the biological bases of behavior
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THE BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR. What’s actually happening in my body?. Processes that happen within your body without you thinking about them Information travels instantaneously from brain to body via the nervous system For Instance: Watching a movie… - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
THE BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR
What’s actually happening in my body? Processes that happen within your body
without you thinking about them Information travels instantaneously from brain
to body via the nervous system For Instance:
Watching a movie… Stimulus-light from screen-striking your eye Brain interprets light and signals other parts of your
body Sweat glands perspiring, heartbeat quickens,
muscular movements enable hands to find popcorn and put in mouth, then you chew
COMMUNICATION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nervous system handles information like the circulatory system handles blood.
COMMUNICATION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The hardware for messaging: Living tissue composed of cells-two
types of cells GLIA and NEURONS GLIA-cells found throughout nervous
system that provide structural support-literally means glue
NEURONS-individual cells that receive, integrate, and transmit information-most only communicate with other NEURONS-but some carry messages from sensory organs or to muscles (these are the important ones!)
COMMUNICATION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Common features of NEURONS Soma-cell body, contains cell nucleus
and chemical makeup common to most cells
Dendrites-branch, feeler-like structures that is the part of the NEURON that is special to receive information, carries to cell body
Axon-information travels away from cell body along the Axon. It is a long, thin fiber that transmits signals from Soma to other NEURONS muscles or glands.
COMMUNICATION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Common features of NEURONS Myelin Sheath-In humans Axons are wrapped in a
white, fatty substance called myelin sheath, which is an insulating material If an Axon’s Myelin Sheath deteriorates its signals
may not transmit effectively-the disease multiple sclerosis (loss of muscle control) is an example of loss of myelin sheath on an axon to muscles
Terminal Buttons-end of an Axon that is a cluster of small knobs that secrete neurotransmitters Chemicals serve as messengers that activate other
NEURONS
COMMUNICATION IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The point at which NEURONS interconnect are called synapses. Synapse-a junction where information is
transmitted from one neuron to another. SUMMARY:
Information is received by the Dendrites, goes to the Soma, along the Axon, and is transmitted to the Dendrites of other cells at meeting points called Synapses.
NEURONS USE ENERGY TO SEND INFORMATION
Inside and outside the NEURON are fluids containing electrically charged atoms and molecules called ions. Positively charged sodium and
potassium ions Negatively charged chloride ions
Resting Potential-a NEURON has a stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive.
Action Potential-a shift in NEURON’S electrical charge that travels along an Axon.
NEURONS USE ENERGY TO SEND INFORMATION
Absolute Refractory Period-minimum length of time after an Action Potential during which another action potential cannot begin. Not a very long period of time-milliseconds
All or None Law Neural Impulse is all or none-like firing a gun-
NEURONS firing of Action Potential-all the same size-weaker stimuli do not produce weaker Action Potentials.
NEURONS can convey strength of stimulus by the rate at which they fire Action Potentials
Where Neurons meet-The Synapse
NEURONS don’t touch-they are separated by the Synaptic Cleft Synaptic Cleft-a microscopic gap between
the terminal button of one NEURON and the cell membrane of another NEURON Signals have to jump the gap to communicate
Sending NEURON-Presynaptic NEURON Receiving NEURON-Postsynaptic NEURON
NEUROtransmitters-chemicals that transmit information from one NEURON to another. Chemicals are stored in Synaptic Vesicles
Where Neurons meet-The Synapse
Receiving Signals: Postsynaptic Potentials When a NEUROtransmitter meets a
receptor molecule reactions cause Postsynaptic Potential (PSP) PSP-a voltage change at a receptor site on
a postsynaptic cell membrane Not All Or None Law-varies in size and
probability of NEURAL impulse Two Types of Messages sent from cell
to cell Excitatory and Inhibitory
Where Neurons meet-The Synapse
Two Types of Messages Cell to Cell Excitatory PSP-positive voltage shift that
increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic NEURON will fire Action Potentials.
Inhibitory PSP-negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic NEURON will fire Action Potentials.
NEUROtransmitters drift away from receptor sites-most are reabsorbed-REUPTAKE-a process by which NEUROtransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane
How NEUROtransmitters effect Behavior
NEUROtransmitters are fundamental to behavior:
Muscle movements Moods, Mental Health
15 to 20 chemical substances qualify as NEUROtransmitters Specific NEUROtransmitters work at
specific kinds of Synapses. Transmitters must fit into into receptor site
How NEUROtransmitters effect Behavior
Common and Specific NEUROtransmitters Acetylcholine (ACh)-motor NEURONS and
voluntary muscles-every move you make—typing, walking, talking, breathing—regulates attention, arousal, and memory Agonist-chemical that mimics the action of a
NEUROtransmitter (ACh and Nicotine) Antagonist-chemical that opposes the action of
a NEUROtransmitter Monoamines: Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and
Seratonin
How NEUROtransmitters effect Behavior
Common and Specific NEUROtransmitters Dopamine (DA)-controls voluntary movement,
pleasurable emotions—Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at DA synapses
Norepinephrine (NE)-modulation of mood and arousal—Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at NE synapses
Seratonin-regulates sleep and wakefulness, eating, aggression—abnormal levels lead to depression and obsessive compulsive disorder (Prozac affect Seratonin circuits)
Endorphins-refers to the entire family of internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects
Organization of Nervous System
85 to 180 Billion NEURONS in the Brain Peripheral Nervous System-all nerves outside
of brain and spinal cord Nerves are bundles of NEURON fibers (Axons) that are
routed together in the peripheral nervous system Somatic Nervous System-nerves that connect to
voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors Receptors in skin, muscles, and joints to the Central
Nervous System(CNS) 2 kinds of nerve systems:
Afferent nerve fibers-carry information inward to CNS Efferent nerve fibers-carry information outward to body
Organization of Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is made up of nerves that connect to heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands. Autonomous system-involuntary—heart rate,
digestion and perspiration ANS is divided into 2 branches:
parasympathetic and sympathetic Parasympathetic: conserves bodily resources-
promote digestion, slow heart rate, reduce blood pressure, bladder contracted
Sympathetic: mobilizes the body’s resources for emergencies-dilated pupils, increased respiration
Organization of Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)-portion of nervous system that lies within the skull and spinal column-brain and spinal cord Protected by sheaths called meninges and is
bathed in a special nutritive fluid called-Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-nourishes and protects the brain
CSF is carefully filtered, to enter substances have to go through Blood Brain Barrier-a semipermeable membrane-like mechanism that stops some chemicals from passing between bloodstream and brain
Organization of Nervous System
Parts of the Central Nervous System The Spinal Cord-connects the brain to the rest of
the body through the peripheral nervous system. Extension of the brain Houses bundles of Axons that carry the brain’s
commands to peripheral nerves and that relay sensations from the periphery of the body to the brain
The Brain-weighs only 3lbs. Contains billions of cells that integrate information from inside and outside the body, coordinate the body’s actions and enable humans to talk, think, remember, plan, create, and dream.
The Brain and Behavior
Hindbrain-includes the cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem: the medulla and the pons. Medulla attaches to the spinal cord-in charge of
vital functions like circulation, breathing, maintaining muscle tone, regulating reflexes
The pons a bridge of fibers that connects the brainstem with the cerebellum-several clusters of cell bodies involved with sleep and arousal
The cerebellum-located adjacent to the back surface of brainstem. Controls balance and movement.
The Brain and Behavior
Midbrain-segment of brain that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain. Concerned with certain sensory
processes such as locating where things are in space
The Brain and Behavior Forebrain-largest and most complex region of the
brain-includes thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum Thalamus-structure which all sensory information
except smell must pass through Hypothalamus-structure that is involved in regulation of
basic biological needs-link between brain and endocrine system
Limbic System-structures loosely organized and include parts of the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and septum—regulates emotion, memory and motivation.
The Cerebrum-largest and most complex part of the human brain-responsible for thinking, remembering, learning, and consciousness. The Cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres-Corpus Callosum connects two hemispheres
The Brain and Behavior
Each Cerebral Hemisphere is divided into four parts called Lobes. Occipital Lobe-back of head, visual signs
and visual processing-called primary visual cortex
Parietal Lobe-forward of the Occipital Lobe, sense of touch-called primary somatosensory cortex
Temporal Lobe-(near the temples), auditory processing-called primary auditory cortex
Frontal Lobe-largest lobe in brain, controls muscles-called primary motor cortex, motor skills
Looking inside the Brain-Research Methods Electrical Recordings-machine that records
broad patterns of brain electrical activity—the electroencephalograph (EEG)-brain waves.
Lesioning-involves destroying a specific piece of the brain-animals
Electrical Stimulation (ESB)-involves sending a weak electric current into brain structure to stimulate (activate) it. Delivered through an electrode.
Brain Imaging Procedures-CT Scan, PET Scan, MRI
Right Hemisphere vs. Left Hemisphere
Left Hemisphere has historically been associated with language/language processing
Split Brain Surgery-Corpus Callosum (which connects hemispheres) is cut to reduce epileptic seizures
Each Hemisphere’s primary connections are to the opposite side of the body-left to right, right to left
Specialization in the Hemispheres
How to study the separate Hemispheres: Perceptual Asymetrics:looks at left-right
imbalances between cerebral hemispheres in the speed of visual or auditory processing
The left hemisphere usually is better on tasks involving verbal processing, such as language speech reading and writing
The right hemisphere exhibits superiority on many tasks involving non-verbal processing such as most spatial musical and visual recognition tasks
The Endocrine System-Another way to communicate Second communication to the nervous
system is the Endocrine system. Consists of glands that secrete chemicals into
the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning.
The messengers within the Endocrine system are HORMONES-chemical substances released by the Endocrine glands. Hormonal transmitters diffuse through the
bloodstream Some hormones are released in response to
changing conditions in the body
The Endocrine System-Another way to communicate Examples of Hormones:
Hormones released by the stomach and intestines control digestion
Kidney hormones regulate blood pressure Pancreatic hormones (insulin)essential for cells to
use sugar from the blood. Much of the Endocrine system is controlled by
the nervous system through the hypothalamus-connected to the pituitary gland-releases a great variety of hormones that fan out around the body stimulating actions in other endocrine glands.
The Endocrine Glands
Pituitary-master gland that produces hormones that influence thyroid, pancreas, gonads, adrenals
Thyroid-regulate metabolic rate Adrenal-control salt and carbohydrate
metabolism, secrete hormones that activate arousal and sleep
Pancreas-produces insulin and glucogen(sugar) Gonads-Ovaries (females) Testes (males)
involved in secondary sex characteristics and reproduction
Heredity and Behavior
Behavioral Genetics: an interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits
Every cell in your body contains messages from your mother and father-messages found on chromosomes
Chromosomes strands of DNA that carry genetic information
Genes are DNA segments that serve as the key functional unit of hereditary transmission
Heredity and Behavior
Genotype-refers to a person’s genetic makeup Phenotype-refers to the ways in which a person’s
genotype is manifested in observable characteristics Polygenic traits-characteristics that are influenced by
more than one pair of genes Family Studies-researchers asses hereditary
influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait
Twin studies-researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trait
Heredity and Behavior
Adoption studies-asses hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological and adoptive parents
Genetic mapping-process of determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes on specific chromosomes.
Hereditary and Environment Evolutionary psychology
Darwin-Natural Selection Fitness-reproductive success of an organism relative
to the average reproductive success in the population
Characteristics of survival or reproduction are more likely “selected” over time
Mutations occur as a result of Genetic Drift-and are changes in pieces of DNA
Adaptations-inherited characteristic that occurs in large numbers of population because it helped solve a problem of survival or reproduction Behaviors can be adaptive traits