the bond market the bond market is the market in which corporations and governments issue debt...
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The Bond Market
• The bond market is the market in which corporations and governments issue debt
securities commonly called bonds to borrow long term funds from the general
public.
• Bond investors are entitled to a stated fixed interest payment at regular intervals
until maturity when the principal is finally paid. And the maturity periods range
between 1 to more than 20 years.
Bond characteristics
• Bonds are sold in unit prices at specified coupon (interest) rates often influenced by
rating companies.
• Standard & Poor’s (S&P) and Moody’s are the two most popular international
rating companies based in America.
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CHAPTER 5: BONDS MARKETS, BOND VALUATION AND INTEREST RATES
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• They rate bond issuers by assessing their creditworthiness, based on how likely
they will default and the protection creditors have in the event of a default.
• Graded bonds are classified as investment grade bonds or junk grade bonds.
Summary range ratings by the two companies Investment-Quality Bond Ratings Low-Quality or Junk Bond Ratings
Standard & AAA ------------- BBB BB ---------------- D
Poor’s
Moody’s Aaa -------------- Baa Ba ---------------- C
Common terminologies associated with bonds are:
Coupon rate; Face value or par value; Maturity date; and indenture.
The indenture: An indenture is a written agreement between the corporation (the
borrower) and its lenders (the bond investors)
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• The basic provisions in a typical indenture include: The terms of the bonds (i.e. Stated value and when interests will be paid) The total amount of bonds issued A description of property used as security The repayment arrangements The call provisions if any Call premium if any Deferred call if any The details of the protective covenants.
• The Sinking Fund: The stated face value of a bond is usually repaid at maturity.
They may as well be repaid in part or in full before maturity through a Sinking
fund.
• A sinking fund is an account opened by the corporation usually at a bank for the
purpose of repaying or early redemption of bonds. The company makes period
deposits into the account for the purpose.
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Bond characteristics
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• Government or Treasury bonds – Issued by Central governments
• Municipal bonds- Issued by Local governments
• Agency bonds – Issued by State Utilities and State-owned enterprises
• Diaspora bonds – Issued by Central governments
• Zero coupon bonds – A type of corporate bond
• Floating rate bonds- Issued by both corporations and governments
• Convertible bonds - A type of corporate bond
• Income bonds - A type of corporate bond
• Put bonds - A type of corporate bond
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Other Types of Bonds
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• Bonds are issued at either discount, premium or par/face values.
• When interest rate rises, bond values tend to decline, but the values increase when
the interest rate falls.
• To determine the value of a bond at a point in time, it is necessary to know the
number of periods to maturity, face value, coupon rate, and prevailing market
interest rate for bonds with similar features (referred to as required rate of return).
• The required interest rate is called yield to maturity (YTM), or just yield. Yield to
maturity is defined as the discount rate that makes the present value of the bond’s
payments equal to its price.
• Since coupon payments flow in the form of annuity a bond’s value can be
computed first by computing the present value of the bond’s coupon payments, the
present value of the principal amount and add the two values together.
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Bond Valuation and Yields
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• Thus, bond value = C x
Illustration:Suppose a UPS Company issued bonds with 12% annual coupon rate, 10 year-maturity
period and GH¢80 face value, while the prevailing market interest rate is 12%. What
should be the market value of the bond?
Coupon (C) = 12% x GH¢80 = GH¢9.6, r = 0.12, F = GH¢80, n = 10 payments
• Solution: Bond value = 9.6 x
= 9.6 x
= 9.6 x
= GH¢54.24 + GH¢25.76
= GH¢80
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Bond Valuation and Yields
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• The value of the bond is still GH¢80 as the par value because the coupon rate and
the YTM are the same.
• When YTM is greater than coupon rate the bond value will be less than its par
value. Conversely when YTM is less than coupon rate the value will be higher than
the par value
Exercise 1: What will be the value of the bond if
(i) the market rate is instead 14% and
(ii) the market rate is instead 10%?
Exercise 2: How much should the bond sell (value) after two years of issue if
(i) YTM is up to 14% and
(ii) YTM is down to 10%?
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Bond Valuation and Yields
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Semi-annual coupon payments
In the previous illustrations coupon payments are assumed to be made once at the end
of a year. In practice however, payments are made twice (semi-annually) in a year.
Illustration:
So from our previous illustration, if UPS Company’s coupon is to be paid on semi
annual basis then
C = 12%/2 = 6% x GH¢80 = GH¢4.8, r = 0.12/2 = 0.06, n = 10 x 2 = 20 payments
Solution: Bond value = =
= =
= GH¢55.06 + GH¢24.94 = GH¢80• As a result of the semi-annual coupon payments, the effective annual rate is
instead (1 + 0.06)2 – 1 = 12.36%
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Bond Valuation and Yields
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Semi-annual coupon payments
• Exercise 1: What will be the value of the bond if coupon is paid semi-annually
under the following alternative market interest rates?
(i) The market rate is 14%
(ii) The market rate is 10%
• Exercise 2: How much should the bond sell (value) after two years of issue if
(i) YTM is up to 14% and
(ii) YTM is down to 10% (on semi-annual basis)
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Bond Valuation and Yields
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• The practice in investment activities is to consider the effect of inflation on interest
rate, yield, and returns, which often leads to distinguishing between real and
nominal rates. This enables investors know actual return earned on investment
having recognized the effect of inflation.
• Nominal rates are rates of return that have not been adjusted for inflation.
• Real rates are rates of return that have been adjusted for inflation.
• Effect of inflation on rate of return:
• Suppose you invested GH¢100 today that pays 15.5% interest per annum. After a
year the investment will be worth GH¢115.50. Suppose the prevailing inflation rate
is 5%, what will be the effect of this on the 15.5% rate of return? Note: The 15.5%
is the nominal rate but what will be real rate if inflation is accounted for?
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Interest rates and inflation
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Solution: The GH¢115.50 future value of GH¢100 investment will be deflated by the
inflation rate of 5%: Thus, PV = = = GH¢110
Thus real rate of return will be:
The Fisher Effect
• The discussion above on nominal and real rates of return demonstrates their
relationship often called the Fisher effect named after the great economist Irving
Fisher. who first identified the relationship between nominal rates, real rates and
inflation rates.
• That because investors know that inflation reduces the value of their investment
they require compensation for decrease in value.
• Thus, the Fisher effect can be expressed as: 1 + R = (1 + r) x (1 + h). Where R is, r
real rate, and h is for inflation rate.
•
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Interest rates and inflation
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• In the preceding illustration the nominal rate was 15.5% while inflation rate was
5%. What was the real rate? This can be done as follows:
1 + 0.1550 = (1 + r) x (1 + 0.05)
1 + r = 1.1550/1.05 = 1.10
1 + r = 1.10
r = 1.10 – 1 = 10%
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Interest rates and inflation
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• Loans of different maturity periods, often indicate different interest rates referred to
as “term structure of interest rates”.
• The term-structure of interest rates tells us the time value of money lent for
different lengths of time. Thus at any time, short-term and long-term interest rates
will generally be different depending on future forecast on inflation.
• The yield (rate of return) of any debt security is therefore influenced by one or
more of the following factors:
Inflation premium: Required extra compensation by lenders in the form of higher
nominal rate for the expected erosion of the value of their returns by expected
future inflation.
Interest rate risk premium: Required extra compensation for risk of loss on long-
term bonds that may be caused by changes in interest rates. So interest rate risk
premium increase with maturity.
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The Term Structure of Interest Rates
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Default risk (credit risk) premium: Required extra compensation in the form
higher yields for possibility of default by a bond issuer.
Taxability premium: Required extra yields on taxable bonds as compensation for
unfavourable tax regime.
Liquidity premium: Required extra compensation on bonds that might not be
quickly sold and at a good price. Thus less liquid bonds will have higher yields than
more liquid ones.
• Thus, determining the acceptable yield on a debt security requires careful analysis
of each of these effects.
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The Term Structure of Interest Rates