the blood - physiology detailed

7/26/2019 The Blood - Physiology Detailed

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The BloodThe Blood

Transport System


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Composition of the BloodComposition of the Blood

Blood makes up ~8% of total body weight

~55% plasma

~5% formed elements

to 5 liters for a!erage females

5 to " liters for a!erage male

#the higher per$ent body fat the less blood you ha!e perkilogram of weight


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PlasmaPlasma

&% water

'&% solutes (salts and minerals)


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Formed ElementsFormed Elements

*ed Blood +ells (*B+s) (erythro$ytes)

,hite Blood $ells (,B+s) (leuko$ytes)

-latelets (thrombo$ytes)

*B+s make up about 5% of blood !olume

,B+s and platelets make up about '%


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Blood CompositionBlood Composition


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Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes)Red Blood Cells(erythrocytes)

.ature $ells la$k anu$leus and mostorganelles

/emoglobin0 redpigment0 makes up '12 of

$ell !olume *B+s are highly fle3ible

be$ause of spe$trinprotein

4le3ibility $an determine

the speed of blood flow .en ha!e more *B+s

be$ause of the influen$eof testosterone


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Hematocrit tubesHematocrit tubes

/emato$rit tubes show normal0 anemi$ and poly$ythemia


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Function of RBCsFunction of RBCs

/emoglobin and

$arboni$ anhydrase

both work to

transport 6and

+6

Total surfa$e area

of all of an adult7s*B+s is about as big

as a football field


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HemoglobinHemoglobin

.ade up of protein

$hains $alled globins

a$h $hain is bound

to a heme groupwhi$h $ontains one

4e

The iron $an bind to

one 6

a$h globin $an bind

to one +6


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Formation of RBCsFormation of RBCs

rythropoiesis beginswith hematopoieti$ stem$ells in red bone marrow

9ew red blood $ells take days to mature

Si$kle $ell anemia:inherited defe$t0 $auses

a defe$ti!e hemaglobin;+ells be$ome si$kleshaped and $an $logblood !essels;


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Formation of RBCsFormation of RBCs


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hite Blood Cells(leu!ocytes)hite Blood Cells(leu!ocytes)

?ranulo$ytes9eutrophils @ multi:lobed

make up about "5% of,B+ $ount

.o!e from blood!essels into tissuesthrough diapedesis

osinophils @ orange:ish

4ight infe$tion $ausedby parasiti$ worms andallergi$ rea$tions

Basophils @ dark purple

?ranules $ontainhistamine and heparin(anti$oagulant)

neutrophils

basophils

eosinophils


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ho has pimples"ho has pimples"

B9 does; Basophils0 eosinophils0 neutrophils


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hite Blood Cells(leu!ocytes)hite Blood Cells(leu!ocytes)

Agranulo$ytes

>ympho$ytes @ eyes

ngest infe$ted or

$an$erous $ells

+reate antibodies

.ono$ytes @ .ongo

kidney:shaped lobe

>argest of the

leuko$ytes

ngest infe$ted $ells

lymphocytes

monocytes


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hite blood cells numbershite blood cells numbers


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Platelet #ctionPlatelet #ction

-latelets ha!e two roles0hemostasis(blood flowstoppage) and $oagulation(blood $lotting);

/emostati$ a$tion will o$$ur

when a platelet en$ounters atear in a $apillary; t will forma platelet plug to stop bloodfrom flowing into the tissue;

+oagulation o$$urs when sti$kyplatelets release $hemi$alsto $ause the blood to $lot;

-latelets ha!e a life span of ~D days

resting platelets

activated platelets


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Blood ClottingBlood Clotting

+lotting 4a$tors in the blood0 in blood

$ells0 and in tissues $ombine in a

metaboli$ $as$ade when damage to

$ells or tissues o$$urs;4a$tors in the blood are $alled intrinsi$

4a$tors in tissues are $alled e3trinsi$ -rothrombinEThrombinE4ibrinogenE4ibrinE+lot


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Blood ClottingBlood ClottingAs platelets bind to inFury site

they release $hemi$als thattrigger the $lotting pro$ess;

4ibrin forms at site of inFury andentangle *B+s;

+al$ium in the blood and !itamin

G are an important $ofa$tors in$oagulation;

Arterios$lerosis $an in$rease$lotting be$ause platelets sti$kto rough pat$hes;

Applying a rough surfa$e su$h asgauHe0 heat or pressure as wellas dire$t appli$ation of $lottingagents $an speed up $lotting;


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Clot Dissol$ingClot Dissol$ing

After a while0 the $lot must

dissol!e;

4ibrinolysis

/eparin is maFor anti$oagulant

produ$ed in by the li!er


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Blood DisordersBlood Disorders

Anemia:inability of blood to transport 6

Aplasti$ anemia:$aused by destru$tion of bonemarrow0 drugs0 radiation or idiopathi$;

-erni$ious anemia: results from la$k of !itamin B'6

4olate:defi$ien$y anemia: results from la$k of foli$a$id0 $ommon in al$oholi$s

A$ute blood loss anemia: o$$urs after seriousinFury;


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Blood TypesBlood Types

Blood type is determined by the type of antigensfound on the outside of *B+7s;

Blood plasma will then $ontain antigens only forthe type not found on the person7s *B+7s;


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#gglutination#gglutination

Agglutination will only o$$ur when antibodies en$ounter foreign antigens;


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Blood DonationsBlood Donations/omologous transfusion: when a persons re$ei!es a mat$hing blood type

from another person

Autologous transfusion: when a person donates blood to themsel!es;


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Rh factorRh factor

*hJ positi!e persons

$arry the *h antigen

*h: negati!e person

has no antibodies

against the antigen

until they are

e3posed to it

through either bloodtransfusions or

pregnan$y;

the blood - physiology detailed

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