the included all items from the list at the right.list at the right.

buildingbuildingsupports/ internal supports/ internal frameworkframeworkcontrol centercontrol centerblueprintsblueprintspower plantpower plantraw materialsraw materialsmachines/ workersmachines/ workersassembly lineassembly linepacking centerspacking centerspacking/ boxespacking/ boxestrucks/ shipping vehiclestrucks/ shipping vehicleswaste disposalwaste disposal

A Typical Animal CellA Typical Animal Cell

Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane“Building”“Building”

It is a thin layer of lipid and protein that It is a thin layer of lipid and protein that separates the cell’s contents from its separates the cell’s contents from its environment.environment.

Allows nutrients to enter and wastes and Allows nutrients to enter and wastes and other materials to leave the cellother materials to leave the cell

All cells have one.All cells have one.

Hey! Let me in!

No. You’re a virus!

CytoskeletonCytoskeleton“supports & internal framework”“supports & internal framework”

A network of protein fibers (A network of protein fibers (microfilamentsmicrofilaments) and ) and tubes (tubes (microtubulesmicrotubules) extending throughout the cell.) extending throughout the cell. Provides a framework for the cell.Provides a framework for the cell. Helps transport materials.Helps transport materials. Anchors the organelles.Anchors the organelles. Functions in cell movement.Functions in cell movement.

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NucleusNucleus“control center”“control center”

Controls the cell’s actionsControls the cell’s actionsContains the cell’s genetic material (DNA).Contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA).Surrounded by a double membrane called the Surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear nuclear envelopeenvelope..Has a dense region called the Has a dense region called the nucleolusnucleolus where where ribosomes are formed.ribosomes are formed.

© Glencoe Biology 2007© Glencoe Biology 2007

ChromatinChromatin“blueprints”“blueprints”

Located in the nucleusLocated in the nucleus

Composed of nucleic acids Composed of nucleic acids (DNA)(DNA)

Condenses into Condenses into chromosomes during cell chromosomes during cell divisiondivision

Chromosomes during early cell Chromosomes during early cell division – 10,000xdivision – 10,000x

MitochondriaMitochondria“power plant”“power plant”

Change energy stored in food compounds Change energy stored in food compounds (mostly sugars) into a form useful for the cell.(mostly sugars) into a form useful for the cell.

semi-fluid material inside the plasma membrane semi-fluid material inside the plasma membrane composed of water and organic compounds.composed of water and organic compounds.

site of all cellular chemical processes in site of all cellular chemical processes in prokaryotesprokaryotes

CytoplasmCytoplasmcontains the “raw materials”contains the “raw materials”

Organelles that manufacture proteinsOrganelles that manufacture proteins

Composed of RNA and proteinComposed of RNA and protein

Not bound by a membrane.Not bound by a membrane.

Some float free in the cytoplasm while others are Some float free in the cytoplasm while others are attached to the endoplasmic reticulumattached to the endoplasmic reticulum..

RibosomesRibosomes“machines/ workers”“machines/ workers”

Electron Micrograph of Electron Micrograph of ribosomes. The ribosomes ribosomes. The ribosomes operate in chains when operate in chains when translating a mRNA. translating a mRNA.

Copyright © Daniel KunkelCopyright © Daniel Kunkel

Membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected Membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that produces materials for the cell.channels that produces materials for the cell. Two types:Two types:

Rough ER Rough ER – has ribosomes attached; makes proteins– has ribosomes attached; makes proteinsSmooth ER Smooth ER – no ribosomes; makes lipids and removes waste – no ribosomes; makes lipids and removes waste materialsmaterials

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum“assembly line”“assembly line”

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Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus“packing center”“packing center”

A series of flat, membrane-bound sacs that sorts, modifies, A series of flat, membrane-bound sacs that sorts, modifies, packages, and distributes molecules into sacs called packages, and distributes molecules into sacs called vesicles.vesicles.


VesiclesVesicles“packing/ boxes”“packing/ boxes”

A small membrane bound sac that transports A small membrane bound sac that transports materials throughout the cellmaterials throughout the cell

It can be created by the endoplasmic reticulum It can be created by the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus.or the Golgi apparatus.

LysosomesLysosomes“waste disposal”“waste disposal”

Special vesicles that contain powerful digestive Special vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes that can break down large molecules enzymes that can break down large molecules and old organellesand old organelles..

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HOMEWORKHOMEWORK

Obtain a sheet of cell parts and organelles.Obtain a sheet of cell parts and organelles.

Decide which cell part performs a similar task as Decide which cell part performs a similar task as each part of your factory.each part of your factory.

When you have made your decisions, cut out When you have made your decisions, cut out the cell parts and attach them to your floor plan the cell parts and attach them to your floor plan over the factory part that performs a similar task. over the factory part that performs a similar task.

When you have finished you will have created a When you have finished you will have created a model of a typical eukaryotic animal cell.model of a typical eukaryotic animal cell.

A comparison of A comparison of animal, plant, and animal, plant, and prokaryotic cells.prokaryotic cells.

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Answer the following five questions:Answer the following five questions: The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid

__________.__________. A phospholipid molecule has a _______ head and a A phospholipid molecule has a _______ head and a

_____________ tail._____________ tail. If you are using a microscope with a 10x objective If you are using a microscope with a 10x objective

and a 10x eyepiece, what is the total magnification of and a 10x eyepiece, what is the total magnification of this microscope?this microscope?

What are the three parts of the cell theory?What are the three parts of the cell theory? ________ was the first person to use the word “cell” ________ was the first person to use the word “cell”

to describe the tiny boxes he saw in cork.to describe the tiny boxes he saw in cork.


Answer the following questions:Answer the following questions: What organelle makes proteins?What organelle makes proteins? What organelle packages proteins?What organelle packages proteins? Proteins in the cell are packaged in small Proteins in the cell are packaged in small

membrane-bound compartments called membrane-bound compartments called _________._________.

What organelle breaks down wastes, foreign What organelle breaks down wastes, foreign particles and old organelles?particles and old organelles?

Selective PermeabilitySelective Permeability

A membrane allows some substances to A membrane allows some substances to pass through while keeping others out.pass through while keeping others out.


Structure of the Plasma MembraneStructure of the Plasma MembraneComposed of a Composed of a phospholipid bilayerphospholipid bilayer

Arrangement of phospholipid bilayer:Arrangement of phospholipid bilayer:

hydrophilichydrophilic (polar) heads on the outside (polar) heads on the outside

hydrophobichydrophobic (nonpolar) tails on the inside. (nonpolar) tails on the inside.


Components of the Plasma MembraneComponents of the Plasma Membrane

ProteinsProteins imbedded in membrane. imbedded in membrane. Transmit signals to the inside of the cell.Transmit signals to the inside of the cell. Anchor the membrane to the internal support structure.Anchor the membrane to the internal support structure. Transport proteins for tunnels for substances to enter and leave Transport proteins for tunnels for substances to enter and leave

the cell.the cell.

CholesterolCholesterol prevents fatty acid prevents fatty acid tails from sticking together.tails from sticking together.

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates attach to the attach to the proteins.proteins. Define the cell’s characteristics.Define the cell’s characteristics. Identify chemical signals.Identify chemical signals.

Fluid Mosaic ModelFluid Mosaic Model


the cell as a factory 7.3 basic cell structures & what they do

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