the benefits of better ventilation and filtration practices in schools
DESCRIPTION
The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools. Gerald (Jerry) Lamping ASHRAE Member Director for IAQ (Retired) Green Classroom Professional USGBC December 17, 2013. What is a Green School ?. Green Schools National Network - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Benefits of Better Ventilation
and Filtration Practices in
Schools Gerald (Jerry) Lamping
ASHRAE Member
Director for IAQ (Retired)
Green Classroom Professional
USGBC
December 17 2013
What is a Green School Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments
Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children
are chronically absent and
miss 1 out of every 10 school days
TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue
One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955
Keller ISD ADA 970
Boerne ISD ADA 960
North East ISD ADA 961
Indoor Air Quality StandardsAir Quality Standards are applied
bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov
bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft
bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2
bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs
bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes
bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG
High Performance amp Healthy Classroom
From the 1950rsquos
Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
Classroom of the Future
httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers
ASHRAE President2013-14
ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
Presidential theme
Shaping the Next
focuses on creating positive change for our world
ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic
plans to achieve them and having the commitment to
follow them
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality
Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to
provide indoor environments that are
safe
healthy
productive and
comfortable while
conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
ASHRAE Shaping the Next
Indoor Air Quality Goal ldquoPerhaps most importantly
a critical shift in thinking is from
a goal of indoor environments
that are acceptable to the occupants
to
that are truly healthy and productiverdquo
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
2013 ASHRAE President
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE
ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include
Respirable Particulates
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and
ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo
ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century
but the technology has unique and established advantages and
has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces
the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo
USGBC LEED Future Criterion
ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways
that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health
through better air qualityhelliprdquo
ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors
USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the
Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions
will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of
commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders
building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and
healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple
sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo
Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
What is a Green School Green Schools National NetworkA Green School enhances student health and learning while conserving natural resources and empowering students to develop sustainable behaviors enabling them to become the stewards of the future The Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS)We want all schools to be Healthy Comfortable Energy Efficient Material Efficient Easy to Maintain and Operate Commissioned Environmentally Responsive Site A Building That Teaches Safe and Secure Community Resource Stimulating Architecture and Adaptable to Changing Needs The US Green Building CouncilGreen schools are healthier for students and teachers better for the environment and cost less to operate and maintain The Environmental Protection Agency (Tools for Schools)Green schools promote a healthy learning environment to reduce absenteeism improve test scores and enhance student and staff productivity US Department of Educations Green Ribbon SchoolsGreen schools can help children build real-world skill sets cut school costs and provide healthy learning environments
Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children
are chronically absent and
miss 1 out of every 10 school days
TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue
One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955
Keller ISD ADA 970
Boerne ISD ADA 960
North East ISD ADA 961
Indoor Air Quality StandardsAir Quality Standards are applied
bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov
bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft
bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2
bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs
bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes
bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG
High Performance amp Healthy Classroom
From the 1950rsquos
Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
Classroom of the Future
httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers
ASHRAE President2013-14
ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
Presidential theme
Shaping the Next
focuses on creating positive change for our world
ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic
plans to achieve them and having the commitment to
follow them
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality
Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to
provide indoor environments that are
safe
healthy
productive and
comfortable while
conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
ASHRAE Shaping the Next
Indoor Air Quality Goal ldquoPerhaps most importantly
a critical shift in thinking is from
a goal of indoor environments
that are acceptable to the occupants
to
that are truly healthy and productiverdquo
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
2013 ASHRAE President
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE
ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include
Respirable Particulates
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and
ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo
ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century
but the technology has unique and established advantages and
has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces
the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo
USGBC LEED Future Criterion
ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways
that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health
through better air qualityhelliprdquo
ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors
USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the
Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions
will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of
commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders
building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and
healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple
sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo
Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Costs for Student Absences12 of US School Children
are chronically absent and
miss 1 out of every 10 school days
TIME Magazine September 17 2012 issue
One missed student day costs local school district in state aid $32State wide ADA in 2009-2010 955
Keller ISD ADA 970
Boerne ISD ADA 960
North East ISD ADA 961
Indoor Air Quality StandardsAir Quality Standards are applied
bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov
bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft
bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2
bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs
bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes
bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG
High Performance amp Healthy Classroom
From the 1950rsquos
Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
Classroom of the Future
httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers
ASHRAE President2013-14
ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
Presidential theme
Shaping the Next
focuses on creating positive change for our world
ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic
plans to achieve them and having the commitment to
follow them
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality
Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to
provide indoor environments that are
safe
healthy
productive and
comfortable while
conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
ASHRAE Shaping the Next
Indoor Air Quality Goal ldquoPerhaps most importantly
a critical shift in thinking is from
a goal of indoor environments
that are acceptable to the occupants
to
that are truly healthy and productiverdquo
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
2013 ASHRAE President
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE
ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include
Respirable Particulates
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and
ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo
ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century
but the technology has unique and established advantages and
has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces
the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo
USGBC LEED Future Criterion
ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways
that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health
through better air qualityhelliprdquo
ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors
USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the
Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions
will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of
commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders
building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and
healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple
sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo
Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Indoor Air Quality StandardsAir Quality Standards are applied
bullOutdoor Air EPA NAAQS at wwwairnowgov
bullAir Plane Cabins ANSIASHRAE Standard 161-2007 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft
bullComputer and electronics facilities ISO 14644 Parts 1 and 2
bullNuclear facilities No NS-G-22 Operational Limits and Conditions and Operating Procedures for NPPs
bullPharmaceutical facilities ISO 8573-12010 Compressed Air Contaminants and Purity Classes
bullCommercialInstructional facilities CO2 level 700 ppm above BG
High Performance amp Healthy Classroom
From the 1950rsquos
Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
Classroom of the Future
httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers
ASHRAE President2013-14
ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
Presidential theme
Shaping the Next
focuses on creating positive change for our world
ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic
plans to achieve them and having the commitment to
follow them
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality
Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to
provide indoor environments that are
safe
healthy
productive and
comfortable while
conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
ASHRAE Shaping the Next
Indoor Air Quality Goal ldquoPerhaps most importantly
a critical shift in thinking is from
a goal of indoor environments
that are acceptable to the occupants
to
that are truly healthy and productiverdquo
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
2013 ASHRAE President
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE
ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include
Respirable Particulates
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and
ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo
ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century
but the technology has unique and established advantages and
has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces
the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo
USGBC LEED Future Criterion
ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways
that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health
through better air qualityhelliprdquo
ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors
USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the
Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions
will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of
commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders
building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and
healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple
sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo
Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
High Performance amp Healthy Classroom
From the 1950rsquos
Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
Classroom of the Future
httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers
ASHRAE President2013-14
ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
Presidential theme
Shaping the Next
focuses on creating positive change for our world
ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic
plans to achieve them and having the commitment to
follow them
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality
Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to
provide indoor environments that are
safe
healthy
productive and
comfortable while
conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
ASHRAE Shaping the Next
Indoor Air Quality Goal ldquoPerhaps most importantly
a critical shift in thinking is from
a goal of indoor environments
that are acceptable to the occupants
to
that are truly healthy and productiverdquo
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
2013 ASHRAE President
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE
ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include
Respirable Particulates
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and
ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo
ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century
but the technology has unique and established advantages and
has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces
the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo
USGBC LEED Future Criterion
ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways
that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health
through better air qualityhelliprdquo
ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors
USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the
Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions
will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of
commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders
building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and
healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple
sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo
Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
Classroom of the Future
httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers
ASHRAE President2013-14
ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
Presidential theme
Shaping the Next
focuses on creating positive change for our world
ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic
plans to achieve them and having the commitment to
follow them
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality
Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to
provide indoor environments that are
safe
healthy
productive and
comfortable while
conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
ASHRAE Shaping the Next
Indoor Air Quality Goal ldquoPerhaps most importantly
a critical shift in thinking is from
a goal of indoor environments
that are acceptable to the occupants
to
that are truly healthy and productiverdquo
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
2013 ASHRAE President
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE
ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include
Respirable Particulates
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and
ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo
ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century
but the technology has unique and established advantages and
has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces
the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo
USGBC LEED Future Criterion
ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways
that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health
through better air qualityhelliprdquo
ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors
USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the
Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions
will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of
commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders
building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and
healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple
sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo
Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Classroom of the Future
httpwwwcarpediemazcomlearning-centers
ASHRAE President2013-14
ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
Presidential theme
Shaping the Next
focuses on creating positive change for our world
ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic
plans to achieve them and having the commitment to
follow them
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality
Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to
provide indoor environments that are
safe
healthy
productive and
comfortable while
conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
ASHRAE Shaping the Next
Indoor Air Quality Goal ldquoPerhaps most importantly
a critical shift in thinking is from
a goal of indoor environments
that are acceptable to the occupants
to
that are truly healthy and productiverdquo
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
2013 ASHRAE President
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE
ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include
Respirable Particulates
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and
ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo
ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century
but the technology has unique and established advantages and
has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces
the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo
USGBC LEED Future Criterion
ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways
that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health
through better air qualityhelliprdquo
ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors
USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the
Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions
will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of
commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders
building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and
healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple
sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo
Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
ASHRAE President2013-14
ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
Presidential theme
Shaping the Next
focuses on creating positive change for our world
ourselves and our work by setting goals making realistic
plans to achieve them and having the commitment to
follow them
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality
Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to
provide indoor environments that are
safe
healthy
productive and
comfortable while
conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
ASHRAE Shaping the Next
Indoor Air Quality Goal ldquoPerhaps most importantly
a critical shift in thinking is from
a goal of indoor environments
that are acceptable to the occupants
to
that are truly healthy and productiverdquo
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
2013 ASHRAE President
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE
ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include
Respirable Particulates
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and
ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo
ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century
but the technology has unique and established advantages and
has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces
the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo
USGBC LEED Future Criterion
ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways
that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health
through better air qualityhelliprdquo
ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors
USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the
Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions
will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of
commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders
building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and
healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple
sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo
Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality
Fundamentals ldquothe most important aspect of what I consider to be our fundamental obligation to strive to
provide indoor environments that are
safe
healthy
productive and
comfortable while
conserving resources and the environmentrdquo ASHRAE Journal vol 55 no 8 August 2013
ASHRAE Shaping the Next
Indoor Air Quality Goal ldquoPerhaps most importantly
a critical shift in thinking is from
a goal of indoor environments
that are acceptable to the occupants
to
that are truly healthy and productiverdquo
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
2013 ASHRAE President
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE
ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include
Respirable Particulates
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and
ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo
ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century
but the technology has unique and established advantages and
has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces
the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo
USGBC LEED Future Criterion
ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways
that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health
through better air qualityhelliprdquo
ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors
USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the
Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions
will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of
commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders
building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and
healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple
sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo
Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
ASHRAE Shaping the Next
Indoor Air Quality Goal ldquoPerhaps most importantly
a critical shift in thinking is from
a goal of indoor environments
that are acceptable to the occupants
to
that are truly healthy and productiverdquo
WILLIAM P BAHNFLETH PHD PE
2013 ASHRAE President
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE
ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include
Respirable Particulates
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and
ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo
ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century
but the technology has unique and established advantages and
has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces
the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo
USGBC LEED Future Criterion
ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways
that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health
through better air qualityhelliprdquo
ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors
USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the
Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions
will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of
commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders
building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and
healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple
sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo
Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
Filtration and Air Cleaning (FAC) CommentsBY HE BARNEY BURROUGHS PRESIDENTIAL MEMBERFELLOW ASHRAE
ldquoThe focus on the indoor environment and related human health effects include
Respirable Particulates
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and
ldquoToxicrdquo Moldrdquo
ldquoFAC is a mature 70+ year old technology from the prior century
but the technology has unique and established advantages and
has proven potential to offer as the HVAC industry faces
the challenges of the second decade of the 21st centuryrdquo
USGBC LEED Future Criterion
ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways
that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health
through better air qualityhelliprdquo
ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors
USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the
Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions
will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of
commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders
building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and
healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple
sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo
Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
USGBC LEED Future Criterion
ldquoThe focus of LEED has been improving energy and water use but in the next few years the emphasis likely will shift to the ways
that well-designed buildings can benefit peoples health
through better air qualityhelliprdquo
ELIZABETH HEIDER 2012 Chair of the USGBC Board of Directors
USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the
Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions
will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of
commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders
building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and
healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple
sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo
Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
USGBCN California ChapterOn October 30 2013 USGBC-NCC launched the
Building Health Initiative that will feature a diverse array of actions
will facilitate sharing of best practices and will foster collaboration among a unique coalition of
commercial building owners and tenants architects engineers and builders
building product manufacturers legal professionals labor and
healthcare professionals and institutions ldquoThis is the first time major corporations and institutions from multiple
sectors have come together to publicly commit to improving human health through green buildingrdquo
Dan Geiger Executive Director of USGBC-NCC
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
William W Nazaroff PhD of UC Berkeley states that the two pollutant classes of greatest health significance coming into the indoor air from the outdoor air are fine particulate matter (PM25) and ozone There are mature air filtering and air cleaning technologies available for removing both pollutant classes from air streams Indoor Air 2013 vol 23
William J Fisk of LBNL concludes that lsquothe largest potential benefits of indoor particle filtration may be reductions in morbidity and mortality from reducing indoor exposures to particles from outdoor airrsquo Indoor Air 2013 Vol 23
Charles J Weschler PhD of EOSHI notes that a substantial proportion (25ndash60) of daily ozone intake occurs indoors and that activated carbon or chemically impregnated filters could be used to control ozone in mechanicallyventilated buildings Environ Health Perspectives Vol 114 2006
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for
CommercialInstructional Facilities
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health
and attendance1 Invisible Particles
Aerosols Levels in the classroom Airborne particles have the potential to cause allergic reactions skin irritation coughing sneezing respiratory difficulties and
circulatory system problems
2 Irritant Gases Ventilation Practices for the classroom
Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) formaldehyde body odors and biological contaminants are causes for occupant discomfort and poor health outcomes
3 Infectious MicrobesColdFlu Virus Transmission Paths in the classroom
Bacterial and Viral respiratory tract infections particularly of rhinoviruses are associated with the majority of asthma exacerbations in both children and adults
Invisible particles + Irritants + Infections = Inflammation process
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Sources of the 3 Irsquosbull Outside Air for Ventilation
bull EPA NAAQS Pollutantsbull Toxic Gasesbull Airborne Microbes
bull Occupantsbull Particlesbull AmmoniaAcetonebull Hydrogen Sulfidebull Infectious Microbes
bull Building Materials amp Processesbull Formaldehydebull Total Volatile Organic
Compoundsbull Asbestos and Lead Dust
bull Infiltration from open penetrationsbull Atmosphere Dustbull Combustion Gasesbull Airborne Microbesbull Animal borne Microbes
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentInvisible Particles
Invisible particles
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
bull Animal danderbull Household dustbull Insect partsbull Pollenbull Pesticidesbull Combustion by-productsbull Microbes
bull Common Reservoirsndash Carpets pillows
couches stuffed animals
Invisible Particles In Dust
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Invisible Particle Health Effects
Source Pope and Dockery 2006
httpwwwnoacaorgpmhealtheffectspdf
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
bull Pulmonary inflammation initiating a systemic response
bull Translocation of UFPM into the blood circulation leading to interaction with endothelium and white blood cells
bull Distribution to extra pulmonary organs (eg liver heart) thereby inducing vascular effects and cardiac events
bull Translocation of UFPM along sensory neuronal pathways to the CNS causing inflammation and activation of irritant receptors in the conducting airways affecting input to the automonic nervous systemSource Assessment of Ambient UFP Health EffectsLinking Sources to Exposure and Responses in Extrapulmonary Organs 2010 Grant EPA R827354 Guumlnter Oberdoumlrster et al University of Rochester EPA PM Research Center
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Clean Air Room PM Standard
Cleanrooms are required for manufacturing of electronics drugs food and beverage plants
Need a Clean Air Room Standard for Classrooms at Class 6
Computers
Medicines
Classrooms
Outside Air
Data Centers
Entry Rooms
ISO 14644-1
Medical Devices
Semiconductors
Meat Processing
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
EPA PM StandardFor long-term effects of fine PM (PM25 ) EPArsquos Clean Air Scientific Advisory
Committee (CASAC) recommended the primary health standard be tightened from an annual average of 15 microgm3 to somewhere in the range of 11ndash13 microgm3
The EPArsquos new standard 12 microgm3 annual mean With an annual standard of 12 microgm3 the EPA estimates the annual health benefits are
$23ndash59 billion with costs of $69 million
About 30 of the US population lives in the 191 counties or parts of counties designated as
ldquononattainmentrdquo for the current annual PM25 standard
Weinhold B 2012 EPA Proposes Tighter Particulate Air Pollution Standards Environ Health Perspect 120a348-a349 httpdxdoiorg101289ehp120-a348a
httpehp03niehsnihgovarticlefetchArticleactionarticleURI=info3Adoi2F1012892Fehp120-a348ar3
httpwwwcatfusresourcespublicationsfilesSickOfSootpdf
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
USA Filtration Practice
ASHRAE 621-2013 MERV 8 before coil
USGBC LEED V4 MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
CHPS Core Criterion MERV 11 Normal
MERV 13 Enhanced
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
European Union Filtration Law
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Improve Air Filtration
ASHRAE Filter Rating of MERV 8 to MERV 13 and Gas Phase Filtration Polarized Media Devices
Reduce Classroom Clutter and Furnishings
Airborne Particle Counts
Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
Six Channels of Particle Sizes from 3 to 10 Micrometers in diameter
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Ten fold decease in Fine Particles after Cleaning in Room
After Cleaning
Before Cleaning
Particles in the classroom
Particles In Classrooms
2895
13735
2118
181
73965127
663
169339
167670
3367
6512
187836
9779
203028260521
120352
1663402
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Particle Size Micromenter
Par
tC
u Ft
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in
SchoolsldquoIn North East ISD of nearly 70000 schoolchildren there were an extraordinary 9000 trips to school nurses during the first six weeks of classes before the environmental intervention program beganThe next year school nurse visits dropped like a rock to half as many during the same periodrdquo
Diane Rhodes Asthma EducatorAllergy amp Asthma Today vol 9 no 3 2011
Comparison of InhalersNebulizers
010002000
30004000500060007000
80009000
10000
Augsept
Inhalers 2006-2007
Inhalers 2007-2008
Nebulizers 2006-2007
Nebulizers 2007-2008
Results of student Inhaler Nebulizer Usage after initiating lsquoTips for a Healthy Classroomrsquo and lsquoAsthma Trigger Educationrsquo began being communicated to staff Data comes from the time period of first six weeks of school which is when lsquomost problematicrsquo allergy seasons are dormant from North East ISD Department of Environmental Health
ldquoA significant increase in hospital admissions for asthma (20 to 300) was associated with school return after each break The strongest associations were observed following summer vacation and for children age 5 to 11 yearsrdquo by Shao Lin Rena Jones Xiu Liu Syni-An Hwang Impact of the Return to School on Childhood
Asthma Burden in New York State International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health Vol 17 No 1 (2011)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
bull Teachers report less problems with sore and scratchy throats runny eyes and loss of voice during the school day
bull Students report less symptoms of respiratory illness and asthmatic experience less breathing problems requiring use of reliever medication
httpwwwneisdnetathleticsPEdocumentsDetectingAerosolsPPPpdf
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
School Location Near Major Highway
One recent research study revealed a significant 24 increase in the risk of experiencing multiple emergency department contacts for asthma for every log-unit of traffic exposure
Another study found pronounced deficits in attained lung function at age 18 years were recorded for those living within 500 m of a freewayUse of a total traffic count metric to investigate the impact of roadways
on asthma severity a case-control study
Cook et al Environmental Health 2011 1052 httpwwwehjournalnetcontent10152
Yifang Zhu William C Hinds Seongheon Kim Si Shen Constantinos Sioutas Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel trafficAtmospheric Environment Volume 36 Issue 27 September 2002 Pages 4323-4335
httpwwwepagovncerreportsr827352C006frpdf Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age a cohort study
W James Gauderman et al
httpwwwthelancetcomjournalslancetarticlePIIS0140-6736(07)60037-3abstract
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
Childhood Incident Asthma and Traffic-Related Air Pollution at Home and School By Rob McConnell et al
bullResults indicate that children exposed to higher levels of traffic-related air pollution at school and home are at increased risk of developing asthma
bullAlmost 10 of public schools in California are located within 150 m of roadways with gt25000 vehicles daily
bullStudents in urban areas in eastern US cities are even more likely hellip to attend schools near major highways
bullAnd one in three US public schools is within about 1300 feet or a quarter mile from a major highway
bull Environmental Health Perspectives bull volume 118 | number 7 | July 2010
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Assessing the Indoor EnvironmentIrritant Gases
Irritant Gases
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Outside Air Contaminants
Ozone Hot amp Sunny Days
Water Vapor in Hot and Humid Climates
Other Gases Sewer Boiler Gas Industrial
Chemical and Biological Threats Pranksters
Source ASHRAE 621-2007 Source wwwairnowgov
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
For every unit (1 ls per person)
increase in the ventilation rate
the proportion of students
passing standardized test
(ie scoring satisfactory or
above) is expected to increase by
29 (95CI 09ndash48) for math
27 (05ndash49) for reading
Sources Dr Richard Shaughnessy Indoor Air Program Uni of Tulsa Dr P Wargocki International Centre for Indoor Environments Uni of Denmark
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Better Classroom Ventilation Means Fewer Absences Association of classroom ventilation with reduced illness absenceMark Mendell Ekaterina Eliseeva Molly Davies Michael Spears Agnes Lobscheid William Fisk et al
Indoor Air Quality Scientific Findings Resource Bank (IAQ-SFRB)Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratorywwwiaqsciencelblgovsfrbhtml
Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
Desired level 1000 ppm gt 710 lsp (15 cfmp)
1 ls plus reduces absences by 16
34 fewer student absences
$33M higher state funding
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
The research study data available suggests that bull indicators of inflammation bull rates of communicable respiratory infectionsbull frequency of asthma symptoms and bull rates of short-term sick leave increase with lower ventilation rates in the building
environments studied
ldquoVentilation rates and health multidisciplinary review of the scientific literaturerdquoby J Sundell H Levin W W Nazaroff W S Cain W J Fisk D T Grimsrud
F Gyntelberg Y Li A K Persily A C Pickering J M Samet J D Spengler S T Taylor C J Weschler
2011 John Wiley amp Sons AS INDOOR AIR
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
The 93 asthmatic students at School A were requesting their PRN inhaler at 2 to 3 times more than the 102 asthmatic students at School B
38
13
12
28
10
16
2320
11
60
3043
21
71
21
94
43 47
40
0
20
40
60
80
100
Total PRN per Month
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April May
Month Since Opened
PRN Inhaler Use since School Opening
School A
School B
School A had low ventilation rates
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
School B had higher percentages (up to 4 higher) of students passing reading writing and mathematics sections School B had 11 and 16 more students than School A obtaining the Commended Level on the reading and mathematics tests (students correctly answered 90 or better of the TAKS questions)
50556065707580859095
100
Pe
rce
nt
Me
t
Sta
nd
ard
Subject Area
2011 TAKS Tests Results
School B
School A
School A had low ventilation rates
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
bull Fan energy is required to force outside air intothe school building
bull Fan energy is requiredto exhaust air fromthe school building
bull Thermal energy is requiredto cool heat and dehumidify outside to indoor comfort conditions
bull Energy Cost is about $150Cubic FeetMinute
Source J Dieckmann et al ldquoAir Purification to Reduce Outside AirrdquoASHRAE Journal April 2009 pps 68-70
Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Benefits of IAQ Procedure
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
bull Media is a combination of activated carbon and an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate
bull By using these media in combination the removal of most irritant gases is achieved
Gas Phase Filtration Media
Air Cleaning in Practice ndash School Sustainability and Commercial Building Field Study ResultshttpwwwpurafilcomPDFsTechnical20PapersCommercialAir20Cleaning20in20Practice20(IAQA202009)pdf
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
-+
Grounded screens
+7000 vdc applied to center screen7000 vdc applied to center screen
Polarized media fibersPolarized media fibers
+++++++
+++++++
_______
_______
+_
+
-++
_
- +
_
-+Passive fiberPassive fiber
Loading CharacteristicsLoading Characteristics
Polarized fiberPolarized fiber
Electrostatic attraction amp AgglomerationElectrostatic attraction amp Agglomeration Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns Ability to collect particles lt 03 Microns
Polarized Media Filtration DevicesPolarized Media Filtration Devices
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
Polarized Media
Air
Filtration
Devices
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
ASHRAE 522 Test Results
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Asthma Risk and VOC Level
Source Association of domestic exposure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children K Rumchev J Spickett M Bulsara M Phillips and S Stick
httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC1747137tool=pubmed
For every 10 unit increase in the concentration of toluene and benzene (microgm3) the risk of having
asthma increased by almost two and three times respectively
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compoundsand TVOC Meter Technology and TVOC Meter Technology
bull Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds = VOCs = Odors amp Irritants ampToxicity= Odors amp Irritants ampToxicityndash Many sources include microbial life formsMany sources include microbial life formsndash Many under 0001 micron and too small for Many under 0001 micron and too small for
removal by normalremoval by normal filtration media filtration mediandash Removed by adsorption with carbon or other Removed by adsorption with carbon or other
adsorbent material in gas phase filtersadsorbent material in gas phase filters
ndash Removed by capture with ultra fine particles inRemoved by capture with ultra fine particles in
ppolarized media filtration devicesolarized media filtration devicesndash Measurable with portable handheld devicesMeasurable with portable handheld devices
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
bull North East ISD reported a savings of 30 in Custodial costs and a reduction of 25 in Sick Days among Custodial and Maintenance team
bull Lockport Township High School in Lockport Ill reported a 3 increase in the average daily attendance after the first year of implementing an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Management plan)
Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
httpwwwhealthyschoolscampaignorgprogramsgcssuccessphphttpwwwcleaningforhealthyschoolsorgdocumentsFAQspdf
httpmediacefpiorgsouthernEPA_GreenCleaningpdf
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
Infectious Microbes
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Beneficial Microbesbull Human Microbiome Project
ndash 1000 species of bacteria on human skin
bull Home Land Security Projectndash 1800 types of airborne microbes in
Austin and San Antonio ambient air
Source Julia Segre et al
National Institutes of Health May 29 2009
Source Gary Anderson et al
Berkley National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences December 19 2006
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Infectious MicrobesViruses bacteria amoebae fungi
and other microbial parasites can invade the human body
ndash 100 Trillion Bacteria cells onin human body
ndash 100 Bacteria species pathogenic to humans
ndash 33 Humans carry M
tuberculosisndash 50 Humans carry H pylorindash 50 Humans carry S Aureus
Source B Brett Finlay
The Art of Bacterial Warfare Scientific American
February 2010 pps 56-63
httpwwwploscollectionsorgarticlebrowseIssueactionissue=infodoi101371issuepcolv01i13
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in
SchoolsGood hand and surface hygiene can reduce illness and school absenteeism rate among children and adults by
30 to 50
Source Charles P Gerba PhD University of ArizonaCleaning Up Battling Germs in School Facilities School Business Affairs volume 75 number 2 Association of School Business Officials International February 2009
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
ISSA K-12 Classroom Clean Standard Elements
(a) basic or preliminary facilities walk-through(b) recommendations for subsequent ventilation
studyIEQ measures(c) visual dust and soils criteria or settled and measurable
dust(d) bio-contamination using adenosine triphosphate ATP
luminescence based on(e) pre-cleaning and post-cleaning assessment of multiple
interior surfaces and(f) record keeping and enhancements or corrective actions(g) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) meter has capability to
measure the level of microbial life present on a high touch and hard classroom surface
httpwwwissacomdataFileCIRICLEAN20STANDARD20OUTLINE_JUNE202012pdf
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Microbiome of HumansOne person sheds each hour
2400000 skin cells
(Motionless up to 500000 particles per minute
When active this level can reach up to 45000000 particles per minute)
And 35000000 bacterial cells
ldquoAn important public health consequencehellipis that through direct inhalation of resuspended or shed
organisms there is a potential for current or previous occupants of a room to contribute substantially to
inhalation exposure to bioaerosolsrdquo
Hospodsky D Qian J Nazaroff WW Yamamoto N Bibby K et al (2012) Human Occupancy as a Source of Indoor Airborne Bacteria PLoS ONE 7(4) April 18 2012
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Tracking Flu Activity
Peak of Seasonal Flu
Year 2010-2011 is shown in pink and peaked at 10 of visits due to Influenza like illness (ILI) in mid FebruarySource httpwwwdshsstatetxusidcudiseaseinfluenzasurveillance2011
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Actual Experience with Seasonal FluADA Rates for each 6 Week Periods of 10-11
981
973 971
955
975978
972
979
969965
956
970 969 968
975
966961
947
965 967964
94595
95596
96597
97598
985
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Six Week Period
Att
en
da
nc
e
School A
School B
District Average
Total
School A had low ventilation rates
4th 6 Weeks are during Jan and Feb and has about a 2 drop in ADA from other 6 Week Periods
Seasonal Flu period
Li Y et al Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment a multidisciplinary systematic review Indoor Air 2007172-18
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
Source Parham Azimi and Brent Stephens PhD the Department of Civil Architectural and Environmental
Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago httpbuilt-envicom
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
Strategies for Classrooms
Dilution Ventilation
Personalized ventilation Source capture
Central system filtration
Local filtrationcleaning Duct UVGI
The ASHRAE Position Document on Airborne Infectious Diseases January 2012
by the Societyrsquos Airborne Infectious Diseases Position Document Committee httpwwwashraeorgabout-ashraeposition-documents
Add Shed and Resuspended Particles
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Jessica Green on Building Microbes
httpwwwtedcomtalksjessica_green_are_we_filtering_the_wrong_microbeshtmlhttpbiologyuoregonedupeoplegreenScience-2012-Humphriespdf
ldquoArchitectural design
influences the diversity
and structure of the
built environment
Microbiomerdquohttpwwwnaturecomismejjournalv6n8pdf
ismej2011211apdf
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
bull Fisk and Brunner IEQ in Office Study The estimated benefits of the IEQ scenarios analyzed are substantial in magnitude The combined potential annual economic benefit of a set of non-overlapping IEQ scenarios is approximately $20 billion
bull Trasande and Liu Environmental Illness in Children Costs StudyPoor childhood health caused by environmental factors
costs the United States $766 Billion in 2008
See the October 2011 issue of Indoor Air from the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate ndash ISIAQ
See the May 2011 issue of Health Affairs
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
wwwashraeorgFreeIAQGuidance
American Institute of Architects
US Green Building Council
Builders and Owners Management Association International
Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors of North America
US Environmental Protection Agency
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
Sources httpwwwepagoviaqschoolsstudent_performanceindexhtml
Test scores uniformly increase as building conditions improve
Test scores can increase by 3 percent to 17 percent
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-
We Learn Here and
Where We Learn Matters
httpvimeocom46229583
- The Benefits of Better Ventilation and Filtration Practices in Schools
- What is a Green School
- Costs for Student Absences
- Indoor Air Quality Standards
- High Performance amp Healthy Classroom From the 1950rsquos
- Unhealthy Classroom of the 2000rsquos
- Classroom of the Future
- ASHRAE President 2013-14
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Fundamentals
- ASHRAE Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality Goal
- Shaping the Next Indoor Air Quality FAC
- USGBC LEED Future Criterion
- USGBCN California Chapter
- Society of Indoor Air Quality Protect Against Outdoor Pollutants
- EPArsquos Health Effects Pyramid
- The 3 Irsquos of Indoor Environmental Quality for CommercialInstructional Facilities
- The 3 Irsquos of IEQ can affect health and attendance
- Sources of the 3 Irsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Invisible Particles
- Invisible Particles In Dust
- Invisible Particle Health Effects
- Health Effects Of Sub Micron Sized Particulate Matter (PM)
- Clean Air Room PM Standard
- EPA PM Standard
- USA Filtration Practice
- European Union Filtration Law
- Actual Air Particle Reduction Methods
- Portable Hand Held Particle Counter
- Particles in the classroom
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of IAQ Intervention Program in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Air Cleaning in Schools
- School Location Near Major Highway
- Schools Located Near Major Highway (Keck School of Med)
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Irritant Gases
- Outside Air Contaminants
- Research Shows the Test Score Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Absenteeism Effects of Irritant Gases
- Research Shows the Health Effects of Irritant Gases
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Actual Experience Shows Test Score Benefits of Ventilation in Schools
- Ventilation Air Energy Penalty
- Benefits of IAQ Procedure
- Gas Phase Filtration Media
- Polarized Media Filtration Devices
- Pressure Drop vs Dust Load
- ASHRAE 522 Test Results
- Cost Benefit from Extended Filter Service and Power Use
- Asthma Risk and VOC Level
- Total Volatile Organic Compounds and TVOC Meter Technology
- Actual Experience Shows Benefits of Reducing VOCrsquos
- Assessing the Indoor Environment Infectious Microbes
- Beneficial Microbes
- Infectious Microbes
- Actual Experience Shows Health Benefits of Hygiene in Schools
- Clean Classroom Hygiene Standard amp ATP Meter Technology
- Microbiome of Humans
- Tracking Flu Activity
- Actual Experience with Seasonal Flu
- Reduced Risk of Flu Infection
- Engineering Controls to Reduce Infectious Microbe Transmission
- Jessica Green on Building Microbes
- Latest Estimates on Better IEQ Benefits
- ASHRAE IAQ Guide (Free)
- EPA References for Improved Academic Performance Student Health and Teacher Retention
- We Learn Here and Where We Learn Matters
-