The bio-economy and its implications for the chemical

industry

Jean-Christophe BRAUN

Pier Paolo Saviotti

INRA GAEL Grenoble

Directeur de thèse : Pier-Paolo SAVIOTTI Doctorant : Jean-Christophe BRAUN

Bourse CIFRE : collaboration GAEL / APRIM Consultant

Plan

1. Definition of the scope of the thesis 1. Definition of the bioeconomy 2. The concept of biorefinery 3. Mutation of chemistry

2. Methodology relative to the thesis

1. Construction of data bases 2. Choice/ Utilisation of the tools of Text Mining 3. Conclusion

3. Results 1. Some examples (Key Words, Diagrams, Clusters)

Definition of the bio-economy

• OECD: The application of biotechnologies to primary production, health and industry is likely to give rise to a « bio economy » , that is to a system in which biotechnologies will be responsible for a substantial part of economic production

• The term biomass designs in ecology the total mass of living organisms (vegetables or animals) in a given biotope at a given time.

• In a definition closer to the bio-economy, biomass can be defined as any organic matter available on a renewable basis, including energy dedicated crops and trees, agricultural and food residues, residues of plants fourragères, aquatic plants, wood, animal droppings and other wastes. – This definition does not include la fauna but includes mostly the

production de vegetable organic matter.

Definition of the bio-economy

Biotechnologies

Health industry

Primary production

Animal and vegetable treatment and diagnostics

Nutraceutical and pharmaceutical production

Food for humans, feed for animals, crops and cellulosic fibers

Enzymes, biofuels, biofuels and bioplastics

Contribution of biomass

Production of fine chemicals

New treatments and diagnostics

R & D genomes, cellular processes and bioinformatics

• Present integration and expected applications of biotechnologies

• Source OECD 2010

Définition de la bioéconomie

• The emergence of the bio-economy is too broad a phenomenon for a thesis. Thus: – Focusing on the chemical industry

– Background : – biotechnology is now widely used in the pharmaceutical

industry (red biotechnology) – the chemical industry is today largely depedent on inputs

coming from the petroleum industry • Over 90% of inputs in the chemical industry from oil • Biofuel development is closely linked to the penetration of the bio-

economy in the chemical industry • Problem in defining the scope of the study for the thesis

Defining the Bioeconomy

• For comparison a mutation of this kind has already been made in the chemical industry

The biorefinery

• The biorefinery concept is analogous to the oil refinery, to purify and separate different substances of interest from plant resources hitherto undervalued and without competing with food use The goal is to refine and isolate a number of molecules of interest from biomass

• In principle, the biorefineries are different from oil refineries in their ability to use a wider range of renewable raw materials.

• Many industries, including food processing and pulp and paper, are already transforming biomass to produce products (food, food additive, paper, etc.) with energy as a byproduct In general, these production units do not implement modern biotechnology.

biorefineries

• Table 3.4 lists several new types of biorefineries:

• they all use raw biomass processed by biotechnological process, or chemical and biotechnology, to produce a range of products

Les Bioraffineries

• Source : Metabolic Explorer 2010

Mutation of chemistry

• Profound transformation that will change suppliers of raw materials Processing technologies of these materials The location of the main producers The competitiveness of individual producers Trade flows and technology Institutions External environment

Sustainable chemistry, green chemistry

Production et consommation durable

Chimie et environnement

Sustainable evolution of chemistry

Deployment Horizon

Extent of changes

Sustainability and antagonisms

Innovation, Concepts

• Structural Change Radical, incremental innovation, Discontinuity Technological paradigm, dominant design technological trajectory Skills Co-evolution of technologies and institutions

Bio-Economy: Structural Change?

• If the economic system is represented as a network with nodes = firms, organizations, industries, etc. and links = interactions

• Then, new nodes (new firms, new businesses, new organizations and institutions) and new links (new interactions) can be expected to arise as a result of the emergence of the bio-economy

Economic environment

• Factors that may affect the emergence and scope of the bio-economy – Discovery of new sources of energy / improving

current energy technology: Gas shale (large reserve) / Coal / Solar Wind

– Knowledge discontinuity in the field of petrochemicals – Energy independence (e.g. USA) – Change in oil prices – Development of a policy of "clean chemistry" (green

chemistry) – Need to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases

Deep structural change

• Change of the activities of agriculture

• Change activities in the chemical industry

• Impact on environment

• Depletion of oil and fossil raw materials

• New institutions

• Long-term process (50?)

Analyse des rapports

Analysis of reports

Methodology

• Bio-economy emerging phenomenon, impossible to accurately predict the future configuration of the industrial system

• What exists now: a limited number of processes that use renewable inputs (˂ 10%)

• Future developments will rely on: – Developments in science & technology

– Commodity prices

– environmental impact

Methodology 2

• Identify the paths of knowledge about training bio-economy, knowledge that anticipate industry structures using (i) publications and (ii) patents – Industrial processes under study or being developed =

database patents and publications

• Databases, to be constructed, on firms and research organizations already using biological inputs and processes – Industrial processes that have already made their

conversion to their version of "organic" (partially or fully) = database of firms and research organizations

3. Methodology for the thesis

• Problem: analysis of an emerging field: – Few industrial process from the bio-economy

• Analysis of the amount of R & D in development of industrial processes to adapt or develop new ones – Construction of three databases

• Industrial processes that have already made their conversion to their version of "organic" (partially or fully) = database of firms

• Industrial processes under study = database patents and publications

3. Methodology for the thesis

Publications Brevets Traded

50 à 60 000 publications

Etape futur Data base on

firms

Analysis by Text-Mining

Analysis by Text-Mining

Network analysis / Econometrics

Future Near future Now

Analysis of knowledge structures and identification of emerging trajectories

Publications database

• Main problem for the construction of the database: – Emerging areas = no ranking / pre-classification of the area

within the research tools (Web of knowledge and Micropatent)

• Top Down Approach: – Building a search equation to encompass all areas of the

perimeter – Elimination of residual noise

• Bottom-up approach: – Construction of the database from a core section of the heart

base – Broadening the scope of the database on the basis of

quotations and references in these articles

Base de donnée publications Numéro MCL Français MCL Anglais OCC. SCI

1 biomasses agricoles ts="agricultural biomass" 101 2 bioadhésifs Ts=Bioadhesiv* or ts="bio adhesiv*" 1431 3 biocatalyseurs Ts=Biocatalyst* or ts="bio catalyst*" 5467 4 biocolorant Ts=Biocolorant* or ts="bio colorant*" 2 5 biocomposites Ts=Biocomposit* or ts="bio composit*" 1507

6 peintures et encres biodégradables

ts=biodegradable* and (ts=paint* or ts=ink*) 86

7 biodétergents Ts=Biodetergent* or ts="bio detergent*" 15 8 biofertilisants Ts=Biofertilizer* or ts="bio fertilizer*" 661 9 biocombustibles Ts=Biofuel* or ts="bio fuel*" 6450

10 biogaz Ts=Biogas* or ts="bio gas*" 4084 11 biolubrifiants Ts=Biolubricant* or ts="bio lubricant*" 55 12 biomateriel Ts=Biomaterial* or ts="bio material*" 22611 13 bioplastique Ts=Bioplast* or ts="bio plast*" 421 14 biopolymères Ts=Biopolymer* or ts="bio polymer*" 11386 15 bioproduit Ts=Bioproduct* or ts="bio product*" 1169 16 bioraffinerie Ts=Biorefiner* or ts="bio refiner*" 725 17 biorésines Ts=Bioresin* or ts="bio resin*" 9 18 biosolvants Ts=Biosolv* or ts="bio solv*" 20 19 biosurfactants Ts=Biosurfact* or ts="bio surfact*" 2122 20 biomasses forestières Ts="forest biomass" 858 21 Chimie verte Ts="green chemistry" 2932 22 biomasses marines Ts="marine biomass" 55 23 Biologie synthétique Ts="Synthetic biology" 757 24 Biotechnologie blanche Ts="white biotechnology" 72 25 Biofibre* ts=biofiber* or ts="bio fiber*" 188 26 Biopharma* ts=biopharma* or ts="bio pharma*" 3699 27 Neutraceutique ts=neutraceutic* or ts=nutraceutic* 2227 28 liquid fuel* (microalgues…) ts="liquid fuel*" 2444 29 green eco* ts="green eco*" 44 30 bioenerg* ts=bioenerg* or ts="bio energ*" 7995 31 perennial crop* ts="perennial crop*" 457 32 biochar* ts=biochar* 202 33 Aliment fonctionnel ts="functional food*" 3314 34 Bioressources ts=bioresource* or ts="bio resource*" 383

Base données Brevets

• Adaptation de la méthodologie développée sur le Web Of Knowledge à des bases de données brevets – Utilisation de la base de données brevets Micropatent

ou autres

• Problématique principal des ces outils = les brevets en cours d’analyse pour le dépôt – Processus long (1 à 2 ans suivant les cas) qui peu

biaiser l’état réel des processus en cours de transformation ou en cours d’émergence

– Micropatent référence les brevets américain en cours de dépôt mais pas les brevets européens

Firms database

• Construction of a database referencing firms already using the process "organic" processing – Identification / extraction of patents in this

database patents owned by these firms

– Figures: turnover, number of patents, R & D

• Several options are available for the operation of this database: – Econometric Analysis: If the time series allow

– Network analysis:

Choice of tools

• Web of knowledge

• Databases on patents

• Alceste

• Wordmapper

• ALIDA

Alceste

• Software that identifies keywords in a particular field of literature (set of texts on a subject) and make analysis

• A separate field of literature in several families

• Factor analysis of words or topics

WordMapper

• Software that identifies keywords in a particular field of literature (set of texts on a subject) and make analysis

• Identification of units of knowledge (topics, technological classes etc.)

• Networking units of knowledge

• Calculation of centrality and network density of units of knowledge

ALIDA

• Project resulting from university research

• Met on a mission with the firm APRIM Consultant as part of the valuation

ALIDA

Documents (textuels) / corpus documentaire

ALIDA Polarité

Objectivité

Niveau de langage

Intensité émotionnelle

Input Output

TEXT-MINING

OPINION-MINING

Classification thématique

Indexation

Alimentation BD Choix du corpus Choix des critères

Etiquetage

Corpus d’apprentissage (corpus minimum 2000 docs)

Documents (textuels) / corpus documentaire Pré-catégorisé

Corpus chimie

Corpus bio-production +

Industrial Biotechnology

(White)

Methodology for selection of the corpus of articles with noise-minimized

Keywords used

chemistry

chemical

Keywords used

Biosourced biodetergents biopolymers Biosurfactants

bioadhesives Biofertilizers Bioproducts Biofibers

Biocatalysts biolubrifiants Biorefinery biochar

Biocolorant biomateriel bioresins Biocarbonne

Biocomposites bioplastics biosolvents Bio-oil

Keywords used

Industrial biotechnology

White biotechnology

Green chemistry

Number of articles: 1 271 264

Number of articles : 58 500

Database on articles = 14 758

• Construction of the database from the Web of Knowledge • Keywords relating to biofuels are not considered in the selection of the

corpus on the bio-production and industrial biotechnologies

Méthodologie de sélection du corpus d’articles avec un bruit résiduel minimisé

• Problématique du corpus obtenu: – Bruit résiduel important sur les « biotechnologies rouges » et

notamment sur l’immunologie et les technologies biopharmaceutiques

• Elimination du bruit par sélection de mots clés correspondant au domaine à éliminer

Base d’articles = 14 758

Base d’articles = 10 112 Dont 9 446 résumés d’articles

(analyse uniquement sur la base des résumés d’articles)

Mots clés utilisés

Biopharmacie Cancer Pancréas

Sang Lymphocytes Pharma

immunologie Cerveau infection

Anticorps Plasma intégrine

Médicament Diabète ….

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Méthodologie statistique utilisée dans WordMapper pour l’analyse présentée • Les réglages utilisés dans les résultats sont les suivants:

– Les mots clés sont identifiés par WordMapper s’ils ont une fréquence supérieur à 10 • La sélection des mots clés est ensuite effectuée manuellement (cf Liste mots clés ci

après) • 300 mots clés retenus • Association / lemmatisation : regroupement de mots clés sous le même titre s’ils ont la

même signification (cf tableau des mots clés, en cours d’amélioration)

– WordMapper calcule une matrice d’associations entre mots clés s’ils ont une distance maximum de 15 mots

– Dans un cluster les mots clés retenus sont au nombre de 10 maximum • Réseau de mots clés: permet de quantifier la fréquence de cooccurrence entre 2 mots

clés

• Rappel – Matrice des associations des mots clés : combien de fois tel mot est associé à

tel autre mot. – Cluster : Regroupement des mots clés en catégories homogènes

Keywords / associations INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRY INDUSTRIES 2103 REACTIONS REACTION 1140

CATALYSE CATALYSED CATALYSIS CATALYST CATALYSTS CATALYTIC CATALYTICALLY CATALYZE CATALYZES CATALYZING

2044 MEMBRANE MEMBRANES 1128

STRUCTURAL STRUCTURALLY STRUCTURES STRUCTURE 2023 CELLULOSE CELLULOSES CELLULOSE-BINDING CELLULOSIC 1105

FIBER-MATRIX FIBER-REINFORCED FIBERS FIBER FIBRE FIBRES 1901 BIOTECH BIOTECHNOLOGICAL BIOTECHNOLOGICALLY BIOTECHNOLOGIES BIOTECHNOLOGY BIOTECHNOLOGY-BASED

1102

GENE GENETIC GENETICALLY GENETICS GENES GENOME GENOMES GENOME-SCALE GENOMIC GENOTYPE GENOTYPES

1768 COMPLEX COMPLEXES 1097

TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUE 1595 COMPONENTS COMPONENT 1086

CULTIVAR CULTIVARS CULTIVATED CULTIVATION CULTIVATIONS CULTURED CULTURES CULTURE CULTURING

1526 MICROSCOPE MICROSCOPY 1059

COMPOSITES COMPOSITE 1516 ENZYMATIC ENZYMATICALLY ENZYME ENZYME-BASED ENZYME-CATALYZED ENZYME-LINKED ENZYME-SUBSTRATE ENZYMIC ENZYMOLOGY

1050

ADSORB ADSORBATE ADSORBATES ADSORBED ADSORBENT ADSORBENTS ADSORBING ADSORBS

1446 FEED FEEDING FEEDSTOCK FEEDSTOCKS 1049

BACTERIA BACTERIAL BACTERIUM 1418 PEPTIDE PEPTIDES 1029

BIOCATALYSIS BIOCATALYST BIOCATALYSTS BIOCATALYTIC 1379 FIELDS FIELD 1025

POLYM POLYMER POLYMER-BASED POLYMERIZATION POLYMERIZATIONS POLYMERIZED POLYMERIZING POLYMERS

1345 SOURCE SOURCES 1017

EXTRACT EXTRACTABILITY EXTRACTABLE EXTRACTED EXTRACTING EXTRACTION EXTRACTIONS EXTRACTIVE

1295 FOOD FOODS 1005

TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGIES 1259 ADHERENT ADHERING ADHESION ADHESIVE ADHESIVES 990

ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTALLY ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY

1182 LIGNIN LIGNINS LIGNIN-DERIVED LIGNINOLYTIC LIGNIN-RICH 988

Mots clés / associations DEGRADATION 985 ESTER ESTERIFICATION ESTERIFIED ESTERS 757

BIOPOLYMER BIOPOLYMERS BIOPOLYMER-BASED BIOPOLYMERIC

965 EXPERIMENTAL 753

THERMAL 946 BIODEGRADABILITY BIODEGRADABLE BIODEGRADATION BIODEGRADED

745

COAT COATED COATING COATINGS 926 WASTE WASTES 710

MICROBES MICROBIAL MICROBIALLY 910 FERMENTATION FERMENTATIONS 697

CHITOSAN CHITOSAN-BASED 902 CROP CROPS CROPPING 695

FOREST FORESTS FORESTRY TREE TREES PINE PINES PINEAPPLE

880 X-RAY X-RAYS 695

BIO-OIL BIO-OILS 859 WOOD 692

NITRATE NITRIC NITRITE NITROGEN NITROGEN-CONTAINING NITROGEN-FIXING NITROGENOUS

855 FILM FILMS FILM-FORMING 686

LIQUID LIQUIDS 839 BIOMATER BIOMATERIAL BIOMATERIALS BIO-MATERIALS 679

BACKBONE BONE 838 COST-EFFECTIVE COSTS COST 674

AQUEOUS 818 REACTOR REACTORS 663

HYDROGEL HYDROGELS 817 DIESEL FUEL FUELS 653

CELL CELLS CELLULAR 796 SEQUENCE SEQUENCED SEQUENCES SEQUENCING 652

SOLVENT SOLVENTS 795 HERBIVORES HERBIVORE HERBIVORY 627

Keywords / associations PURIFICATION PURIFIED PURIFY PURIFYING PURITY 627 PHENOL PHENOLIC PHENOLICS PHENOLS 557

SUGAR SUGARS SUGAR-BASED 624 POLYSACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDE 552

BIOSURFACTANT BIOSURFACTANT-PRODUCING BIOSURFACTANTS 620

COLLAGEN COLLAGENS COLLAGEN-BASED COLLAGENOUS 541

NANOPARTICLES NANOPARTICLE 612 SEPARATION SEPARATIONS 540

HYDROLYSIS 602 HYDROGEN 539

NATURE 598 INFRA-RED INFRARED 536

ECONOMIC ECONOMICAL ECONOMICALLY ECONOMICS ECONOMIES ECONOMY 595 FUTURE 534

BIOLOGIC BIOLOGICAL BIOLOGICALLY BIOLOGISTS BIOLOGY 594 NUTRIENT NUTRIENTS NUTRITIVE 527

FUNGAL FUNGI FUNGUS 592 SURFACTANT SURFACTANTS 519

MICRO-ORGANISMS MICROORGANISMS MICROORGANISM 591

COPOLYMER COPOLYMERS COPOLYMERIZATION COPOLYMERIZED CO-POLYMERS 509

SOILS SOIL 587 ALCOHOL ALCOHOLS ALCOHOLIC 508

AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURE AGROCHEMICALS AGROINDUSTRIAL AGRO-INDUSTRIAL AGRONOMIC 571

BIOCHEMICAL BIO-CHEMICAL BIOCHEMICALLY BIOCHEMICALS BIOCHEMISTRY 507

PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATES 571 BIOREFINERIES BIOREFINERY BIO-REFINERY BIOREFINING 504

PULP PULPS PULPING 569 GLUCOSE 502

GLASS GLASSES GLASS-CERAMIC 559 OIL-BASED OILS OLEATE OLEIC 501

Keywords / associations PLASMA PLASMAS 500 MINERAL MINERALS 409

FERTILISATION FERTILISER FERTILISERS FERTILIZATION FERTILIZED FERTILIZERS FERTILIZER FERTILIZING

487 BIOBASED BIO-BASED 402

VITRO 487 PRETREATED PRE-TREATED PRE-TREATMENT PRETREATMENT PRETREATMENTS

401

ETHANOL 478 BIOCHAR BIO-CHAR BIOCHARS 398

ACETATE ACETATES 473 LIPIDS LIPID 398

POPULATIONS POPULATION 473 STARCH STARCHES 398

NANOMATERIAL NANOMATERIALS NANOMETER-SCALE NANOMETER-SIZED NANOMETRIC NANOSIZED NANO-SIZED NANOSTRUCTURE NANOSTRUCTURED NANOSTRUCTURES

464 POLLUTANT POLLUTANTS POLLUTED POLLUTING POLLUTION

396

ETHYLENE POLYETHYLENE POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE 446 WASTEWATER WASTEWATERS 395

GREEN 445 INSECT INSECTS 394

AROMATIC AROMATICS 438 CARBOHYDRATE CARBOHYDRATES 372

PROTEIN PROTEIN-BASED PROTEIN-POLYSACCHARIDE PROTEIN-PROTEIN PROTEINS PROTEOGLYCANS PROTEOMIC PROTEOMICS

429 INORGANIC 372

CONTAMINANT CONTAMINANTS CONTAMINATED CONTAMINATION

422 BIOMASS BIOMASS-BASED BIOMASS-DERIVED BIOMASSES BIOSPHERE VEGETAL VEGETATION

364

EMISSION EMISSIONS EMITTED 422 SENSORS SENSOR 356

BIOCOMPATIBILITY BIOCOMPATIBLE 420 MUTANT MUTANTS MUTATED MUTATION MUTATIONAL MUTATIONS

352

ROOT ROOTS 415 BIOACTIVE BIOACTIVITY 346

network biocatalysis

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602 hydrolysis

795 solvent

2044 catalyse

2830 reactions

818 aqueous

757 ester

1379 biocatalysis

3692 enzymatic

Keywords diagram

25/07/2012 Bioéconomie CAB Abstracts sur le WOK 46

Conclusion

Appendice

1. Présentation

• Parcours – 2003 licence science de la vie

– 2003-07 : opportunité de profession dans le sport

– 2008: Master entrepreneuriat • Sujet de mémoire: Stratégie de développement d’un processus

innovant sur la séquestration du CO2 dans les effluents industriels

– 2009 APRIM Consultant

– Inscription en doctorat au sein du laboratoire en janvier 2010 • Demande de bourse CIFRE

• Bourse CIFRE : GAEL – APRIM Consultant acceptée en Novembre 2010