the camfil group - baq 2018 · 11/11/2018 · filter test method discharging method filter loading...

CLEAN AIR SOLUTIONSClean air solutionsClean air solutionsClean air solutionsClean air solutions

THE CAMFIL GROUP

CLEAN AIR SOLUTIONS

BAQ 2018 Kuching


Topics

▪ IAQ and air Pollution affecting health

▪ PM1 and its danger

▪ ISO 16890 standard


We breathe up

to 15 kg air/day

Humans eat 1 kg of food each day,

drink 2 kg of fluids and breathe up

to 15 kg of air per day. We take

care about the food we eat and

the water that we drink but rarely

do we consider the air we breathe.

Source: Professor Sven Erik Dahlén, Karolinska Institute,

Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM)

Humans eat 1 kg food/day

Humans drink 2 kg fluids/day

Humans breathe 15 kg air/day


The indoor

environment can

be up to 50 times

more polluted

Airborne particles enter our buildings

through ventilation systems and open

doors and windows. In fact, the action

of the ventilation system combined

with indoor sources of pollution can

mean that in many cases indoor air

is up to 50 times more polluted than

outdoors.

Source: European Union - ECA report no23 Ventilation,

Good Indoor Air Quality and Rational Use of Energy


We spend up to 90%

of our life indoors

We spend up to 90% of our life indoors.

This mean that indoor air pollution can

substantially influence our health.

Source: European Union - ECA report no23 Ventilation,

Good Indoor Air Quality and Rational Use of Energy


More than

25,000,000

particles with

each breath

In highly polluted areas we

breathe more than 25 million

particles with each breath.


Indoor air can be up to

1000 times more dangerous

than the outdoor air.

In 1999, the World Health Organisation (WHO) warned:


Most London hospitals are

smothered in illegally high levels

of air pollutionPosted on 2:41 pm, Monday, 19 June 2017 by Editors in Environment

Air Pollution Affecting Health

https://news.fitzrovia.org.uk/author/fitzroviacentre/

https://news.fitzrovia.org.uk/category/environment/


CLEAN AIR SOLUTIONS

PM2.5

Mass concentration of particles, aerodynamic

diameter less than 2,5μm expressed in µg/m3

PM10


diameter less than 10µm expressed in µg/m3

PM1


diameter less than 1,0µm expressed in µg/m3

PM DEFINITIONS


PENETRATION OF PARTICLES INTO THE BODY

Size ~ < 10 µm

Coarse particles

Upper respiratory tract

Size ~ < 2.5 µm

Fine particles

Lower respiratory tract

Size ~ < 0.1 µm

Ultrafine particles

Bloodstream / whole body

Size ~ < 1 µm

Inhaleable particles

Alveoli


PM1 and Human Health

▪ A 2016 study linked PM1, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), mutagenicity and benefits of filtration.

▪ The mutagenicity of urban air was progressively reduced by passing the air through filter media of increasing efficiency between M6, F7 and F9, including F7 City-Flo.

▪ There is a direct relationship between the removal of 18 common PAHs and the reduction of mutagenicity of urban air.

▪ The observed results support the theory that a significant proportion of airborne PAHs are bound to be very small particles; PM1, and highly efficient filters are required to effectively reduce their concentration in air.

“Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and genotoxic compounds in urban air using air filter materials for mechanical ventilation in buildings” by Ioannis Sadiktsis1, Gertrud Nilsson2,3, Ulf Johansson2, Ulf Rannug3 and Roger Westerholm1.

Science and Technology for the Built Environment, February 2016.


PM1 and Human Health

▪ A 2016 study linked fine metallic particles in the brain and early onset of Alzheimer’s Disease.

▪ Ultrafine magnetite pollution particles found in the human brain

▪ Typical size < 0.2 micron (PM1)

▪ The metallic particles appear to have been exposed to high temperature (fused).

▪ The suspected source of the particles is diesel engine emissions.

Prof David Allsop et al, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Sept 2016.


CLEAN AIR SOLUTIONS

PM2.5 and PM10

Moves mostly with the wind, mainly from sources far away

Acute respiratory effects of particles: mass or numberT Osunsanya, G Prescott, A Seaton

PM1

Is 75-80% of all mass weight up to PM2.5

- this is why it is important to measure PM1

PM1

Correlates to UFP (ultra fine particles)

PM1 and NO2

Often comes from the same source

and the values correlate!

PM1

Often locally based and generated

from diesel and other combustion

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN, PM1 PM2.5 AND PM10


Particle Number Concentration and Mass Concentration

Mass*: 70 % 22 % 8 %

Number*: 1 % 9 % 90 %

NOTES

• * % of all PM

• 1nm = 0.001µm

( 0.6 µm ) ( 0.06 µm )


ePM10

ePM2.5

ePM1Ultrafine particles

ISO16890 particle

size ranges

Particle size (microns)

Molecules

Particles Size


CLEAN AIR SOLUTIONS

Air Filters for General VentilationISO 16890 (all parts) refers to particulate air filter elements for general ventilation having

an ePM1 efficiency less than or equal to 99% when tested per the procedures defined

within parts 1-4 of ISO 16890.


Introduction▪ The air filter industry has a reputation for being resistant to change.

▪ Current situation

▪ A significant harmonisation for the air filtration industry has been adopted in the last 2 years.

▪ A new standard for filter testing and classification with global coverage.

ISO16890 “Air Filters for General Ventilation”

USA

ASHRAE 52.2

Europe

EN 779:2012

Asia / ME

ASHRAE 52.2 and EN779 and local

standards


Air Pollution Reporting

▪ Many governments and NGOs publish real-time data about PM.

▪ Most commonly reported are PM10 and PM2.5.

▪ WHO published air quality guidelines (AQG) in 2005, including PM10 and PM2.5.

▪ Focus is shifting to PM1.


ISO16890: How Does it Work?

The standard is written in four parts:

1 2 4

Measurement of

fractional efficiencyDischarging

method

Gravimetric test

method (optional)

Classification

system

3

Part 1: Technical specifications,

requirements and classification

system.

Part 4: Conditioning method to

determine the minimum

fractional test efficiency.

Part 3: Determination of the

arrestance and the air flow

resistance versus the mass of

test dust.

Part 2: Measurement of

fractional efficiency.

IN PRACTICE:


Filter test method

Discharging method

Filter loading method

Classification system

EN779:2012 ISO16890ASHRAE 52.2

Testing efficiency with

0,4µm particles

Testing efficiency with 0,3- 10

µm particles.

Classifications relate to

results for

E1, E2 & E3 efficiency

classes – MERV rating

Testing efficiency with 0,3- 10

µm particles.

Classifications relate to result

for

PM1, PM2.5 & PM10

Discharges filter media only,

using IPA soak

Tough discharging method

Discharges entire filter

using IPA vapor

Tough discharging method

Discharges entire filter

Using KCL salt

Soft discharging method

(not mandatory – App. J)

Dustloading with ASHRAE

dust

Coarse dust

Dustloading with ISO fine dust

Fine dust

Dustloading with ASHRAE

dust

Coarse dust

49 classes

in

4 different groups9 Classes 16 Classes

Comparison of Test Standards


Filter Classification

Efficiency values will be measured and correlated into four efficiency ranges

ePM 1 ePM 2.5 ePM 10

0,3 – 1 µm 0,3 – 3 µm 0,3 – 10 µm

Corresponding to

E1ASHRAE 52.2

Corresponding to

E2ASHRAE 52.2

Corresponding to

E3ASHRAE 52.2

ISO Coarse

ISO Fine DustInitial arrestance

Filters with

ePM10 < 50%


1. Dec. 2016

ISO 16890: Timeline

ISO EN

16890All national

Standards

Published

(Europe)

End of co-existance

period –

EN 779:2012 obsolete


ISO16890 Test Rig @ Camfil

Clean air solutionsClean air solutionsClean air solutionsClean air solutionsClean air solutions


EXAMPLE FILTER 1: F7 / MERV 13

Fine fibre filter media without

electrostatic charge



64% 74% 93%


Arrestance

64% 74% 93%

99%

AVERAGE ePM 1 ePM 2.5 ePM 10

64% 74% 93%

DISCHARGED

INITIAL

ePM1 60% ePM2.5 70% ePM10 90% COARSE 95%CLASSIFICATION


EXAMPLE FILTER 2: F7 / MERV 13

Coarse fibre filter media with

electrostatic charge



65% 88% 91%


37% 52% 89%

AVERAGE ePM 1 ePM 2.5 ePM 10

Arrestance

51% 70% 90%

98%

DISCHARGED

INITIAL

ePM1 50% ? ePM2.5 70% ePM10 90% COARSE 95%CLASSIFICATION


CLEAN AIR SOLUTIONS

THANK YOU!

the camfil group - baq 2018 · 11/11/2018 · filter test method discharging method filter loading...

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